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Weed management in conservation agriculture-based production of annual crops
This chapter reviews the benefits and use of cover crops in no-till (NT) cultivation systems such as Conservation Agriculture (CA) in order to control undesirable plants (‘weeds’) in different annual crop production systems, whilst minimizing the use of herbicides. It begins by situating use of c...
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Weed management in no-tillage vegetable cultivation: using the sistema de plantio direto de hortaliças to achieve an agroecological transition
This chapter describes cultivation of vegetables using the no-tillage cultivation system developed in Brazil (SPDH+: Sistema de Plantio Direto de Hortaliças). Based on agroecological principles, this allows more sustainable cultivation of vegetables without reliance on synthetic fertilizers and p...
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Weed management in perennial conservation agriculture systems: optimising use of groundcover
This chapter reviews ways of optimising use of ground cover in perennial cultivation for weed control. It reviews the multiple roles of ground cover in perennial systems and ways of selecting between different types of ground cover (non-selected or select spontaneous plants; sown grass, legume or...
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Weed management in conservation agriculture systems: farmers’ testimonies
In this concluding chapter, several testimonies of farmers about their experiences regarding weed management after the shift to CA are presented to emphasize the importance of practitioners' views when profound changes in farming methods are needed. The testimonies comprise different agroecologie...
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Using herbicides in conservation agriculture systems: the state of the art
Conservation agriculture has received increasing interest worldwide as a cropping system addressing the future challenge of feeding an increasing world population while minimizing the negative environmental and climate impacts of agriculture and preserving soil fertility. There is an ongoing disc...
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Organic dairy farming: towards sustainability
Ruminants play a key role in organic systems, due to their ability to use grassland resources, legumes from crop rotations and crop residues, and to supply manure for the soil. Grassland-based milk production therefore is likely to be the most sustainable system for dairy cattle in organic agricu...
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Weed ecology in conservation agriculture systems: an overview
This chapter extensively explores the intricate dynamics of weed communities within the framework of Conservation Agriculture (CA). A review of weed density, shifts in species, and seedbank dynamics under CA reveals the challenges inherent in this agricultural system. The chapter underscores the ...
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Weed management in organic conservation agriculture systems
Organic conservation agriculture can potentially contribute to meeting many urgent technical and environmental issues related to agricultural soil degradation; however, its uptake has been so far quite limited. After having shed some light on the similarities and differences between (organic) con...
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Allelopathic weed control in conservation agriculture systems
Allelopathy involves release of chemicals from plant roots that can inhibit or promote the growth of other organisms. Allelopathic interactions can be exploited to control weeds in agroecosystems. Conservation Agriculture (CA) characterized by minimum tillage, soil cover, and diversified crop rot...
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Cultural techniques to control weeds in conservation agriculture systems
Weeds pose significant challenges limiting productivity and profitability in agricultural production systems. Properly managing these plants is fundamental in developing Conservation Agriculture systems, and incorporating ecological concepts must base a weed management program. Cultural practices...
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Modeling weed population dynamics in conservation agriculture systems
We have available a relatively rich arsenal of platforms (satellites, airplanes, UAVs, combines, ATVs), sensors and image processing procedures to detect weeds at various spatial and temporal scales. Up to now these technologies have been mainly used for map-based targeted herbicide spraying, imp...
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Advances in the reduction of herbicide use in conservation agriculture: french case studies
Conservation agriculture (CA) appears as a promising agricultural pathway to achieve multiperformance but is currently questioned due to its reliance on herbicides for weed management, especially glyphosate. One limit in the development of CA-based agroecological cropping system less reliant on h...
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Thermal weed control in conservation agriculture systems
The pursuit of sustainable agriculture has elevated the importance of Conservation Agriculture (CA) systems, which emphasize minimal soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and maximum biodiversity/crop rotations. Traditional weed control methods, often reliant on chemical herbicides, face increa...
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Welfare of laying hens: an overview
Although the majority of the world’s laying hens are still housed in conventional (‘battery’) cages, public concern for the welfare of laying hens is rapidly changing the methods by which eggs are being produced and marketed in many regions of the world. However, alternative housing systems have ...
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Monitoring and control of livestock housing conditions using precision livestock farming techniques
This chapter discusses the use of precision livestock farming (PLF) techniques to monitor the housing environment in intensive livestock production systems. It discusses the effects of variables such as temperature and humidity on animal productivity, health and welfare. It also shows how environ...
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Sorghum diseases and their management in cultivation: stalk, root and other diseases
Of all the diseases affecting sorghum, root and stalk diseases are among the most damaging and difficult to control. This is due to their hidden nature and the fact that their symptoms often resemble abiotic stressors such as drought or freeze damage. This chapter presents an overview of some of ...
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Advances in dairy protein science: whey proteins
Whey proteins are highly nutritious and commercially important proteins from the serum phase of milk. Amino acid profile, digestion and absorption behavior in the gut in addition to various physical functionalities make them a highly sought after protein group in broad range of commercial applica...
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The use of mild viruses for control of plant pathogenic viruses
Plant virus management strategies have largely been limited to the application of hygiene protocols, the control of viral vectors such as insects and nematodes and the use of resistant varieties. However, these approaches are often insufficient to prevent infections. The rapid control of newly em...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of apples
This book reviews our understanding of tree and fruit physiology and how it can be used in breeding better varieties. It also discusses pests and diseases and ways they can be prevented or controlled to make cultivation more productive.
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Grasshoppers and other orthopteran pests
Grasshoppers, including locusts, and katydids are some of the most destructive pests in the world. Because they typically feed on a wide range of plants and migrate into cereal crops, consistent monitoring over vast areas is required to provide sufficient warning of population outbreaks. The long...
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Improving the nutritional value of soybean
Soybean is grown for its high oil and protein concentration and profile in the seed. Numerous studies have been carried out to determine the underlying genetics of soybean seed composition traits and develop molecular markers that can aid in the breeding of soybean cultivars with enhanced nutriti...
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The role of field margins in biodiversity conservation in agroecosystems
This chapter reviews research on ways of modifying the agricultural landscape to reverse the decline in a range of fauna and flora. The chapter starts by looking at the span of options for promoting biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. It then focuses on field margins, their characteristics a...
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The use of exogenous enzymes to improve feed efficiency in pigs
Exogenous feed enzymes have been in commercial use in swine diets for almost 30 years. This chapter focuses on the use of three classes of enzymes: NSP’ases, phytases and proteases. We review the evidence that their use is beneficial, and suggest likely mechanisms of action based on the evidence ...
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Understanding nutritional and bioactive properties of whey
Whey is a co-product of cheese and casein manufacturing processes. Historically, whey was a waste product with associated challenges on disposal due to its high organic matter content and biological oxygen demand. However, with the emergence of fractionation technology, whey has gained recognitio...
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Efficient and sustainable production of faba bean
Faba bean is mainly grown under rain-fed conditions, although irrigated production is important in Egypt, parts of China and central Asia. China is the leading producer with a wide range of intensive rotation and inter-crop holistic cropping systems. The main focus of this chapter is faba bean cu...
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Drainage requirements to maintain soil health
The effective management of soil water conditions is essential for ensuring healthy plant growth and optimum yield. Drainage is the primary technique by which producers keep soil water conditions at or near optimum for plant growth. A well-designed drainage system may result in a number of benefi...
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Biological basis of soil organic carbon sequestration: a complex set of interactive processes
In this chapter we propose a conceptual framework to guide understanding of the complex nature of the underlying biological processes involved in soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. We analyze, step by step, the conditions that promote an accumulation of organic matter in the soil and the ma...
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Integrated pest management in wheat cultivation
This chapter provides an overview of integrated pest management (IPM) in wheat cultivation. IPM uses biological, cultural and chemical methods in a compatible way. A wide variety of biological control agents contribute to pest control in wheat and successful IPM strategies require looking at the ...
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Genetics and other factors affecting intestinal microbiota and function in poultry
The diverse intestinal microbiota of poultry plays critical roles in determining feed utilization, health, and diseases. A comprehensive understanding of how various factors shape the intestinal microbiota in poultry can help develop new dietary and managerial interventions to enhance bird growth...
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Natural capital and biodiversity accounting in palm-oil production
This chapter reviews natural capital and biodiversity accounting in Malaysian palm-oil production. It outlines the palm-oil industry’s impact on biodiversity and natural capital. It then assesses the transparency of sustainability information in the Malaysian palm-oil industry. Five initiatives f...
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Sustainable control of gastrointestinal nematode parasites affecting sheep
The threat of anthelmintic resistance has loomed over recommendations to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in sheep for several decades, and in some regions GIN is threatening the sustainability of sheep farming. This chapter describes the current state of options to achieve sustainable c...
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Improving biosecurity in poultry flocks
The last few decades have seen the emergence and re-emergence of several infectious pathogens of importance in poultry. Large production sites have benefitted from biosecurity measures to minimize the impact of these pathogens. Efforts have focused on reducing sources of contamination through cle...
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The use of bacteria in integrated weed management
Annual grass weeds are increasing as a dominant weed species in the western United States, Canada and Mexico. Downy brome, one of the most widespread, invasive annual grass weeds, negatively affects cereal yields, reduces forage quality in grazing lands, degrades rangelands, and increases the fir...
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Seed systems and diversity
Farmers use various seed systems to obtain seeds for their next crop. The diversity of seeds determines, together with other aspects of the farming system, the biodiversity in farmed areas. Conservation strategies for crop genetic resources distinguish ex situ, on-farm and in situ components. The...
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Conservation agriculture in the agri-environmental european context
Conservation Agriculture is a real sustainable agricultural system, capable of providing solutions for most, if not all, of the agri-environmental challenges in Europe. Indeed, most of the challenges addressed in the Common Agriculture Policy could be faced through Conservation Agriculture. Not o...
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Dynamics of water storage and retention in soil
Water storage and retention is one of the most important ecological and agricultural properties of soil, since soil is the main water source for most plants. The present chapter discusses different ways of defining, measuring and modelling soil water retention capability, which varies according t...
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Site-specific nutrient management systems
Site-specific nutrient management systems were created to manage for spatial and temporal variability in biophysical factors that determine the availability and demand of crop nutrients. These systems differ among geographical regions in the information utilized and the way they operate to accomp...
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Advances in the use of irradiation for the market access of fresh horticultural produce
Commercial and research interest in the irradiation of fresh fruit and vegetables as a market access treatment is growing. Irradiation has been approved for use in many markets as an approved phytosanitary/quarantine treatment to allow international trade. This chapter focuses on the effects of i...
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Management of carbonate-rich soils and trade-offs with soil inorganic carbon cycling
Carbonate-rich soils are common in many arid and semiarid areas. Many of them are cultivated, and agriculture is expanding by the spreading of irrigation. Although the soil mineral fraction has been usually considered little or not affected by agricultural management in the short term, increasing...
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Intercropping in sustainable maize cultivation
As the level of productivity in sub-Saharan cropping increases, driven by technology adoption, the question whether intercropping should still be promoted over sole cropping is not clear. In this chapter, we review the existing evidence on systems productivity, resource capture and use efficiency...
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The changing role of urban agriculture in municipal planning: from planning for urban agriculture to urban agriculture for planning
Urban agriculture’s popularity over the past few decades has required cities to address whether, to what extent, and how food production fits into the cityscape. Planners have used various policy levers, from revised zoning codes to tax incentives, to protect existing farms and gardens and expand...
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Integrated weed management in soybean cultivation
Almost all soybean fields have weed infestations that must be managed by farmers to sustain economic viability. This chapter reviews the integrated weed-management approach, which utilizes the contributions of plant breeding, cultural, mechanical and chemical practices in suppressing weed populat...
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Enhancing texture and tenderness in poultry meat
The texture and tenderness of poultry meat are key factors in ensuring consumer satisfaction, and these qualities are significantly affected by how birds are treated before, during and after slaughter. This chapter begins by explaining how, after slaughter, the decline of muscle pH and the develo...
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Advances in irrigation techniques in vegetable cultivation
Water for agricultural use accounts for a very high percentage of worldwide water consumption. In order to maximize productivity and profitability, while reducing the environmental impact of vegetable farming, growers must choose the correct irrigation system for their crop as well as determine t...
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Greenbug (schizaphis graminum): an overview
Greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a major insect pest of cereal grains on the southern Great Plains of the United States. This chapter summarizes greenbug life history and biology, provides a description of the direct and indirect crop injury caused by greenbug to...
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Advances in understanding of barley plant physiology: plant development and architecture
This chapter summarizes recent advances in understanding the genetics of barley development and architecture. In particular it discusses developments in understanding: barley plant structure and morphology; molecular control of vegetative development; and molecular control of reproductive develop...
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Hot weather management of poultry
Maintaining an environment that minimizes stress on poultry is a significant part of obtaining a healthy bird that reaches its full genetic potential. One challenge that producers face is preventing heat stress and maintaining performance in hot weather conditions. By keeping bird body temperatur...
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Decision-support systems for pest monitoring and management
This chapter reviews the role of decision support systems (DSS) for pest monitoring and management through information technology like remote sensing, GIS, spectral indices, image-based diagnostics, expert systems and phenology-based degree day models. Applications range from rule-based models to...
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Advances in understanding and improving the role of amino acids in poultry nutrition
Dietary amino acids are central to optimizing growth performance, meat yield, and egg production of poultry. This chapter addresses amino acid digestibility coefficients for feed ingredients, digestible amino acid requirements of poultry based on production efficiency, and the role of supplementa...
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Potassium in crop physiology
Potassium is an essential plant nutrient. This chapter describes the physiological roles of potassium: in activating enzymes, as a cellular osmoticum, and as a counter cation for anion accumulation and electrogenic transport processes. The chapter then describes the molecular biology of potassium...
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Advances in mandarin breeding
Citrus is a leading fruit crop worldwide, with more than 130 million tons and mandarins representing 25% of total production. Mandarins are destined mainly to the fresh market, with China and the Mediterranean region being the main areas of production. Mandarins are a diverse group showing high g...
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Using talens for genome editing in plants
Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) are powerful tools for precise and efficient locus-specific editing. Among the various genome editing tools that were developed prior to the CRISPR/Cas system, TALENs have been the most widely used, and they remain worthy of consideration d...
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Welfare standards for laying hens
Consumers regard animal welfare as an important attribute of the food they eat. Sellers have to pay due attention to animal welfare before selling food like eggs or poultry to people. There are many welfare standards for laying hens and this chapter looks into some of these standards like commerc...
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Agronomic factors affecting phytochemical compounds in fruits and vegetables
Fruits and vegetables significantly benefit human health as they contain a large number of phytochemical compounds. Several strategies can be applied to effectively improve these health-promoting compounds by manipulating various agronomic factors. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive und...
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Developments in soilless/hydroponic cultivation of vegetables
In hydroponics, the plants are grown outside the natural soil, either on porous growing media (substrates) or in pure nutrient solution (water culture). The most commonly used growing media, which are characterized by a balanced availability of water and oxygen, are rockwool, perlite, pumice, and...
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Optimising microbiological and food safety in free-range and organic poultry meat production
This chapter provides an overview of free-range poultry production systems and the consequent potential meat product safety issues that can occur. The chapter discusses two infections which have particularly significant food safety implications: Campylobacter and Salmonella. It also considers oth...
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Advances in understanding key contamination risks in animal feed: mycotoxins
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain filamentous fungi, especially Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium. Over 400 mycotoxins have been identified, most notably aflatoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins and ochratoxins. These low molecular weight compounds are...
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Advances in stand management and regeneration
Multiaged forests are thought to have the redundant structure to withstand changing disturbance regimes that are expected with the future climatic scenarios. This chapter describes the methods for deciding how to control stand density in multiaged silviculture at both the stand level and the indi...
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Advances in understanding bacterial diseases in poultry: challenges and perspectives
Bacterial diseases in poultry are well known for their negative consequences on animal health, welfare and public health. Recent advancement in scientific research has substantially improved our understanding of pathogen attributes and disease mechanism, thus progress has been made in identificat...
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Climate-smart crop production: understanding complexity for achieving triple-wins
Climate-smart cropping options aim to simultaneously improve crop productivity, adapt to climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This chapter provides a concise overview of a wide range of climate-smart cropping options and investigates in detail the potential of conservation agricult...
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Sustainable use of miscanthus for biofuel
Biomass removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during growth and, if converted to biofuel, has the potential to be carbon negative, especially if combined with carbon capture and storage. To achieve ambitious targets for global reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, biomass crops should gene...
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Amino acids in dairy nutrition: enhancing milk protein synthesis and beyond
This chapter reviews the use of amino acids in dairy nutrition, focusing specifically on enhancing milk protein synthesis and beyond. It begins by some general background to amino acids and dairy nutrition, then goes on to discuss the reduction of dietary crude protein in dairy cow diets. It revi...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of soybeans volume 1
Soybeans are widely grown for use in food, animal feed and other products such as biodiesel. The first of this two-volume collections reviews advances in understanding of soybean physiology and genetics as well as breeding and more efficient methods of cultivation.
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The role of specific cereal grain dietary components in poultry gut function
Cereal grains constitute the greatest proportion of most practical poultry diets. As dietary components, cereal grains provide most of the dietary energy and help to support the development of the structural and functional integrity of the digestive tract. However, many cereal grains contain one ...
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Biostimulants for sustainable crop production
Biostimulants stimulate natural processes in crops to enhance nutrient uptake, nutrient use efficiency (NUE), resistance to abiotic stress and quality traits. This collection reviews key advances in understanding and using biostimulants.
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Using duality models to understand how consumers process information about food and nutrition
This chapter focuses on using duality models to understand how consumers process information about food and nutrition. The chapter begins by discussing the elaboration likelihood model, arguably the most prominent dual-mode model in nutrition research. This is then followed by a discussion of the...
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Advances in understanding apple tree growth: rootstocks and planting systems
Recent research and development has investigated the factors influencing apple tree growth, with the ultimate aim of helping apple growers provide the market with fruit which is consistent in quality and which exhibits the features that consumers value, such as firmness, juiciness, colour and app...
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Defining sustainable forest management (sfm) in the tropics
This chapter discusses definitions of SFM to promote clarity about the avoidable and unavoidable tradeoffs associated with SFM. The chapter reviews about spatial scales for SFM and for the expansion of the scale at which sustainability is considered from stands up to forested landscapes. We revie...
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Advances in robotic milking
In recent years, growth in the number of robotic milking installations on farms has been driven by the need for better labour management and also for improved quality of life for dairy producers. This chapter reviews published research on such robotic milking systems (RMS). Aspects related to bar...
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Advances in nutrient management in rice cultivation
New nutrient management strategies aim to enhance fertilizer use efficiency in rice ecologies beyond what can be achieved by following blanket nutrient management recommendations formulated for small regions with similar climates. The emphasis is on moving to real-time and site-specific nutrient ...
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Mitigating invasive insect species: eradication, long-term management, and the importance of sampling and monitoring
In this chapter, we introduce major concepts associated with the management of invasive insects. We then focus more deeply on eradication and long-term management, especially integrated pest management, describing common factors associated with successful programs and potential challenges of each...
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The role of technology in crisis management and product recall in food supply chains
This chapter considers food governance and how it frames crisis management and product recalls in food supply chains. Effective food recalls following a food safety or legality related incident are supported by traceability systems ranging from paper based to those that apply the newest technolog...
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The regulation of genome-edited crops
To explore the regulation of genome edited crops, this chapter describes the regulatory systems adopted by different countries as well as how the Cartagena Biosafety Protocol might apply. It finds there is a continuum of oversight, with some countries applying their GMO biosafety laws to all geno...
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Institutionalizing agricultural ethics in us land-grant universities
In 1999, fifteen of the original US land-grant universities offered a class on agricultural ethics. In 2012 nine courses were taught. In 2022 only six remained. This chapter offers reasons for the decline in number of classes and suggests consequences if everyone engaged in the agricultural enter...
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Advances in pest-resistant varieties of soybean
A number of insect pests have been threatening soybean production in North America, including lepidopteran defoliators, coleopteran defoliators and hemipteran sapsuckers. Among various control methods, host-plant resistance has been of the greatest interest as it is economically and environmental...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of litchi
In this chapter, the effort and achievements in litchi research and development are summarized, and key challenges and practices in litchi production will be addressed with a focus on cases in China.
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Identifying genes for yield-related traits under drought stress conditions in durum wheat
Abiotic stress strongly affects yield-related traits in durum wheat. In particular drought is one of the main environmental factors reducing grain yield. Hundreds of quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been identified for yield-related traits across different genetic backgrounds and environments. ...
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Advances in greenhouse design
Greenhouses are effective structures for producing high-value crops since they use natural resources as well as production inputs very efficiently. Consequently, greenhouses occupy large areas of the world. This chapter examines recent developments in greenhouse designs on three relevant producti...
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Breeding fruit cultivars with durable disease resistance
Resistance breeding can make a lasting contribution to pest and disease control in an integrated management strategy provided that the resistance is durable. This chapter discusses strategies for achieving durable resistance based on genes that target pathogen fitness, gene pyramiding and nonhost...
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Understanding the effects of light on embryo and post-hatch chick development
Targeted illumination manifested by source, spectra, intensity, brightness and regimen became major factors in modern poultry management. Light spectra affect growth in meat type birds both in ovo and post hatch. Broilers and turkeys in ovo photostimulated with green light (GL) gained significant...
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Cultural control of arthropod pests in temperate tree fruit
Perennial systems, such as temperate tree fruit, present interesting challenges and opportunities for the practice of cultural pest management tactics. This chapter outlines key cultural tactics for managing arthropod pests in temperate tree fruit, including modification of trees, tree architectu...
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Visualising plant colonisation by beneficial bacteria: a key step to improve the understanding of plant–microbe interactions
Plants contain diverse microorganisms that interact with their hosts and with each other. Beneficial bacteria can be utilised on crops to protect plants against biotic and abiotic stresses and to stimulate plant growth. However, the behaviour of specific microorganisms on and within plants is sti...
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The role of plant hormones in adaptation to drought stress in cereals
Future increases in drought, temperature and atmospheric VPD will have negative impacts on crop yield. If breeders are to develop genotypes that continue to yield significantly under these constraints, a greater understanding of mechanisms involved in plant tolerance/resilience to high temperatur...
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Assessing the effects of compost on soil health
As agricultural producers embrace the principles of the circular economy and regenerative practices, the use of organic fertilizers is becoming increasingly common. Composting is a robust, low-cost technology that stabilizes organic waste materials into organic fertilizers that can be safely appl...
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Key issues in dairy herd health management
Dairy herd health management benefits dairy farmers, the environment, dairy cows and citizens. It is an important part of modern dairy farm veterinary care. Dairy herd health management is assessing, monitoring and improving the health of dairy cows at a population level. Good herd health managem...
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Advances in harvesting and transport of sugarcane
The chapter describes preparation of sugarcane for harvesting, harvesting options, in-field loading and transport. It considers two harvesting systems: manual and mechanical harvesting, each of which is affected by whether the crop is burnt or not burnt immediately before harvest. The chapter exp...
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Understanding the nutraceutical properties of flavonoids in fruits and vegetables: mechanisms of action
The chapter first looks at the antioxidant properties of flavonoids and their role in preventing auto-immune diseases. It then looks at the anti-microbial, anti-fungal and anti-viral activity of flavonoids and their role in treatment of diabetes. The chapter goes on to discuss the anti-cancer pro...
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Grain legume–cereal intercropping systems
There is currently renewed interest in intercropping in Europe in order to achieve sustainable, ecological or eco-functional intensification of agricultural production, particularly in organic farming. This chapter summarises data from over 50 field experiments undertaken since 2001 on cereal–gra...
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Instant insights: lameness in dairy cattle
This collection features four peer-reviewed literature reviews on lameness in dairy cattle.
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Plant–soil interactions: an overview
Plant–soil interactions are the prime mechanism for integrating the impacts of the aerial environment, animals (including plant shoot symbionts and pathogens), plant shoot physiology, plant root physiology and structure, the soil microbiome and soil chemistry and structure into what is commonly t...
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Extraction of proteins and other functional components from red seaweed (rhodophyta)
Red seaweeds are a major industrial source of agar and carrageenan. They also contain high amounts of other polysaccharides and higher amounts of proteins than brown seaweeds. Some species of red seaweed also contain polyphenols with antioxidant activities as well as being a source of carotenoids...
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Advances in world modeling for agri-food robotics
Performing tasks in the agri-food industry can be complex due to the organic, unstructured environments and natural variation in product. Successfully implementing robotic systems in such contexts is highly dependent on their capacity to adapt to variability, unpredictability and incomplete senso...
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The role of gene banks in preserving the genetic diversity of cacao
Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is an important tree crop for millions of farmers and for the multi-billion dollar chocolate industry but is derived from a limited genetic diversity. The centre of diversity of cacao is being deforested, thereby increasing genetic erosion, but fortunately a wealth of g...
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Improving disease surveillance and monitoring systems in pig herds
Disease monitoring and surveillance are valuable tools which are commonly used today in pig production in order to better monitor and manage the health of the pig herds. Developing the proper disease monitoring program requires a general understanding of all factors which could significantly imp...
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Advances in detection and management of phosphine resistance in stored grain pests
Phosphine gas has become the world’s primary fumigant for disinfestation of stored grain. Development and increase of strong resistance to phosphine is a threat to the continued use of phosphine and there are limited alternatives currently available. Understanding how phosphine resistance arises ...
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The role and challenges of the private sector in enabling market access for smallholders
Sourcing from smallholder farmers presents a number of challenges, stemming from the informal ecosystem in which individual farmers operate as well as from the diverse and fragmented nature of smallholders as a group. The three main types of challenges are: technical, logistical and behavioural. ...
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Causes, prevention and management of infertility in dairy cows
Reproduction and fertility are central components to successful dairy enterprises, and an appropriate management and understanding of the physiological events needed for fertility is crucial to sustainable dairy farming. This chapter discusses the physiology of the main impediments to fertility a...
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Advances in irrigation and water management of turfgrass
Turfgrass is the single largest irrigated crop in the continental United States, however urban growth potential, potable water scarcity, limited annual precipitation, prolonged droughts, and food crops prioritization sets limits to the availability of water that can be allocated to turfgrass area...
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Advances in identifying and tracking malicious contamination of food in agri-food supply chains
This chapter is about the history of bio-warfare, and how biological and bio-chemical weapons were developed during the two World Wars and afterwards. There are examples of attacks to the food chain of entire communities with biochemical weapons by either single individuals or groups, and attacks...
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