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The use of treated wastewater for crop irrigation
The reuse of treated wastewater for crop irrigation is important in the effective use of scarce water resources in ensuring a stable supply and in recovery of nutrients. This chapter explains the composition of wastewater, methods for treatment and guidelines for reuse for crop irrigation, includ...
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Improving soil and crop nutrition management in sorghum cultivation
This chapter provides an overview of the nutrients needed, quantities of nutrients used and concepts of nutrient management commonly utilized in commercial grain sorghum production. The chapter describes how these concepts can also be applied to subsistence production as practised in much of the ...
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Advanced testing, multiplication and release of new sorghum varieties
The release of a new sorghum variety or hybrid is the culmination of many years of breeding and evaluation. This chapter describes the hybrid advancement process, including ways of increasing the parent lines for hybrid production and the guidelines that must be followed to ensure high-quality se...
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The principles and processes of sorghum breeding
This chapter provides an overview of the basic principles and processes involved in the breeding of sorghum. A number of standard field operations are described, such as crossing, emasculation and harvesting, followed by a discussion of various methods of selection and topcrossing. After describi...
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Sorghum breeding for biotic stress tolerance
Sorghum breeding is poised to take advantage of remarkable advances in genomics and molecular technologies. Thus, while classical breeding methods have been successful in identifying and incorporating resistance to biotic stresses, this chapter will feature the use of the new tools and technologi...
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Post-harvest management of sorghum
Sorghum is an important cereal, especially in the developing world where it is a major food source in regions where other cereal crops would not withstand the harsh conditions. After summarising sorghum’s nutritional status and world production figures, this chapter presents post-harvest operatio...
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Harnessing genetic and genomic resources to transform the production and productivity of sorghum
Despite sorghum’s inherent yield potential, its remarkable adaptation to marginal environments and its extensive use in various food applications by smallholders in developing countries, sorghum has never received the attention it deserves and thus its productivity has remained low. This chapter ...
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Insect pests and their management in sorghum cultivation
Integrated pest management (IPM) is a practical approach that uses a combination of methods, including cultural, biological and chemical controls, to keep pest abundance or damage below economic loss. This chapter describes ways to prevent damaging infestations, as well as evaluate pest abundanc...
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Crop management practices for grain sorghum: an overview
Sorghum is a versatile crop, produced in more than 100 countries. However, the productivity of sorghum in developing countries is much lower than that in developed countries, due to their non-adoption of improved crop management practices. Improving the production potential of sorghum in developi...
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Sorghum diseases and their management in cultivation: seedling, seed, panicle and foliar diseases
As sorghum continues to grow in significance in large parts of the world, attention is given to the many different types of disease that can affect this crop, and how they might be successfully avoided or managed. All physical structures and tissues of the sorghum plant may become diseased with o...
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Sorghum breeding for abiotic stress tolerance
Sorghum is a major global crop for food, feed and biofuel. Globally, domesticated sorghum is often grown on marginal lands and in environments exposing the plant to temperature extremes and water deficits. Although sorghum exhibits better abiotic stress tolerances than many crops, significant sor...
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Classifying the genetic diversity of sorghum: a revised classification of sorghum
This chapter provides a revised classification of sorghum. It sets out a generalized classification of cultivated sorghum from which a more precise working group can be defined to explain the variation within the chosen race. The classification is presented in a format that would be useful in bre...
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Advanced technologies to accelerate sorghum breeding
Sorghum is a critically important crop, yet advanced technologies for its improvement have lagged behind other crops like rice and maize. This chapter first summarizes some of the current technologies beyond conventional breeding methods that can be utilized for crop improvement in sorghum. Some ...
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Ensuring the genetic diversity of sorghum
Sorghum is a staple food crop for millions of the poorest and most food-insecure people in the semi-arid tropics, and ensuring its diversity and conservation is therefore important for global food and nutritional security. This chapter discusses the taxonomy of sorghum, in situ and ex situ germpl...
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Sorghum diseases and their management in cultivation: stalk, root and other diseases
Of all the diseases affecting sorghum, root and stalk diseases are among the most damaging and difficult to control. This is due to their hidden nature and the fact that their symptoms often resemble abiotic stressors such as drought or freeze damage. This chapter presents an overview of some of ...
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Improving water management in sorghum cultivation
Grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) is a drought tolerant crop that has been grown across the American Great Plains since the early twentieth century, primarily as a feed crop. Sorghum’s deep, fibrous root system provides greater root volume and therefore potential access to a greater soi...
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The comparative and evolutionary genomics of sorghum
Sorghum has a relatively small diploid genome, and retains much of the chromosomal structure and organization of its common ancestor. It also has multiple origins of domestication in different regions of Africa, resulting in a highly diverse germplasm well adapted to drought and other challengin...
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Weed management in sorghum cultivation
Sorghum is, and will remain, an important crop in the USA, especially in marginal environments due to its low input requirements and high resilience. Weed management is a key production challenge for sorghum, and the herbicide tools available are very limited, particularly for post-emergence (POS...
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Diseases affecting wheat: tan spot
Tan spot is a major fungal disease of wheat worldwide and a significant economic challenge facing growers. Here, we summarise common disease management strategies, including cultural practices, fungicide control and varietal resistance. We review the host–pathogen interaction and genetics of dise...
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Nutritional composition and the value of pig meat
Pork is a commonly consumed protein source which contributes various macro- and micronutrients to the diet of people living in the United States, some positively and negatively influencing indices of human health. This book chapter provides data about the nutritional content and current intakes o...
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Assessing the environmental impact of swine production
The swine production industry has reduced environmental impacts during the past 50 years due to productivity gains. However, there are increasing demands on our resource base, and we need robust tools to continue to support the best decisions in the face of environmental challenges. This chapter ...
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Organic pig production systems, welfare and sustainability
Organic pig production systems seek to produce pig meat in a more ethical and natural manner. This involves adherence to standards relating to accommodation, feeding, health management, husbandry and behavioural freedom which differ from conventional pig production practice. To be sustainable, or...
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Nutritional strategies to reduce emissions from waste in pig production
Emissions of ammonia, odour and greenhouse gases (GHGs) from livestock housing and storage and application of manure are major concerns in the environmental sustainability of pig production. This chapter addresses dietary strategies to reduce these emissions. It examines in detail the relationshi...
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Dealing with the challenge of antibiotic resistance in pig production
This chapter describes the practice of antibiotic use in food animal production, with a particular focus on pigs, and the various questions this practice raises. The chapter begins with a brief history of antibiotic use in livestock production before examining the current state of research focuse...
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Factors affecting the colour and texture of pig meat
In pork, colour and texture are the two most significant factors influencing consumer perceptions of quality. It is therefore important to understand the many factors that can affect pork colour and texture, because these factors influence purchasing decisions. Furthermore, those in charge of mar...
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Producing consistent quality meat from the modern pig
Pork producers have focussed, over many years, on producing pork efficiently and sustainably, in order to satisfy consumer demand for lean pork and remain competitive. Increases in efficiency and leanness have been achieved through genetics, targeted nutrition and the use of entire males and meta...
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Salmonella control in pig production
Salmonella infections of zoonotic origin are one of the most frequent causes of zoonotic infections worldwide, and there are clear indications that, at least in some countries, pork is an important source of human salmonellosis. This chapter describes the epidemiology of salmonella and possible i...
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Detecting and preventing chemical residues in pig meat
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) new animal drug approval process evaluates veterinary drugs intended for use in food-producing animals for safety and effectiveness. As part of the human food safety evaluation, new animal drugs are evaluated for microbial food safety, toxicology and res...
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Zoonoses associated with pigs
Zoonoses are defined as diseases and infections that are transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans. Major food animal species occupy a special position within the framework of zoonotic disease. This is particularly the case in developed societies, where direct livestock contact has becom...
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Factors affecting pork flavour
Pork-related products such as bacon, sausage and ham comprise a large portion of the meat products sold in today’s market due to their desirable flavour. The application of various processing methods such as cooking, curing, deboning, grinding, canning and application of additives or spices durin...
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Advances in the drought and heat resistance of soybean
Drought combined with heat is the major abiotic stress that threatens crop production. Climate changes are anticipated to intensify the occurrence of irregular precipitation patterns worldwide, which will further negatively affect crop production and food security. The success of soybean improvem...
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Modelling the effects of temperature and photoperiod on soybean reproductive development
It has long been recognized that the development rate and yield of soybean are sensitive to temperature and photoperiod. This chapter considers a range of experimental evidence concerning the precise effects of these factors on soybean reproductive development, and reviews ten diverse methods of ...
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Advances in marker-assisted breeding of soybeans
This chapter reviews key developments in marker-assisted breeding of soybean. It begins by discussing types of molecular markers such as simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs). It then discusses marker assays and genotyping platforms for marker-assisted selection...
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Sustainable soybean production research and practice: contrasting case studies from three soybean production areas
Good agricultural practices (GAPs) vary within and among production systems. Improved production technology and favourable weather result in increased productivity in many parts of the world, but not everywhere. Our objective here is to address the question of whether we produce soybean sustainab...
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Advances in conventional soybean breeding techniques
Soybean cultivar selection techniques and advances in variety development continue to evolve. The planning that goes into selecting superior soybean varieties is currently complicated by changing environments, a growing global population and decreasing productive farmland. In this chapter, the mo...
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Defining and implementing best management practices in soybean production
In order to optimize the profitability of soybean production while minimizing adverse effects on the environment, it is important to define and implement the most effective management, agronomic and technological practices. The present chapter considers the following components of soybean product...
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Towards improving the salt tolerance of soybean
The growth and production of soybean, an important cash crop, are severely restricted by salt stress. Salt-tolerant soybean varieties can contribute to sustainable soybean production. This chapter describes different approaches to developing salt tolerance in soybean, including a study of germpla...
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Mapping the soybean genome
The soybean is one of the most important grain legumes, but genetic mapping had been less advanced than in other crops, which limited modern soybean molecular breeding. This chapter discusses the significant progress in mapping the soybean genome that has now been made. Also highlighted are the u...
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Supporting smallholders in soybean cultivation: the example of zimbabwe
Low crop productivity due to soil fertility decline is a major challenge constraining maize-based smallholder farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa. The decline in soil fertility is largely due to continuous cropping without soil replenishment and reduced N2 fixation. In Zimbabwe, soybean has eme...
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Maintaining and utilizing the genetic diversity of soybeans
The aim of plant breeding is to create genetically diverse gene pools and then devise strategies to consolidate the favourable alleles and eliminate those that are adverse to the grower’s objectives. Genetic diversity is the fuel that powers plant breeding but it is also the largest impediment to...
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Advances in flood-tolerant varieties of soybean
Flooding is a serious abiotic stress that drastically causes soybean yield loss around the world. As a result, a large number of studies have been conducted to understand soybean responses to flooding on agronomic, morphological, physiological and molecular levels. This chapter summarizes current...
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Advances in the genetic modification of soybeans
Transgenic soybean holds a significant share of the soybean market. However, the traits improved by genetic modification of soybean so far remain limited, with herbicide tolerance being the primary trait exhibited by genetically modified (GM) soybean. Several other agronomic traits could be usefu...
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Challenges and opportunities for smallholders in banana value chains
Bananas and plantains play a major role in terms of global food security and household incomes in banana-producing countries. Banana production and yields are affected by a variety of factors, including availability of labour, soil degradation, access to clean planting material, management of pes...
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Analysing sensory and processing quality of cocoa
Flavour is a critical facet of cocoa quality, impacting to a large extent the value and end use of traded cocoa beans. This chapter provides a road map towards bridging the knowledge gap that currently exists between industry and cocoa producers by defining approaches for analysing sensory and pr...
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A functional approach to bunch formation in banana
Sustainable management of bananas requires knowledge of development, especially the pivotal processes of bunch formation. This chapter presents a functional analysis of the formation of the inflorescence up to flowering (bunch emergence), emphasising interaction of the plant with the environment....
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Improving production and utilization of sorghum in asia
Sorghum was once a major crop in dry regions. However, its production area has decreased drastically, especially in Asia. In order to revitalize sorghum production, we must reorient sorghum research in the contexts of present and future demands, and resolve specific production constraints, thereb...
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Introducing new technologies and market strategies for sorghum producers in developing countries: the sahel case
Sorghum producers are faced with the simultaneous problems of low yields, difficult access to inputs, and are at the bottom of the marketing chain hence the lowest prices received. So a yield increasing strategy needs to confront all of these constraints. This chapter reports on the field researc...
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Growth, development and physiology of grain sorghum
A thorough understanding of how grain sorghum develops is essential in determining how best to manage this crop. Grain sorghum has three predictable phases of growth: vegetative (planting to panicle initiation); reproductive (panicle initiation to flowering) and grain filling (after flowering to ...
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Sorghum as a forage and energy crop
Sorghum is an important source of grain and fodder, forage and biomass throughout the world. In the United States, grain sorghum is the prominent crop; however, non-grain sorghum plays an important role as a feedstock globally. This chapter reviews the different types of sorghum and their uses. W...
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Improving sorghum cultivation in south america
Sorghum production in Brazil has expanded significantly in recent years, with a current planted area of close to one and a half million hectares. Sorghum provides an excellent source of grain to feed cattle, poultry and swine, as well as forage for cattle, especially in situations of drought and ...
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Sorghum cultivation and improvement in west and central africa
The diversity of sorghum cultivated in Africa attests to the African origin of this crop. Farmers in West and Central Africa (WCA) have developed strategies of using varietal diversity to minimize risk and maximize productivity in the context of complex and diverse adaptive challenges. This chapt...
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Structure and chemistry of sorghum grain
Sorghum is grown around the world under diverse environmental conditions. Combined with the high degree of genetic diversity present in sorghum, this can result in substantial variability in grain composition and grain quality. While similar to other cereal grains such as maize and millets in som...
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Sorghum as a food grain
Grain sorghum is the fifth most produced cereal crop in the world, preceded only by rice, wheat, corn and barley, and it is a dietary staple for more than half a billion people in more than 30 countries. Sorghum is a principal food in areas of Africa and Asia as well as being used as a raw materi...
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The domestication, spread and uses of sorghum as a crop
Although only a minimal component of human food in developed countries, sorghum remains the fifth most important cereal crop in terms of production and acreage. This is due to its robustness as a cereal crop, biotic and abiotic tolerances, and diversity of both varieties and uses. This chapter de...
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Diseases affecting barley: net blotches
This chapter reviews the current knowledge of spot form and net form of net blotch of barley with an emphasis on recent genetic studies and their contribution to our understanding of the range of host-pathogen genetic interactions. Principal differences between the two forms of the disease are ex...
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Insect pests affecting oil palms
Monocultures – including oil palm – are known to induce strong parasitic pressure. Coleoptera and Lepidoptera are the main insect pests affecting oil palms in all continents where it is cultivated. This chapter offers an overview of the major types of oil palm pests (23 species) that have been se...
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The integrated management of bud rot disease and phytophthora palmivora in oil palm
This chapter provides an overview of research on oil palm bud rot disease which severely affects palm oil production in Central and South America. The chapter reviews the approaches adopted in identifying the causative agent and managing the disease. The chapter describes recent research undertak...
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Waste management and recycling in oil palm cultivation
In a typical palm plantation, almost 70% of the fresh fruit bunches are turned into wastes in the form of empty fruit bunches, fibres and shells, as well as liquid effluent. Until recently, most of the wastes from palm oil mills were either burnt in the open or thrown away in waste ponds or open ...
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The nutritional value of red palm oil
There is a great deal of confusion regarding the nutritional value and health effects of palm oil. The controversy and conflicting views still continue on whether or not palm oil is atherogenic. Based on current evidence, it would appear that palm oil has both favourable and unfavourable effects....
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Artisanal mills and local production of palm oil by smallholders
In Africa, there are two oil palm supply chains. The first goes through industrial mills, from industrial plantations and surrounding smallholdings to a formal market of commercial oils complying with international quality standards, while the second goes through small-scale mills or traditional ...
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Advances in disease-resistant oil palm varieties
This chapter describes advances in the breeding of disease-resistant varieties of oil palm, presenting the key issues associated with oil palm disease resistance, including the usefulness and sustainability of resistance and the agricultural practices required to enable it. The chapter focusses o...
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Life cycle assessment (lca) of palm oil in practice: the example of malaysia
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool for evaluating the environmental impact of a product or process throughout its entire life cycle. This chapter reviews the application of LCA methodology to assess the environmental impact of the production of crude palm oil (CPO), including the impact of lan...
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Certifying sustainability in oil palm cultivation
In recent years, transnational private regulations, aimed at implementing sustainable development principles, have emerged across several commodity sectors. To address the growing environmental and social concerns raised by oil palm expansion, the sector has adopted voluntary sustainability stand...
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Modelling the environmental impacts of agriculture, focusing on oil palm
Cultivation of crops affects the environment via flows of energy and materials. Impacts are felt in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, surrounding terrestrial ecosystems and the field itself. Models are useful tools for improving our understanding of the processes and predicting how they might be affec...
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Diseases affecting oil palm
The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is one of the world’s major sources of edible oil and a precursor of biodiesel fuel. This chapter reviews the oil palm diseases which act as a major production constraint in West Africa, South East Asia and South and Central America. The chapter also describ...
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Integrated pest management in sustainable palm oil production
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is central to sustainable palm oil production. This chapter explores the rapid expansion of oil palm and its impact on the environment, the range of pest species found in plantations, and the impact of replanting on pest numbers. The chapter introduces the concept...
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Understanding smallholders in oil palm cultivation: a case study from sumatra
This chapter provides insights about oil palm smallholders in the Riau province of Sumatra, Indonesia, based on two recent sets of data. Based on two surveys conducted in 2013 and in 2015, the chapter characterises smallholders’ production structures, relying on the methodological framework elabo...
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Bioactive compounds in oil palm
There is growing evidence for the protective effect of plant bioactives against diseases, and this has led to interest from the functional food and nutraceutical industries for the development of bioactive-enriched food and supplements. The oil palm fruit is a source of both lipid- and water-solu...
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Palm oil and health
Palm oil is often criticized for its supposed effects on human health, due to its high saturated fatty acid content. However, it is this high saturated fatty acid content (50%) which makes it a solid oil, and therefore a good technological alternative to partially hydrogenated trans fatty acids. ...
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Fungal diseases affecting oil palm
Oil palm is prone to attack by a number of fungal diseases such as basal stem rot (BSR), Fusarium wilt (vascular wilt) and bud rot disease. To date, only partial resistance materials have been identified for BSR. This chapter provides further insights on the BSR that is a major problem for planta...
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Life cycle assessments of oil palm products
It is crucial to adapt models and tools that enable the identification of best oil palm cultivation practices in order to contribute to reduce the environmental impacts of agriculture. Oil palm causes impact on the environment both during cultivation and as a result of land use change for new pl...
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Developing drought- and heat-tolerant varieties of grain legumes
Despite the complexity imposed by the polygenic nature of plant tolerance to drought and to heat, significant strides have been made in understanding the underlying response and adaptation of plants to these stresses. Together with advanced and accessible technologies such as next-generation sequ...
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Grain legume storage in developing nations
Grain legume grain stored after harvest is subject to catastrophic qualitative and quantitative loss. The major cause of loss is storage insects and mycotoxin-producing organisms, which reduce the monetary value of the grain as well as its food value. This chapter describes the various insect con...
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Advanced breeding techniques for grain legumes in the genomics era
The challenge of grain legume production is to continue increasing productivity while reducing the significant seed yield gap between developed and developing countries/regions. Advanced breeding techniques play an important role in the era of genomics. This chapter describes the main grain legum...
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Diseases affecting grain legumes and their management
Legume plants are peculiarly susceptible to diseases due to their association with Rhizobium bacteria, their large seeds and stress intolerance. Specific and generalist disease species are well documented, but pathogen virulence evolves rapidly making management a continual challenge. This challe...
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Advances in understanding grain legume physiology: stomatal behaviour and response to abiotic stress
Grain legumes can fulfill several roles: they can be an immediate seed crop for consumption or marketing, a means to increase soil fertility as a result of their nutrient-rich residues and a key component of livestock feed. They are therefore likely to have an increasing role in agriculture in bot...
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Advances in understanding grain legume physiology: understanding root architecture, nutrient uptake and response to abiotic stress
Root system architecture (RSA) influences root foraging and resource uptake from the soil and thus determines plant growth and productivity in grain legumes. Understanding RSA, nutrient uptake and its response to drought and other abiotic stresses is vital for breeding super genotypes for efficie...
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Pasture systems for pigs
The inclusion of pastures in outdoor pig systems contributes significantly to improving the sustainability of these farming systems. This chapter examines the characteristics of pasture pig systems, including forages and pasture management as well the effects of pasture on meat quality. The chapt...
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Conserving and characterizing the genetic diversity of grain legumes
An increase in the production and marketing of grain legumes would help to diversify diets and improve human nutrition, as well as contributing to the sustainability of cropping systems and long- term soil health. However, the projected impacts of climate change and the current local adaptation ...
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Defining and ensuring animal welfare in pig production: an overview
Raising pigs for consumption involves the exercise of control over the quality and duration of their lives, and it is widely accepted that there is a duty to exercise this control humanely. This chapter begins by reviewing three conceptual frameworks which can be used to consider and assess anima...
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Genetic modification of grain legumes
Grain legumes constitute a number of important oilseeds and food crops of the world. Most of these grow predominantly in the low-input production systems in the developing countries of Asia and Africa and are subject to several production constraints. This chapter addresses progress in and prospe...
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The influence of gut microbiome on developing immune and metabolic systems in the young pig
The immune and metabolic systems of young piglets develop after birth, and the rate and type of development are strongly associated with the rate and type of colonisation of the intestine with bacteria. This chapter describes the enteric and mucosal immune systems of pigs and presents evidence fr...
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Developing pest- and disease-resistant cultivars of grain legumes
Average yields of most grain legumes are still relatively low due to limited adaptability of available cultivars to a broad range of environmental conditions, and susceptibility to pests and diseases. This chapter explores current knowledge of pest- and disease-resistant cultivars of a variety of...
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Weed management in grain legume cultivation
The importance of managing weeds in a grain legume crop is critical for obtaining optimum yield. All grain legumes are relatively poor competitors with weeds and thus are prone to yield reductions when grown in the presence of weeds. This chapter outlines the nature and challenges of weed interfe...
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Changing patterns of disease affecting pigs: porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) and porcine epidemic diarrhoea (ped)
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSv) and Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea virus (PEDv) are two of the major viruses that affect pigs worldwide. This chapter focuses on the transmission, clinical presentation, evolution and spread of these two agents (PRRSv and PEDv), due to their...
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Disease identification and management on the pig farm
Endemic diseases constitute a major threat for a profitable and sustainable pig production worldwide. This chapter reviews the diagnosis and monitoring of pig diseases, and control measures that can be implemented on the farm. The most important issues to establish a diagnosis are discussed. Moni...
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Welfare of gilts and pregnant sows
Mismatches between the evolutionary biology of the sow and current commercial production systems give rise to welfare challenges of stereotyped behaviour development in confined systems and aggression in group housing systems. This chapter describes the welfare issues associated with individual c...
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The nutritional potential of grain legumes: an economic perspective
Present-day food systems leave a substantial share of the world’s population malnourished. Though rates of undernutrition have been falling, many people continue to suffer from micronutrient malnutrition and rates of overnutrition are rapidly increasing. This chapter argues that the increased rol...
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Biofortification of grain legumes
Micronutrient malnutrition (MNM) is one of the world’s major health threats. Fe and Zn deficiencies affect more than a third of the world’s population, most severely women and children. Biofortified legume crops are being developed with higher levels of bioavailable Fe and Zn to alleviate MNM and...
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Welfare of weaned piglets
Demands for improved animal welfare and animal handling systems from governments, non-government organizations and consumers are increasing. The weaning period in pork production has particular potential to positively impact animals. This chapter focuses on current practices that can be detriment...
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Dietary health benefits, phytochemicals and anti-nutritional factors in grain legumes
Legumes are a significant source of essential nutrients including dietary fibres, proteins, dietary minerals, and carbohydrates. Abundant in both soluble and insoluble fibre, legumes support colonic and overall health. The chapter describes the impact of grain legume consumption on inflammation, ...
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Transport and lairage of pigs
Defects in meat quality cost the swine industry millions of dollars each year. Reduction in stress prior to slaughter can help alleviate these costs. This chapter describes the main events that may contribute to pre-slaughter stress and their impacts on animal welfare and pork quality, from on-fa...
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Insect pests and integrated pest management techniques in grain legume cultivation
Cowpea is a major staple legume food crop grown and consumed in the dry savanna regions of sub-Saharan West Africa. Cowpea provides much-needed income to both farmers and traders; cowpea grain is also a major source of protein for the growing human populations, particularly, women, infants and ch...
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Soil and nutrient management in grain legume cultivation
Due to their role in improving soil fertility, grain legumes can be integrated into farming systems as part of soil fertility management. This offers a potential pathway towards sustainable intensification. In this chapter we focus on how to maximize biological nitrogen fixation and yields of gra...
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Grain legumes in integrated crop management systems
This chapter focuses on integrated crop management strategies to increase grain legume production in rainfed, resource-poor farming systems. Generally, grain legumes fail to reach even half of their potential yields in these systems. For rainfed grain legumes the major contributor to the yield ga...
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Diseases affecting pigs: an overview of common bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens of pigs
Recent events such as the 2009 pandemic influenza outbreak, the continuous spread of African swine fever virus in Eastern Europe and the introduction of several new pathogens into the United States and their spread to Canada, Mexico, Central and South America have emphasized the ability of pig di...
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Welfare of pigs during finishing
Finisher pigs, those of a post-weaning age kept for slaughter, make up the majority of the world pig population of approximately 1 billion. The intensive production system for post-weaned pigs is characterised by higher animal density, larger farms, use of concentrated foods and control of the pr...
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Understanding pig behaviour
The behavioural patterns of domesticated pigs are well conserved from their ancestors. This suggests that the underlying motivational systems are similar to those of wild boar and feral domestic populations. This chapter describes how commercial conditions, whilst providing some welfare benefits,...
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Variety selection and seed quality management in grain legume cultivation
A key aspect of grain legume crop cultivation is selecting and being able to access the seed of the right type and quality. This is becoming more challenging as grain legumes become cash crops and smallholder farmers transition from subsistence farming to market-oriented production. This chapter ...
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Drying, handling, storing and quality monitoring of pulses
Pulses are an affordable, vegetarian source of protein. They are low in fat, high in carbohydrates and a rich source of micronutrients, amino acids and vitamins. This chapter discusses on how drying, storing and handling of pulses can adversely affect their quality. It reviews how pulse quality i...
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