Transgenic soybean holds a significant share of the soybean market. However, the traits improved by genetic modification of soybean so far remain limited, with herbicide tolerance being the primary trait exhibited by genetically modified (GM) soybean. Several other agronomic traits could be usefully improved, such as insect resistance, oil composition and amino acid composition. Valuable genes and efficient transformation systems are the key requirements for the improvement of GM soybean. In this chapter, we describe recent advances in the genetic modification of important agronomic traits of soybean, and review the genome editing technology available.