This chapter provides insights about oil palm smallholders in the Riau province of Sumatra, Indonesia, based on two recent sets of data. Based on two surveys conducted in 2013 and in 2015, the chapter characterises smallholders’ production structures, relying on the methodological framework elaborated in 2012 by the international initiative World Agriculture Watch. After defining smallholders, the chapter describes the Sumatra surveys, data collection methods and analysis results. The chapter looks ahead towards a typology of independent smallholders and examines future trends in this area.