Collection: Ebooks
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Advances in understanding arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal effects on soil nutrient cycling
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi assist with plant acquisition of nutrients, with most studies focussing on the nutrient forms taken up and translocated to the host. Recent studies have focussed on how extraradical fungal hyphae can affect nutrient ransformations, leaching and movement. However,...
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Maize seed variety selection and seed system development: the case of southern africa
Maize is the most important staple food crop in southern Africa. It is predominantly grown by smallholder farmers, but seed companies generally target large commercial farmers in high potential areas when developing new varieties. To address the needs of smallholder farmers in maize genetic impro...
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Assessing the environmental impact and sustainability of apple cultivation
The environmental impact of apple production is determined by regional enviro-pedo-climatic features and socio-political factors, but can also be managed through cultivation practices and inputs. Pesticides typically have the greatest environmental impact, but energy use from operating machinery ...
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Achieving sustainable management of tropical forests
This collection reviews the wealth of research on tropical forest management. Parts 1 and 2 explore key challenges facing tropical forests as well as the ecosystem services they deliver. Parts 3 and 4 review the management structures and techniques required for sustainable forest management (SFM)...
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Using ground-penetrating radar to map agricultural subsurface drainage systems for economic and environmental benefit
Due to economic and environmental considerations, there exists a need for effective, efficient, and nondestructive methods for locating buried agricultural drainage pipes. Ground penetrating radar (GPR), a proximal soil sensing method, can potentially provide a means for drain line detection. Thi...
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A holistic approach to sustainable agriculture: trees, science and global society
Despite great advances in our understanding of the environmental, social and economic role of trees in farming systems, much remains to be done, especially regarding the wider adoption of agroforestry and its up- and out-scaling. This chapter explores the relationship between trees, science and g...
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Understanding and boosting poultry immune systems
In the perpetual battle against common poultry pathogens and other environmental antigens, the role of the immune system is an important and ongoing topic of research. This chapter reviews the various elements of the host defence system in poultry, and then provides specific examples of how certa...
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Developments in cacao breeding programmes in africa and the americas
This chapter explores the main developments in cacao breeding programmes in Trinidad, Brazil, Ecuador and Costa Rica in the Americas; and Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria and Cameroon in Africa. The different types of commercial cacao cultivars and breeding programme objectives are described. Heterosi...
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Producing quality milk from sheep
This chapter describes the sheep dairy industry and begins by analysing the advantages and disadvantages of different sheep breeds for production of high-quality sheep milk. The chapter addresses in detail various issues arising from the dairy farming of sheep, including frequency of milking, the...
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Improving data management and decision-making in precision agriculture
Precision agriculture (PA) has been adopted to improve crop production while optimizing resource allocation. The chapter discusses developments in tools and technologies used in precision agriculture for effective decision making, including remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) t...
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Identifying and managing plant health risks for key african crops: vegetables
In many West African countries, vegetable production is a key sector of urban and peri-urban agriculture. However, production is undermined by biotic constraints, mainly arthropod pests, disease-causing organisms and plant parasitic nematodes. In an attempt to combat this, farmers frequently use ...
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Role of the rumen microbiome in pasture-fed ruminant production systems
Global society is dependent on ruminant livestock to convert human indigestible plant matter into high quality dairy and meat food sources. This reliance on ruminants is a product of the symbiotic relationship between the ruminant and the rumen microbiome, which allows nutrition to be gained from...
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Instant insights: pre- and probiotics in poultry production
This collection features three peer-reviewed literature reviews on pre- and probiotics in poultry production.
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Redirecting nutrients in urban waste to urban agriculture
Until the nineteenth century, ‘nightsoil’ and organic waste were recycled to agriculture to replenish farmland with nutrients and organic matter in (peri-)urban areas. However, with the onset of cheap chemical fertilizer production, nightsoil use was abandoned. This development facilitated the ge...
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Understanding the behaviour of dairy cattle
In recent years, I have developed the necessary tools to gain a thorough understanding of cow behaviour in intensive management systems. This improved understanding can facilitate the design of new, sustainable management systems, which promote cattle welfare. In this chapter, I provide an overvi...
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Insect pests of fruit: aphids
Aphids (Homoptera, Sternorrhyncha, Aphididae) currently include 5575 valid species. They are characterized by some peculiar morphological and biological characteristics that make these insects unique organisms. Although often under-reported, it is estimated that aphids cause very high economic lo...
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Tree nut cultivation, ecosystem services, biodiversity and conservation
There is growing concern about the impact of overuse of agricultural inputs on the environment which in turn has created a challenge for food production systems that should sustain acceptable production levels while preserving natural resources. It is now well-accepted that a holistic approach is...
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Tree planting and management in agroforestry
Agroforestry seeks to increase the productivity of the farm and help create resilient landscapes. The pattern of tree planting and tree management play an important part in the sustainability of an agroforestry system, as they determine the intensity of competition between trees and crop and the ...
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Secondary macronutrients: advances in understanding calcium cycling in soils, uptake/use by plants and ways of optimizing calcium-use efficiency in crop production
The importance of calcium as a secondary macronutrient can be described in different ways because of its role in soils and its function in plant nutrition. The majority of chemical and some physical soil properties are heavily influenced by calcium content in soil profiles. The available content ...
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Understanding resistance to oxysterol binding protein inhibitor fungicides
Downy mildews and late blight are important crop diseases caused by oomycetes which often require the use of fungicides with a cost of control estimated at $2 billion annually. In recent years, the crop protection industry has been rather successful in discovering and introducing plant protection...
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Biofertilizers: assessing the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on soil health
This chapter discusses the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi biofertilizers on soil health. It begins by addressing the key issues of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soil health, specifically focusing on improved soil structure and stability, soil contamination, carbon sequestration and nu...
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Advances in breeding for improved cultivars of turfgrass
Turfgrass breeding efforts are aimed at developing new turfgrass varieties adapted to a wide range of geographic regions with excellent seed or sod production, improved stress and pest tolerance, and elite turf quality under high, medium, and low maintenance practices. Various cooperative testing...
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Achieving sustainable greenhouse production: present status, recent advances and future developments
Greenhouse production systems have been introduced to improve growth conditions for plants to increase yield and quality. While initially greenhouses were mainly found in cool climates, water saving has become an important driver for the expansion of the greenhouse industry, particularly in arid ...
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Advances in precision livestock farming techniques for monitoring dairy cattle welfare
This chapter reviews advances in precision livestock farming techniques for monitoring dairy cattle welfare. It begins by describing the potential of PLF technology linked to the Five Domains framework, then goes into more detail by focusing on the use of precision livestock farming techniques fo...
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Assessing the environmental impact of commercial-scale cultivated meat production
This chapter draws attention to assessing the environmental impact of commercial cultivated meat production. To provide some context, the chapter first focuses on the environmental impacts of livestock production, specifically the impact of land use and biodiversity, climate change as well as the...
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Advances in remote sensing technologies for assessing crop health
Advances in crop health monitoring would help farmers use resources more efficiently and accurately. Higher-quality spatiotemporal information on changes in crop characteristics will enable more precise and timely management of crop health, by providing early indication of crop disease outbreaks ...
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Advances in rapid detection of zoonotic pathogens in poultry production and processing environments
In recent years poultry meat and egg consumption has seen an exponential increase worldwide. There is therefore a strong demand for ensuring the microbiological safety of poultry products. The main pathogenic bacteria in poultry meat and eggs are Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter spp., Listeri...
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Breeding caffeine-free coffee beans
Regular Arabica coffee contains about 1.2% caffeine. ‘Decaffeinated’ (less than 0.1%) and ‘low caffeine’ (0.2–0.8%) coffee can be obtained by removing the caffeine. However, this can compromise the flavour, and may lead to consumers viewing the product as less ‘natural’. Over the past 25 yrs, eff...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of tree nuts
This collection reviews the wealth of research addressing key issues facing the cultivation of tree nuts. Part 1 discusses the health benefits of tree nuts. Part 2 addresses safety issues. The remaining parts assess advances in breeding, cultivation and the management of pests and diseases.
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Natural capital and biodiversity accounting in the swedish agri-food sector
This chapter describes how Swedish agri-food companies account for their impact on natural capital/ecosystem services and biodiversity. Sustainability reports or annual reports from 36 of the largest companies in the agri-food sector have been studied. Although most companies in the study have a ...
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Advances in breeding of papaya
This chapter discusses the origins and distribution of papaya. It reviews the origins and distribution of the fruit as well as breeding methods such as back crossing, mutation breeding and marker-assisted selection. It also reviews how breeding programmes can be used for particular traits and res...
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Freckle disease of banana
Freckle disease on banana is becoming more prevalent and in recent years has emerged as a disease of economic importance in some parts of the world. In places where the disease occurs it is a challenge to produce high quality, unblemished banana fruit for export markets. Although freckle disease ...
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Mechanisms for the transmission of pathogens into eggs
Salmonella Enteritidis currently represents the major risk of eggborne disease. The frequent association of this bacterium with egg infection is ascribed to various factors, including its spread and persistence in the breeding environment, its long-term ability to colonize the hen’s genital tract...
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Understanding the natural antibacterial defences of egg white and their regulation
Egg white is poor in the nutrients needed by microorganisms and exhibits remarkable antimicrobial properties. Therefore, it participates in protecting both hatching and table eggs from bacterial contamination. This chapter offers a comprehensive overview of the natural defences of egg white and o...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of sugarcane volume 1
Sugarcane is the source of 80% of the world’s sugar. This volume reviews key research on improving sugarcane production, focussing on enhancing cultivation techniques such as irrigation and nutrient management as well as measuring and improving sustainability.
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Assessing and managing the environmental and social impact of coffee production
This chapter reviews ways of measuring and improving the sustainability of coffee production systems, including good agricultural practices (GAP), life cycle assessment (LCA), ways of calculating the carbon footprint of coffee as well as methods for assessing social impacts. It also discusses way...
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Postharvest processing of avocado
This chapter discusses the techniques commonly used to process avocado fruit to many different products and by-products. It describes the processing technologies and their effects on the organoleptic, nutritional and nutraceutical quality of the fruit and its products. These processes include fre...
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Food losses and waste: terminology, definitions, quantification and causes
Prevention, reduction and management of food losses and waste (FLW) have gained an increased global interest since 2011, when the first global FLW report was published by the FAO, and culminated in 2015 with the launch of SDG 12.3. Food insecurity, food systems’ sustainability, and climate change...
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Rice insect pests: biology and ecology
Rice farmers face many abiotic and biotic constraints in their quest to increase rice production. In conjunction with the introduction of new high yielding drought and flood tolerant rice varieties, increasing yields will require a reduction in losses to insect pests. This chapter presents the kn...
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Optimizing welfare in transport and slaughter of cattle
Transport represents one of the most stressful events an animal may experience. Its impact on the welfare of beef and dairy cattle is frequently underestimated, as are the effects of transport on carcass quality issues such as bruises and dark cutting beef. For ease of discussion, the process is ...
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Advances in understanding the role of plant phytochemicals in preventing cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of illness and death globally. Its incidence has been closely linked to diet. This chapter reviews the complex nature of CVD and its comorbidities. It then assesses the current state of research on the protective and therapeutic effects of a range of ...
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Organic and natural beekeeping, and caring for insect pollinators
The pollination of flowering plants is crucial for the maintenance of earth’s biodiversity, and most food crops depend upon insect pollinators. Unfortunately, conventional agricultural practices tend to diminish the numbers of wild insect pollinators while increasing our need for them. This chapt...
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Ecological impacts of pesticides and their mitigation within ipm systems
Chemicals, frequently the main method of pest control in agriculture, have negative effects on natural enemies that also control pests. Mitigation of pesticide impacts depends on increasing the role of natural enemies, reducing chemical application while still controlling pests and maintaining yi...
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The nutritional role of eggs
Eggs are an affordable, accessible and nutrient-dense form of food, and as such make a valuable addition to human diet. This chapter begins by reviewing the nutrient composition of chicken eggs. It then considers the relationship between egg consumption and human health and disease. This includes...
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Instant insights: improving the sustainability of dairy production
This book provides a detailed overview of recent research that considers how modern dairy production can be optimised to reduce its environmental impact and contribute to achieving a more sustainable agriculture.
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Microbial ecosystems as targets for improving pig gut health
To date, our understanding of the organisms which constitute the microbiomes of humans and our domesticated species has been limited by the technologies available to study them. Progress from culture to species-based DNA approaches has allowed us to appreciate the scale of animal microbiomes and ...
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Instant insights: nematode pests in agriculture
This collection features five peer-reviewed literature reviews on nematode pests in agriculture.
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Advances in plant factories
This collection reviews the wealth of research on vertical farms or plant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs). It summarises key research both on improving process efficiency and produce quality of horticultural crops such as fruit and vegetables, ornamentals and herbs.
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Growth and quality of lettuce in vertical farms as affected by red:blue and red:far-red ratios
Light-emitting diodes (LED) are advancing the development of indoor vertical farming due to their varied light spectrum and photon flux density. The substantial energy cost of lighting systems requires improvement. This chapter reviews three major spectra applied to lettuce cultivation in indoor ...
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Sustainable forest management (sfm) of tropical moist forests: the congo basin
The Congo basin covers the second largest expanse of tropical forest on the planet. This chapter discusses the recent history and implementation challenges of sustainable forest management (SFM) across the basin. It shows that while the most modern SFM ideas and concepts have shaped the current f...
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Alternatives to antibiotics in preventing zoonoses and other pathogens in poultry: prebiotics and related compounds
Despite efforts to develop control measures to reduce the contamination of poultry products, food-borne illness remains a major concern to processors and consumers. Various interventions have been applied in both postharvest settings and preharvest live bird production. Prebiotics are compounds t...
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Theory and application of phenotyping in wheat for different target environments
Phenotyping serves both research and breeding purposes. For research, precise and often costly procedures are employed to phenotype strategic traits in order to gain a better understanding of how genotypes adapt to different environments. For breeding, both strategic and screening traits are cons...
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Grazing management for sustainable grazing systems
Grasslands play a key role in soil, water and biodiversity conservation and deliver numerous other ecosystem and cultural services. This chapter defines key terms associated with grassland grazing systems, with a particular emphasis on the meaning of grazing management and sustainable intensifica...
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Dry-seeded and aerobic cultivation of rice
Finding an efficient irrigation strategy that would minimize water consumption in rice cultivation is a key objective in dealing with the potential future competition for and scarcity of water as a resource. Several water-saving techniques have been developed, including dry-seeded rice and aerobi...
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Doubled haploid (dh) production for barley
Current European barley breeding programs predominately rely on doubled haploid (DH) technology delivering several essential advantages, such as accelerated development of homozygous genotypes, early recognition of major recessive traits, enabling to select faster and much more robust, and facili...
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The hessian fly: a destructive pest of wheat and barley
Hessian fly is a global pest of wheat. Traditional control methods for this pest include implementing fly-free planting dates, stubble plow down and use of resistant cultivars. These methods face challenges due to changes in climate and cultural practice. Fly-free dates are no longer useful or ne...
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Research and technology in plant factories with artificial lighting: past, present and future
The past decade has seen rapid improvements in the technology used for plant factories with artificial light (PFALs), and these improvements are expected to continue for the coming years. These technological advancements are both a continuation and a synthesis of technologies that have been under...
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The cellular basis of feed efficiency in poultry muscle: mitochondria and nucleic acid metabolism
Feed is one of the most significant costs involved in animal production, and feed efficiency is therefore a very important genetic trait in animal agriculture. In poultry, a clear link between breast muscle mitochondrial function and feed efficiency has been reported. This chapter provides an ove...
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Instant insights: improving the health and welfare of heifers and calves
The collection discusses best practices for improving the welfare of heifers and calves, as well as the consequences which can arise as a result of these welfare conditions not being met. Chapters consider the use of monitoring technologies as a means of identifying abnormal behaviours which can ...
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Migrant labour in agriculture: ethical issues and challenges
This chapter discusses the key role of migrant workers in agriculture as well as policies regulating their role and conditions of employment. There is a particular focus on the European Union (EU) with the example of Italy to illustrate issues and policies at a national level. The chapter discuss...
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Delivering improved phosphorus acquisition by root systems in pasture and arable crops
Improving low efficiency of phosphorus (P) use in agriculture is an imperative because P is one of the key nutrients underpinning sustainable intensification of food production and the rock-phosphate reserves, from which P fertilisers are made, are finite. This paper describes key soil, root and ...
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State of the global adoption and spread of conservation agriculture
Chapter 2 in volume 1 provided a detailed account of the global adoption and spread of Conservation Agriculture (CA) up to the year 2015/16. This chapter provides an update of the global adoption and spread of CA for the year up to 2018/19. In 2008/09, global CA cropland area was 106.5 M ha sprea...
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Ensuring the genetic diversity of maize and its wild relatives
Genebanks and ex situ collections are essential to conserving maize genetic diversity and enabling global access to those resources. The chapter provides a comprehensive and authoritative review of the key issues facing both in situ and ex situ collections. These issues include better conservatio...
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Advances in temperate grassland science and management
While grasslands face a number of challenges, such as land-use competition and the impact of climate change, there is a growing recognition of the critical role they play in supporting the transition to more resilient, sustainable and circular agricultural systems.Advances in temperate grassland ...
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Understanding post-harvest deterioration of mangoes
Post-harvest deterioration in the quality of mangoes is determined in large measure by pre-harvest factors ranging from the cultivar grown to orchard management and harvest practices. This chapter describes the changes related to ripening in mangoes and the pre-harvest, in-harvest and post-harves...
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Airborne and satellite remote sensors for precision agriculture
Remote sensing provides an important source of information to characterize soil and crop variability for both within-season and after-season management despite the availability of numerous ground-based soil and crop sensors. Remote sensing applications in precision agriculture have been steadily ...
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Developments in packaging techniques and their assessment for assuring the safety of fresh produce
The packaging of fruits and vegetables serves several critical functions, including protecting them from damage during transportation and storage, extending their shelf life, preventing contamination from plant disease and foodborne pathogens, and reducing food waste. To safeguard produce from ph...
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Understanding the nutraceutical properties of flavonoids in fruits and vegetables: chemical structure and groups
This chapter reviews the nutraceutical properties of flavonoids in fruits and vegetables, focusing specifically on chemical structure and the different groups flavonoids can be catagorised into. The chapter draws attention to flavones, flavonols, flavanones, flavanonols, isoflavones, neoflavonoid...
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Maintaining the safety of poultry feed products
Natural and artificial contaminants in poultry feed may result in deteriorated feed quality, reduced performance and increased incidence of disease in poultry, ultimately leading to a significant economic loss for producers. Moreover, since poultry are raised to produce meat and eggs for human co...
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Towards sustainable management of fusarium wilt of banana
Since the start of growing bananas in large plantations the industry has been plagued by the introduction of numerous pathogens and none more troublesome than Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB). The introduction of Fusarium race 1 in the Gros Michel plantations in Latin America led to one of the major...
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Sampling and detection of salmonella in eggs
The detection of Salmonella in the edible internal contents of eggshells provides the most incontrovertible and epidemiologically relevant evidence that laying flocks might pose a threat to consumers. Accordingly, dependable tests for Salmonella in eggs remain essential for achieving public healt...
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The nutritional and nutraceutical value of wheat
Wheat is a source of nutrients and phytochemicals with nutraceutical value. These components are unevenly distributed in the different parts of the wheat kernel, and their content in wheat varies widely depending on variety of wheat (V), genotype (G), growing environments (E), year/season (Y) and...
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Advancements in turfgrass for ornamental lawns
This chapter addresses the advancements in turfgrass for ornamental lawns. It first focuses on breeding and selection advances, drawing attention to consumer lawn preferences and the implications this can lead to in terms of contemporary breeding and production, as well as discussing the current ...
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Advances in grasping techniques in agricultural robots
This chapter provides an overview of the state of the art for grasping and manipulation in agricultural settings. It begins with a review of the robotic mechanisms commonly used for manipulation and grasping. The discussion then addresses issues associated with the integration of different techno...
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Grain legumes in integrated crop management systems
This chapter focuses on integrated crop management strategies to increase grain legume production in rainfed, resource-poor farming systems. Generally, grain legumes fail to reach even half of their potential yields in these systems. For rainfed grain legumes the major contributor to the yield ga...
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Developing closed-loop dairy value chains and tools to support decision-makers
Food loss and waste (FLW) is a significant global challenge, and the dairy sector is an important contributor to the problem. There are a number of management options available to utilise dairy FLW in a close-looped system, particularly for developed dairy chains. In this chapter, we identify the...
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From theory to practice: key lessons in the adoption of conservation agriculture in south africa
In 2013 a specialised Conservation Agriculture (CA) programme was launched with the task to formalise and coordinate CA research with grain farmers in South Africa, including smallholders. The key question and challenge this new initiative faced was how to work with these farmers and build on wha...
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Advances in understanding the needs and improving the welfare of transition dairy cows
One of the most challenging time periods in a dairy cow’s life is when she gives birth and transitions into lactation (the ‘transition’ period). This chapter reviews the latest research assessing the welfare of transition cows. The chapter begins by focusing on the biological health of dairy cows...
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Nematode pests of cocoa
Plant-parasitic nematodes cause cocoa yield losses, a sudden death of trees and retardation of seedling growth in nurseries. This chapter explains the hidden nature and the masking effects of these nematodes and how these have led to erroneous control measures. The chapter describes the nematode ...
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Advances in irrigation techniques for rice cultivation
Rice land receives 35–45% of all the world’s irrigation water. In view of growing concerns about future water scarcity, achieving water savings in irrigated rice production has become a key research challenge. This chapter considers the key techniques for improving rice water productivity through...
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Instant insights: nutritional and health benefits of beverage crops
This collection provides a considered exploration of the nutritional and health benefits of key beverage crops, focussing primarily on tea and coffee. Chapters explore their potential in preventing the onset of chronic diseases, such as cancer and diabetes, as well as the analytical techniques av...
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Instant insights: environmental impact of livestock production
This collection features five peer-reviewed literature reviews on the environmental impact of livestock production.
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The nutritional and nutraceutical value of walnut
Walnut fruit is rich in vitamins, carbohydrates, minerals, proteins and unsaturated fats which promote human health. Walnut kernels also contain a very high amount of serotonin which is a neurotransmitter involved in regulating moods, feelings of happiness, sleep, anxiety and blood pressure. Waln...
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Understanding chicken learning and cognition and implications for improved management
The overview of research on the learning and cognitive abilities of chickens provided here reveals some complex cognitive processes which often surprises people not familiar with chicken behaviour. As a precocial species, domestic chicks quickly learn from the individuals and environment around t...
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Progress in understanding and managing insect pests affecting sugarcane
This chapter describes major achievements in pest management in sugarcane agroecosystems based on applied research conducted in different countries. The focus of the chapter is on two major groups of pests: stalk borers (Lepidoptera) and white grubs (Coleoptera). Chapter sections address determin...
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Understanding the relationship between the microbiome and the structure and function of the pig gastrointestinal tract
The gut epithelium acts as a barrier to the gut environment. The integrity of the epithelial structure and function is thus critical for microbiome-host interaction. The gut microbiome can regulate the utilization and synthesis of mucin, the expressions of the intercellular junction complex, and ...
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Identifying and managing plant health risks for key african crops: legumes
The yield potential of cowpea and soybean is severely constrained by several biotic stresses, negatively impacting on the livelihoods of farming communities. Resistant germplasm is often the first line of defence against plant pathogens inducing foliar diseases like Asian soybean rust, but needs ...
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Improving nutrient management in the cultivation of ornamental plants in greenhouse, container and field production
This chapter reviews nutrient management in different production systems for ornamentals. Proper nutrition in containerized and field grown plants is essential for maximized growth and profitability. Macro- and micro-nutrients along with substrate or soil amendments ensure that plants remain hea...
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On-farm implementation of integrated weed management
IWM is a part of integrated pest management (IPM) and adoption of IWM is an important driver for IPM. Within the project IWMPRAISE we developed a novel framework for integrating and implementing existing and novel approaches to IWM. Understanding the drivers of decision making by farmers are esse...
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Seaweed extracts as plant biostimulants in agriculture
Biostimulants improve growth of plants by enhancing nutrient uptake efficiency. This chapter presents classification and legal aspects of biostimulants in terms of registration. Seaweed extracts improve abiotic stress tolerance of horticultural and agronomic crops. The mechanism of seeweed extrac...
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Pre- and postharvest fungal apple diseases
The domesticated apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is the most significant pome fruit grown and consumed worldwide. China is the largest producer, followed by the United States, on a global scale. However, fungal plant pathogens cause significant economic losses in the field and during storage, lead...
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The role of herbicide-resistant crops in integrated weed management
Herbicide-resistant (HR) crops have been a boon for farmers who have adopted them as they provided simple, flexible and economical tool to manage a broad spectrum of weeds and weeds resistant to other herbicides. This chapter reviews the major types of HR crop (commercialized or under development...
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Genetics and genomics of behavioral and welfare traits in poultry species
This chapter reviews current research on the genetics of behavioral traits in poultry, particularly layers. The focus is particularly on aggressive behaviors such as feather pecking which remain a serious problem in both cage and alternative non-cage systems. The chapter shows the complex interac...
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The role of wind pollination in crop plants
This chapter reflects on the early transition from wind-pollinated species (especially Poaceae) into crop species and the current state of wind-pollination in agricultural pollination networks. It then provides a short review of the evolution and biomechanics of wind pollination to establish why ...
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Advances and challenges in raspberry and blackberry breeding
Raspberries and blackberries (Rubus spp.) are important fruit crops that have gained substantial economic interest. Since 1996, berry production has been increasing. With the advent of economic and environmental constraints, sustainability is also becoming increasingly important. This chapter foc...
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Biological types of cattle: carcass and meat quality
This chapter describes the domestication of cattle and the origins of many breeds found in the world today. The breeds are grouped into biological types, based on their size, muscularity and propensity to fatten, and the commercial role of each type is discussed. The relationships between biologi...
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Maintaining and utilizing the genetic diversity of soybeans
The aim of plant breeding is to create genetically diverse gene pools and then devise strategies to consolidate the favourable alleles and eliminate those that are adverse to the grower’s objectives. Genetic diversity is the fuel that powers plant breeding but it is also the largest impediment to...
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Modelling the impact of climate change on agriculture in north africa and southwest asia
The impacts of climate change on food production in North Africa and Southwest Asia are severe, with rising temperatures and prolonged dry spells adversely affecting crop productivity and quality. Crop models are utilized to evaluate the impact of climate change and the potential of adaptation st...
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Improving organic agriculture in the developing world: asia
Traditional Asian farming methods are often seen as being close to organic production, but there is a need for considerable research and farmer education if the sector is to develop in accordance with scientifically led organic knowledge and to fulfil its potential. This chapter describes key cro...
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Instant insights: fungicide resistance in cereals
This book reviews the development of resistance to the core group of fungicides used throughout global crop production. Chapters explore the mechanisms of resistance, as well as the challenges facing future fungicide development.
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