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Advances in understanding the epidemiology, molecular biology and control of net blotch and the net blotch barley interaction
Net blotches are the most widely distributed foliar diseases of barley worldwide, causing significant losses in grain yield. They occur as net form net blotch, caused by Pyrenophora teres f. teres and spot form net blotch caused by P. teres f. maculata. Both sexual and asexual reproduction play a...
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Advances in breeding techniques for durable resistance to spot blotch in cereals
This chapter reviews advances in breeding techniques for durable resistance to spot blotch in cereals. It starts by highlighting the spread, economic importance and the disease cycle of spot blotch. The chapter then goes on to examine the diversity of the pathogen and physiological specialization...
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Global patterns of cereal diseases and the impacts of breeding for host plant resistance
Plant breeding for host plant resistance to pathogens brings together different disciplinary domains, especially genetics and plant pathology. The strategies underpinning plant breeding have therefore, logically, been influenced by a number of paradigms that have dominated the field of disease ma...
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Advances in identifying stripe rust resistance genes in cereals
Stripe rust is one of the most serious wheat diseases of the world, usually resulting in massive loss of grain production. The most effective and environmentally friendly way to control the spread of stripe rust is to plant wheat varieties that carry stripe rust resistance genes. The identificati...
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Advances in understanding the epidemiology of fusarium in cereals
Cereal grains contribute more than half of the global daily calorie intake. However, cereal crops are prone to attack by plant pathogens that cause devastating losses estimated in the billions of dollars, threatening global food and economic security. One of the diseases of small grain cereals th...
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Understanding plant-pathogen interactions in net blotch infection of cereals
An economically important disease of barley that causes significant yield and quality losses is net blotch caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Pyrenophora teres. To reduce the impact of net blotch the research community is engaging in basic and applied research to enhance genetic resistanc...
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Resistance breeding in barley against barley yellow dwarf virus (bydv): avoiding negative impacts on anatomy and physiology
Barley yellow dwarf (BYD) is one of the most widespread and damaging viral diseases of grasses and cereal crops worldwide. Due to an increasing risk of food losses e.g. in barley by Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) as a consequence of climate change, associated by a strong demand to decrease the ...
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Investigating the biology of rice blast disease and prospects for durable resistance
There are important biological process involved in rice blast disease that are now well-studied during the early events in plant infection which include: the cell biology of appressorium formation, the biology of invasive growth and effector secretion, the two distinct mechanisms of effector secr...
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Tan spot disease under the lenses of plant pathologists
Necrotrophic plant pathogens pose an important threat to crop production, and many fungi in the Pleosporales have caused the sudden emergence of major epidemics on cereal crops. Tan spot of wheat, caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, is one example, and since its emergence in the 1970s, scient...
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Advances in understanding the biology and epidemiology of rust diseases of cereals
Rust fungi (order: Pucciniales) constitute the largest group of plant parasitic fungi and include many species of agricultural importance. This includes the three wheat rust fungi (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici and Puccinia triticina) that have posed a thre...
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Advances in breeding techniques for durable septoria tritici blotch (stb) resistance in cereals
Septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici, is one of the most important foliar diseases of winter cereal crops. Recent advances are helping to understand the genetic basis and architecture of resistance to STB. To date, at least 22 genes for qualitati...
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Cereal-fusarium interactions: improved fundamental insights into fusarium pathogenomics and cereal host resistance reveals new ways to achieve durable disease control
All cereal crop species are vulnerable to root, stem-base and floral diseases caused by various Fusarium species. Most problematic is Fusarium head blight because grains become contaminated with harmful mycotoxins. Currently Fusarium control using fungicides is only partially effective, whilst cu...
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Key challenges in breeding durable disease-resistant cereals: north america
This chapter first describes the challenges of diverse climates, diseases, and market classes that face North American small-grain cereal breeders and producers. It discusses the challenges inherent in the complex systems of cereal breeding on the continent, and the changing resistance priorities...
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Ramularia leaf spot in barley
Ramularia leaf spot is an emerging pathogen across barley growing regions of the world. It's rise from minor to major disease has been rapid over the last twenty years. The causal pathogen, Ramularia collo-cygni is poorly understood but it has been shown to have a complex life cycle and the abili...
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Advances in understanding the epidemiology of septoria tritici blotch in cereals
This chapter reviews advances in understanding the epidemiology of Septoria tritici blotch in cereals.
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Key challenges in breeding durable disease-resistant cereals: north africa and west asia
This chapter reviews progress and challenges in breeding disease-resistant cereals in the West Asia and North Africa (WANA) region. It discusses challenges in ensuring durable resistance in the face of constantly-evolving pathogen threats. It includes case studies on progress in combatting rust d...
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Advances in genetic improvement of durable resistance to fusarium head blight in wheat
Wheat Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a destructive disease in wheat worldwide. Wheat resistance to FHB is a complex with five types. Each type of resistance is controlled by multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with most having minor effects and being affected by environments. This chapter desc...
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Understanding the plant-pathogen interaction associated with septoria nodorum blotch of wheat
This chapter discusses understanding the plant-pathogen interaction associated with septorium nodorum blotch of wheat. It begins by reviewing the necrotrophic effector-host sensitivity gene interactions in the wheat-P. nodorum system. It then reviews the genetic relationship between NE-sensitivit...
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Developments in data analysis for decision-making in precision livestock farming systems
This chapter focuses on supervised learning techniques such as decision trees and linear prediction models, as well as unsupervised learning techniques such as clustering. Fitting the model to data and the phenomenon of overfitting are described. For each technique, an example has been added for ...
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Solar energy conversion, oxygen evolution and carbon assimilation in cyanobacteria and eukaryotic microalgae
This chapter focuses on the solar energy conversion in light harvesting and light-driven electron transport for production of reducing power for CO2 fixation in prokaryotic cyanobacteria and eukaryotic microalgae.
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Seaweed as a potential protein supplement in animal feeds
With increasing demand for meat and dairy products but limited capacity for expanding crop production, there is need for alternative feed sources. Careful selection of seaweed species based on nutrient content and profiles could allow successful use of seaweed as an alternative protein supplement...
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Developing seaweed/macroalgae as feed for pigs
Macroalgae are a promising source of nutritional ingredients including proteins, polysaccharides and minerals. The need to increase animal and feed production has increased interest in macroalgae as underutilised resources with promising applications as alternative animal feeds. This chapter summ...
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Bioprocessing of microalgal proteins and their applications in the cosmetic, nutraceutical and food industries
Microalgae have long been recognised for their nutritional value and high protein contents. With the increasing demand for “vegan protein” and concerns for global food security, microalgal protein is finding renewed interest. Microalgae are highly productive and can be grown without competing for...
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Developments in algal processing
Macroalgae and microalgae, including cyanobacteria, are primarily photosynthetic organisms grown for the production of renewable biomass for foods, feedstocks, and high-value specialty chemicals. While there are differences in cultivating and harvesting macro- and microalgae due to scale, many of...
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Developing macroalgae and microalgae as feed for fish
The rapid expansion of aquaculture industry is severely restricted by the shortage of key feed ingredients such as fishmeal and fish oil. Application of marine plants (macro and microalgae) as dietary ingredients could potentially overcome the limitation of key feed ingredients used in aquafeed. ...
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Extraction of proteins and other functional components from red seaweed (rhodophyta)
Red seaweeds are a major industrial source of agar and carrageenan. They also contain high amounts of other polysaccharides and higher amounts of proteins than brown seaweeds. Some species of red seaweed also contain polyphenols with antioxidant activities as well as being a source of carotenoids...
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Microalgae: a unique source of poultry feed protein
This chapter reviews effects of supplemental full- or de-fatted microalgal biomass in diets for broiler chickens, laying hens, and other types of poultry on their production performance, meat and egg qualities, nutrient metabolism, and molecular responses. Different sources of microalgal biomass ...
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Developments in commercial scale farming of microalgae and seaweeds
Expanding markets for microalgae and macroalgae products have led to increased development of commercial farming operations. While microalgae and macroalgae, or seaweed, have historically been harvested in many parts of globe, more recent developments seek to improve productivity, decrease produc...
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Optimising udder health in dairy cattle
In this chapter several aspects of udder health are discussed. Mastitis, inflammation of the mammary gland, which is generally caused by bacterial infections, is one of the most important and most studied diseases in dairy cattle. Diagnostic approaches are discussed with specific attention for th...
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Modifying the rumen environment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Ruminants were among the first domesticated animals and have been providing food, leather, wool, draft and by-products to humanity for at least 10,000 years. However, rumen methanogens reduce CO2 to CH4 in association with other rumen microbes that generate substrates for methanogenesis. Conseque...
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Managing dry cow udder health
The dry period lays a foundation for a successful next lactation, especially from the udder health perspective. It is a high-risk period for acquiring new intramammary infections (IMI), but it also provides an excellent opportunity for eliminating existing subclinical infections. The way cows are...
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Improving grassland/forage quality and management to reduce livestock greenhouse gas emissions
This chapter reviews grazing management strategies that can contribute to reducing livestock greenhouse gas emissions. Strategies discussed include grazing season length and timing as well as sward structure and quality, including dry matter and clover content. The chapter also discusses the use ...
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Managing replacement and culling in dairy herds
Approximately one third of dairy cows are replaced every year. Replacement of dairy cattle is an important part of the cost of dairy production and an environmental sustainability concern. Primary culling reasons are reduced health and fertility. Reduced welfare often proceeds culling. This chapt...
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Optimising foot health in dairy cattle
This chapter examines optimising foot health in dairy cattle. The chapter begins by reviewing the importance of lameness then goes on to discuss claw horn disruption. It also reviews aetiopathogensis of white line bruising and lesions, which is then followed by a section on aetiopathogensis and c...
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Developments in anaerobic digestion to optimize the use of livestock manure
The purpose of this chapter is to discuss developments in anaerobic digestion (AD) to optimize use of livestock manure, particularly the use of livestock manure in the production of biogas. It also discusses the use of biogas slurry and residues. The chapter shows the how AD can play an important...
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Preventing bacterial diseases in dairy cattle
A paradigm shift in the management of bacterial diseases of food animals is needed; a shift from pharmacologic interventions to disease risk identification and mitigation. The interaction between disease and its risk factors follows the disease triangle, a conceptual model that incorporates host,...
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Sustainable nitrogen management for housed livestock, manure storage and manure processing
This chapter reviews sustainable nitrogen management for housed livestock, manure storage and manure processing. The chapter begins by discussing the various forms nitrogen can take, focusing specifically on ammonia, nitrous oxide and di-nitrogen. It then goes on to review livestock feeding and h...
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Data-driven decision support tools in dairy herd health
This chapter describes the development process of data-driven decision support tools for dairy herd management with an emphasis on real-time continuous data integration and its applications on dairy herd health. It includes concepts on big data analysis, expert systems, and artificial intelligenc...
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Advances in techniques for health monitoring/disease detection in dairy cattle
Livestock production has been characterized by the intensification and specialization of production leading to larger farms and, hence, to fewer farmers per animal. Thus, the animal-to-stockman ratio is increasing and the available time for monitoring an individual animal is reducing. In the same...
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Dairy cattle welfare and health: an intimate partnership
This chapter discusses the intimate partnership between dairy cattle welfare and health. It begins by examining the welfare implications of common dairy cow diseases such as lameness, mastitis, metritis, acidosis, ketosis and other production-related diseases. It also addresses the impact of subc...
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The impact of improving feed efficiency on the environmental impact of livestock production
This chapter examines the impact of improving feed efficiency on the environmental impact of livestock production. It starts by discussing the relation between greenhouse gases and dairy production, highlighting how important it is to the dairy sector to find ways of decreasing greenhouse gas out...
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Measuring methane emissions from livestock
This chapter looks at the key techniques used for measurement of CH4 and other gas emissions from livestock production, ranging from individual animal measurements to herd scale measurements for grazing animals and whole farm emissions such as feedlots. Individual animal measurement techniques di...
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Key issues and challenges in disease surveillance in dairy cattle
This chapter provides an overview on the different aspects concerning disease surveillance programs. The chapter also describes a specific and conceptual framework related to disease surveillance of production diseases within the individual herd, including both animals and farmers. Regarding farm...
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The use of plant bioactive compounds to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from farmed ruminants
This chapter focuses on the opportunity to use plant bioactive compounds in ruminant diets for their potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, particularly enteric methane. Nitrous oxide emissions related to urinary nitrogen waste are addressed when information is available. The main famili...
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The use of feed supplements to reduce livestock greenhouse gas emissions: direct-fed microbials
This chapter aims to outline the strategy of using feed supplements for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in ruminants, including methane (CH4), carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, given that feed intake is an important variable in predicting these emissions. Focus will be given to d...
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Key issues in dairy herd health management
Dairy herd health management benefits dairy farmers, the environment, dairy cows and citizens. It is an important part of modern dairy farm veterinary care. Dairy herd health management is assessing, monitoring and improving the health of dairy cows at a population level. Good herd health managem...
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Greenhouse gas emissions from livestock production: modelling methods, methane emission factors and mitigation strategies
This chapter discusses the systems analysis and life cycle assessment modelling approaches and also looks at a range of model applications. These applications include use within the national inventories of various countries across species including discussions around the use of different emission...
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Optimising reproductive management to maximise dairy herd health and production
Reproduction is central to the operation of a dairy herd through initiating lactation and providing replacement animals and offspring for sale. This chapter outlines the steps required to detect reproductive problems and limitations in cows and herds. It then elaborates some strategies to overcom...
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Geophysical methods to assess soil characteristics
This chapter explores the use of geophysical methods to assess soil physical characteristics. The chapter begins by reviewing the geophysical properties of soil, such as clay content and organic matter content. It then moves on to discuss the electromagnetic induction method and its application,...
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Assessing soil health by measuring fauna
This chapter provides examples of the impact of soil fauna on soil health within different ecosystems and how the soil habitat changes in relation to this biodiversity. It focuses specifically on mesofauna in agriculture, grasslands, woodlands and as bioindicators, before concluding with an overv...
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Imaging soil structure to measure soil functions and soil health with x-ray computed micro-tomography
The use of non-invasive imaging techniques expands opportunities to characterize soil health and functioning, complementing the information from the traditional soil structure analyses. Soil pore architecture drives water and gas fluxes, chemical transport, activity and movement of soil biota; an...
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Characterisation of fungal communities and functions in agricultural soils
One of the main drivers for the recent interest in utilising fungi has been the development of molecular technologies which allow us to investigate fungal communities in detail. We have made significant steps forward in understanding numbers and functions of fungal communities in soil. If we are ...
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Developing decision support systems (dss) for farm soil and crop management
This chapter provides a review of decision support systems (DSS) in agriculture and addresses several key questions about them. Why are they important, and why are they necessary for the future? What kind of systems currently exist? Different aspects of agricultural DSS design, implementation and...
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Advances in techniques to assess soil erodibility
Soil erodibility is the susceptibility of soil to the erosive forces of rainsplash, runoff and wind. It is a significant factor in determining present and future soil erosion rates. Focusing on soil erosion by water, this chapter shows that erodibility is determined by static and dynamic soil pro...
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Developing soil health indicators for improved soil management on farm
Whilst there is a growing range of ways to measure individual soil physical chemical and biological properties, a particular concern of scientists, policy makers and farmers is the lack of robust, practical measures of soil health that can be used to describe the current state of soil, underpin d...
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Advances in visual soil evaluation techniques
Soil structure is a complex and dynamic soil property that constitutes a key aspect of soil health. Soil structure assessment can be evaluated in the field by visual soil evaluation techniques. Development and improvement of these techniques/methods have been the focus of numerous soil scientists...
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Advances in measuring mechanical properties of soil in relation to soil health
Although mechanical properties of soil are fast and easy to measure, they have not been used as indicators of soil health apart from cone penetration resistance. The confined compression test is traditionally used for the prediction of soil compaction risks. Other mechanical tests such as soil rh...
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Quantifying earthworm community structures as indicators of soil health
Whilst the presence of earthworms is used by many farmers as a general indicator of soil health, measurement is generally subjective. The chapter reviews current challenges in collecting more systematic and reliable data on earthworm communities, including issues in identifying epigeic, endogeic ...
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Advances in near-infrared (nir) spectroscopy to assess soil health
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the near-infrared (NIR: 350-2500 nm) region offers a relatively rapid, non-destructive, and high throughput alternative to wet chemistry measurements of soil health. Infrared absorbance frequencies of soil constituents such as organic matter and clay minerals f...
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Risk management systems for prevention and control of contaminants in animal feed
Feed safety remains an issue for both the health of livestock and as a prerequisite for food safety. Risk assessment plays a role in identifying and determining potential risks of contaminants. When contaminants limits are defined, risk management systems can be designed for prevention and contro...
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Processing techniques to optimize digestibility and nutritional value of animal feed
This chapter reviews the effects of feed manufacturing processes on the nutritional value of feed. It discusses the effects of particle size reduction and pelleting on feed digestibility and the overall performance of pigs/swine and broiler chickens.
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Trends in analytical techniques for testing animal feed
The challenges for the feed analysis sector will be to ensure feed quality and safety. Innovative strategies need to be implemented to authenticate feed and feed ingredients and to check that they fulfill all labelling obligations. This chapter focusses on the authentication of feed by different ...
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Effect of processing techniques on the quality of animal feed
The objective of this chapter is to demonstrate how the manipulation of extrusion processing parameters such as specific mechanical energy (SME) can directly influence the nutritional value of a given formulation component such as starch in a dry animal feed formulation.
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Techniques for identifying new animal feed ingredients and additives
The identification of potential novel feed ingredients requires quick and effective analytical techniques to assess their composition and functionality. This chapter provides a practical guide to routine and standard methods to detect the main traits of interest in animal feed ingredients and add...
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Advances in understanding key contamination risks in animal feed: mycotoxins
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain filamentous fungi, especially Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium. Over 400 mycotoxins have been identified, most notably aflatoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins and ochratoxins. These low molecular weight compounds are...
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Developments in techniques to test the efficacy of animal feed products
Various animal feed products may influence animal health, conversion of animal feed into food of animal origin and the emissions caused by animals. All these matters are regulated in the directives of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). This chapter first discusses EFSA guidance on how to ...
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Developing effective product dossiers for regulatory approval of new animal feed products
This chapter describes the key steps in compiling product dossiers required to gain regulatory approval for new animal feed products. As an example, the chapter describes the data needed for a feed additive dossier in the European Union (EU) as mandated by the European Food Standards Agency (EFSA).
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Advances in understanding immune response in dairy cattle
From the beginning, cattle have made important contributions to the field of immunology, including the development of the first Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine for human tuberculosis in 1921. In 1981 the first report of a biosynthesized polypeptide vaccine against Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FM...
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Advances in understanding the genetics of the nutritional properties of cereals: maize and oat proteins
This chapter reviews advances in understanding the genetics of the nutritional properties of cereals, particularly focusing on maize and oat proteins. It covers the genetics of maize and oat nutritional properties and the progress that has been made in terms of quality and the importance of these...
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Advances in understanding the nutritional value of lipids in wheat
Lipids are a small component in the wheat grain composition (2-4%) and roughly, two thirds (66%) of them are contained in the germ, 15% are in the bran and particularly in the aleuronic layer, whereas about 20% are distributed in the endosperm, partly within the starch granules. They include a va...
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Advances in understanding the nutritional value of antioxidants in wheat
Whole grain wheat has a diverse supply of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants which include phenolic compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins which are present only in pigmented wheat, alkylresorcinols, and to a lesser extent proanthocyanidins), carotenoids (mainly lutein and zeaxa...
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Understanding the nutritional and nutraceutical properties of sorghum
Sorghum is a globally grown cereal. Many sorghum varieties contain high levels of polyphenolic compounds with potential health benefits. With a growing interest in using diet as a preventative measure against chronic diseases, the benefits of sorghum need to be examined. This chapter discusses cu...
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Developing hulled wheat-based cereal products with enhanced nutritional properties: emmer, einkorn and spelt
Hulled wheats (emmer, einkorn, and spelt) have low yields but are suitable for organic and low-input agriculture under marginal or high-stress conditions. However, data on the composition of hulled wheats, often also called ‘ancient wheats’ is still scarce, especially on bioactive components such...
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Developments in fractionation methods to improve extraction of aleurone or its beneficial compounds from wheat grain
In wheat grains, the aleurone layer is located between the peripheral tissues and the starchy endosperm and is rich in soluble proteins, minerals, lipids, vitamins and micronutrients and contains several compounds with antioxidant activities. However, along grain fractionation it is mainly recove...
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Advances in understanding the nutritional value of starch in wheat
This chapter provides a nutritional overview of the wheat starch structure, function, digestibility of diverse wheat starches, and highlights interactions of starch and other biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, and non-starch polysaccharides.
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Developing millet-based cereal products with enhanced nutritional properties
There is a growing awareness today about climate change and its expected ravaging effects on agricultural productivity, food production and ultimately, food and nutrition security. Against this backdrop, drought-tolerant hardy crops are gaining importance as significant sources of food and nutrit...
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Dietary fibers in the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus
This chapter reviews how dietary fibers can be used to prevent Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Dietary fibers are a heterogenous group of food compounds. The physicochemical properties of dietary fibers determine their effects on gastrointestinal and metabolic health, including effect on gastro-intesti...
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Advances in the generation of insertion-based genome edits in plants
Tremendous progress has been achieved in the field of gene editing in plants, such as with the use of zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR). Because of the potential advantages...
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Advances in guide rna design for editing plant genomes using crispr-cas systems
This chapter discusses the general rules for selecting target sites for genome editing using the CRISPR-Cas technology and summarizes the bioinformatic tools that can be used to design sgRNA sequences.
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Double strand break (dsb) repair pathways in plants and their application in genome engineering
In genome engineering, after targeted induction of double strand breaks (DSBs) researchers take advantage of the organisms’ own repair mechanisms to induce different kinds of sequence changes into the genome. Therefore, understanding of the underlying mechanisms is essential. This chapter will re...
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Genome editing of tomatoes and other solanaceae
To ensure populations have sufficient, safe, and nutritious food requires a concerted effort that involves politics, economics, farming practices, and enhancement of crops to withstand abiotic and biotic pressures yet remain productive. Keeping pace with population size and stresses imposed by c...
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Advances in assembling grna/cas9 constructs in genome editing of plants
This chapter reviews the principles of CRISPR cloning in binary vectors and the different methods and elements employed, including the nucleases alternative to Cas9. It pays special attention to modular cloning strategies and multiplexing tools as well as the engineering of expanded Cas activitie...
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Targeted modification of promoters
Although most genome editing efforts focus on modifications to gene coding regions, this chapter emphasizes genome editing of the upstream regulatory regions. Thoughtful editing of the promoter region will ultimately lead to improved plants, modified for more precise control of the intensity and ...
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Genome editing in sorghum
Genetic engineering plays a key role in plant functional research and genetic improvement. A novel and powerful gene editing technique, CRISPR/Cas9, which was developed from a type II bacterial immune system, opened up a new era in precision genetic engineering in plants. This technique is based ...
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Advances in screening plants for edits and off-targets
Genome editing technology greatly accelerates the development of plant molecular research and crop breeding. However, accurately detecting mutations induced by sequence-specific nucleases between large-scale plants produced from transformation become a challenge. This chapter introduces some freq...
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Crispr/cas9-mediated genome editing in brassica
CRISPR/Cas9 is a valuable tool for both basic and applied research that has been widely applied to different plant species. In this chapter, we reviewed the application of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing toolkit in Brassica crops. We also provided a case study in Brassica napus. Collectively, our resu...
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Genome editing of maize
Although most genome editing efforts focus on modifications to gene coding regions, this chapter emphasizes genome editing of the upstream regulatory regions. Thoughtful editing of the promoter region will ultimately lead to improved plants, modified for more precise control of the intensity and ...
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Using talens for genome editing in plants
Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) are powerful tools for precise and efficient locus-specific editing. Among the various genome editing tools that were developed prior to the CRISPR/Cas system, TALENs have been the most widely used, and they remain worthy of consideration d...
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Genome editing of woody perennial trees
This chapter discusses the challenges facing woody perennial trees, namely the heterozygosity of outcrossing species and limited genomic resources. Gene knockouts (KO) represent the predominant applications of the CRISPR technology in woody perennial crops to date and will be the focus of this ch...
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Fiber-associated wheat lignans and colorectal cancer prevention
Wheat, as a staple food, has been largely consumed worldwide. In addition to nutritional values, whole grain including fiber-enriched wheat bran has been reported to provide many nutraceuticals such as wheat lignans. This chapter reviews recent epidemiological and animal data on wheat lignans and...
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Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture for sustainable development
Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, a common concern of all countries, are critically important for the sustainable production of the significantly more nutritious food needed to feed an ever-growing population in the face of climate change and other drivers. This entails the transl...
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Participatory plant breeding programs to optimize use of crop genetic resources
This chapter summarizes a sample of variety evaluation, experimental design, and breeding method innovations that have served as solid approaches for participatory plant breeding (PPB) efforts. With success in PPB comes success in conservation at a local level of useful alleles and allele assembl...
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The role of the svalbard global seed vault in preserving crop genetic diversity
Genetic material in individual genebanks is potentially vulnerable to being lost (e.g. through conflict or a natural disaster). One important and simple security measure is to ensure that samples of these valuable genetic materials are conserved in more than one place. In this context, the Svalb...
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Community-based conservation of crop genetic resources
This chapter explores the current state of research, knowledge and practice of community-based conservation in the context of continued farmer-driven processes and the emergence of diverse external interventions. Autonomous community-based conservation is largely powered by farmer demand for crop...
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Monitoring plant genetic resources for food and agriculture
This chapter reviews the methodologies developed to assess the extent of diversity of PGRFA at species, variety, and genetic level and examines the efforts made at global level in monitoring them at different scales. Efforts have been made to halt the loss of biodiversity (including genetic diver...
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Dna-based screening of brassica germplasm for sustainable and enhanced crop production
The Brassica genus contains many agriculturally important oilseed and vegetable crops. Brassica germplasm, including natural accessions and breeding populations, are maintained globally for sustainable management and enhancement of Brassica crop production which is critical to meet the demands of...
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Key steps in conservation and use of plant genetic resources: an overview
This chapter reviews the key steps in conservation and the use of plant genetic diversity. It begins by providing an example of a model which includes a series of steps starting with the full range of genetic diversity for all the target plant taxa, through the prioritisation of target taxa, the ...
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Key issues facing genebanks in preserving crop genetic diversity ex situ: overview of the range of challenges
This chapter reviews the key issues and challenges facing genebanks in preserving crop genetic diversity ex situ. Local crop genetic diversity is challenged with changes in land use, urbanization, land degradation, changes in agricultural practises, availability of improved varieties, changes in ...
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Techniques and key issues in collecting crop wild relatives
The genetic diversity found in populations of crop wild relatives is an essential resource for future crop breeding, but populations are at risk of loss before germplasm has been fully conserved in genebanks. This chapter describes best practice for targeting and identifying species, and review k...
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Seed systems and diversity
Farmers use various seed systems to obtain seeds for their next crop. The diversity of seeds determines, together with other aspects of the farming system, the biodiversity in farmed areas. Conservation strategies for crop genetic resources distinguish ex situ, on-farm and in situ components. The...
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