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Advances in monitoring and reporting forest emissions and removals in the context of the united nations framework convention on climate change (unfccc)
This chapter provides an update on advances in monitoring and reporting emissions from mostly tropical forests in the context of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The world’s forests store vast amounts of carbon and sustainable forest management is therefore inti...
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Tenure and management rights in tropical forests
Secure tenure rights are fundamental to the sustainable management of the world’s tropical forests. By determining the depth of rights and consequent decisions actors can make, tenure regimes allow present-day considerations of future values, thus incentivising investments in the sustainable use...
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Community-based management of tropical forests: lessons learned and implications for sustainable forest management
Community-based forest management (CBFM), also known as community forestry, social forestry, joint forest management or participatory forestry, has emerged in response to the concern that centralized forest ownership in most developing countries has failed to promote sustainable forest management...
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Quantifying the contribution of livestock health issues to the environmental impact of their production systems
The focus of this chapter is on the environmental impact consequences of endemic livestock health challenges that lead to deterioration in animal health, and on the potential impacts arising from their mitigations. The first part of the chapter concentrates on the potential of animal health to af...
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An overview of tropical forest formations
The type of forest encountered on any specific site on the planet is the result of the interaction between abiotic factors and the living organisms that together make up the ecosystem. This interaction is then further complicated by a range of influences that may be human, biological such as poll...
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Understanding and exploiting genetics of tropical tree species for restoration of tropical forests
The development of sound conservation and regeneration strategies depends on the exploitation of genetic variation of tropical trees. Patterns of genetic variation have been assessed in field trials and at molecular markers only for a few main plantation species such as eucalypts. Preliminary evi...
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Pressures on tropical forests: agriculture, trade and illegality
This chapter reviews some of the main pressures on tropical forests, starting with an overview of recent rates of deforestation. The drivers of this loss of tropical forests are summarised, and the main ones – clearance of forests for agriculture, often linked to global trade flows, and, to a les...
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Climate change and tropical forests
Climate change is a major global challenge. In recent decades, tropical forests have contributed to greenhouse gas emissions due to deforestation and forest degradation, but intact and recovering forests are taking up carbon and the contribution of tropical forests to the global carbon cycle is c...
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National governance and tropical forests: key challenges
This chapter reviews the status and trends of tropical forest governance, how it is manifested in sustainable forest management (SFM), and what can improve it. The chapter starts by drawing attention to the development ambitions which provide a context for efforts to preserve or sustainably manag...
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Amenity and recreation values of tropical forests: an ecosystem services perspective
This chapter discusses the role of ecosystem services (ESS) in enhancing recreational and amenity services of tropical forests. It outlines the relationship between forests, recreation and tourism, including the concepts and issues involved in policy making. This chapter discusses the challenges ...
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Sustainable management of tropical plantation forests
Global forest plantation areas increased from 17.8 million hectares in 1980 to 278.0 million hectares in 2015, an increase of about 1,462.0% within 35 years. The tropical region recorded the highest increase of 8.17% between 2010 and 2015. Forest plantations contribute significantly in meeting th...
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Narratives on the sustainable development goals (sdgs) and tropical forests
The purpose of this chapter is to explore the relevance of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for tropical forests by identifying and assessing the three main narratives that characterize debate about the SDGs and forests. The chapter introduces each of these narratives, followed by a ...
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Sustainable management of african dry forests
Dry forests constitute the bulk of the African tropical forests. They support a wealth of human, animal and plant life. They are important to climate change mitigation and adaptation, and support virtually all sectors of economies. This chapter discusses the characteristics and distribution of dr...
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Defining sustainable forest management (sfm) in the tropics
This chapter discusses definitions of SFM to promote clarity about the avoidable and unavoidable tradeoffs associated with SFM. The chapter reviews about spatial scales for SFM and for the expansion of the scale at which sustainability is considered from stands up to forested landscapes. We revie...
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New types of products from tropical wood
This chapter discusses the Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) practices in the tropics and highlights the main wood and biomass resources available. It then elaborates the types of products developed from these resources, both traditional and new products developed. It provides an insight into t...
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Sustainable forest management (sfm) of tropical moist forests: the case of the brazilian amazon
In this chapter we present an overview of forest management practices and regulations in the Brazilian Amazon, followed by a discussion of the benefits and challenges of legal forest management in the region, from private to community-based enterprises. Lastly we summarize the way ahead to ensure...
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Poultry welfare monitoring: group-level technologies
Commercial poultry are frequently kept in groups of thousands of individuals where tagging or identifying every bird is logistically impossible. Group, rather than individual, level approaches to assessing their health and welfare are therefore currently the most feasible. This chapter covers the...
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Poultry health monitoring and management: bone and skin health in broilers
High lameness and contact dermatitis levels persist within intensively reared broiler flocks; a consequence of long-term genetic selection for ambitious production parameters. Key welfare issues include pain, reduced mobility and increased susceptibility to additional pathologies. Fully understan...
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Understanding the sensory perception of chickens
Chickens perceive environmental stimuli via their senses. The affinity and capacity of the different sensory modalities are therefore of paramount importance for the behaviour and welfare of broilers and laying hens, and sensory perception needs to be taken into account when we house and handle d...
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Improving welfare in poultry slaughter
Poultry production involves the killing of very large numbers of birds so there is a compelling need to protect welfare at slaughter. In most countries, slaughter must be preceded by stunning to induce unconsciousness. The major stunning approaches used in chicken slaughter are electrical stunnin...
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Improving welfare assessment indicators and protocols for poultry
There have been considerable advances in welfare assessment in the past decades. This chapter explains some of the terminology related to welfare assessment and why the emphasis is moving towards including indicators of poultry welfare taken on the birds themselves rather than from the environmen...
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Advances in understanding the genetics of poultry behaviour
Understanding the genetics underlying quantitative traits and identifying the causal genes and polymorphisms that are causal to these traits is hard at the best of times, but in the case of behaviour, the more modest heritabilities and repeatabilities involved make these tasks even more challengi...
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Welfare issues in poultry housing and management: broilers
More than 60 billion of broilers are reared and slaughtered for meat production yearly. The majority of broilers worldwide is housed indoors in floor systems and is of a fast-growing breed. Welfare problems have been associated with their efficient growth, the rearing environment and flock manage...
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Understanding poultry social behaviour and its impact on animal welfare
Sociality was a prerequisite for domestication that allowed animals to remain in groups under human custody. The social group provides opportunities to find food, protection from predation or weather conditions. However, highly dense or large groups normally found in production environment, may i...
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Improving welfare in catching and transport of chickens
The pre-slaughter phase is the last stage of meat production and for broiler chickens entails feed and water withdrawal, catching, loading, transportation and lairage. Major stressors during pre-slaughter include rough handling, overstocking, thermal stress, and prolonged feed and water withdrawa...
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Understanding states of suffering with implications for improved management of poultry
The causes of the main states of suffering experienced by poultry species, namely fear, frustration and pain, are listed and the behavioural symptoms are described. Birds can be frightened by stimuli that are (1) sudden and intense, (2) novel, and (3) signalling special evolutionary dangers. The ...
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The role of perches in chicken welfare
This chapter reviews the current knowledge on perching behaviour of chickens. During nighttime, chickens are highly motivated for elevated resting. During daytime chickens often perform vulnerable behaviours on elevated structures. Access to elevated structures can reduce fearfulness in chickens ...
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Understanding chicken learning and cognition and implications for improved management
The overview of research on the learning and cognitive abilities of chickens provided here reveals some complex cognitive processes which often surprises people not familiar with chicken behaviour. As a precocial species, domestic chicks quickly learn from the individuals and environment around t...
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Poultry welfare monitoring: wearable technologies
This chapter reviews poultry welfare monitoring, specifically focusing on wearable technologies. It begins by discussing the use of radio-frequency identification technology (RFID) systems in chickens and other housing systems. The chapter then goes on to address wearable sensors and acceleromete...
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The regulation of genome-edited crops
To explore the regulation of genome edited crops, this chapter describes the regulatory systems adopted by different countries as well as how the Cartagena Biosafety Protocol might apply. It finds there is a continuum of oversight, with some countries applying their GMO biosafety laws to all geno...
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Welfare issues in poultry housing and management: laying hens
Laying hens produce a large number of eggs on an annual basis. In recent years, permitted housing methods in the EU have changed to enriched cages and cage-free systems (i.e. barn, free-range and organic production methods), but worldwide hens are still also housed in conventional cages. The vari...
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Opportunities to improve the welfare of young chickens
This chapter reviews the range of issues affecting the health and welfare of young chickens. It starts by assessing the welfare of parental stock and its effects on offspring. The chapter then reviews research on incubation practices to optimize chick welfare. The chapter also discusses hatching ...
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Bone health and associated problems in layer hens
Laying hens and associated commercial egg production is one of the most universal agricultural products across the globe. Housing and management systems are variable but must allow for appropriate skeletal and cognitive development during rearing to ensure the adult hen can support normal biologi...
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Cause and prevention of injurious pecking in chickens
Poultry is the most widely farmed land animal, comprising over 80% of the main livestock populations. The high prevalence of injurious pecking (IP) in poultry is a major concern from animal welfare, societal, and economic points of view. IP is defined as bird-to-bird pecking that results in or ha...
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Modelling biodiversity in agriculture
Models have been widely used in agricultural science to understand complexity, predict the consequence of change and extend knowledge to new scales. ‘Crop modelling’ began in the 1960s and is now well advanced and applied globally, but is restricted to a few economic species. More recently, model...
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The challenge of monitoring biodiversity in agricultural landscapes at the eu level
This chapter reviews current surveys of biodiversity in agricultural areas at the EU level. The chapter describes established surveys, ongoing pilots and plans for new surveys at the EU scale. The chapter assesses where we will stand in the short-medium term with our knowledge of agro-biodiversit...
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Functional agrobiodiversity for the provision of agroecosystem services
In the context of sustainable agricultural development, the provision of other services beyond production is becoming a priority. We contend that a functional approach to agrobiodiversity is the best approach to meeting such goal in both research and agricultural practice. We have traced the deve...
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Assessing the economic value of agricultural biodiversity: a critical perspective
This chapter reviews developments in methods to assess the economic value of agricultural biodiversity, outlines their limitations and proposes a possible, novel way forward. The chapter discusses the different definitions of agrobiodiversity. It then highlights ways of evaluating agrobiodiversit...
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The role of hedgerows in supporting biodiversity and other ecosystem services in intensively managed agricultural landscapes
Over the past half century, agricultural intensification has substantially changed agricultural landscapes and farming systems. These changes have been beneficial to provisioning services, i.e. agricultural yields, but detrimental for biodiversity and associated ecosystem services. As a contribut...
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The role of field margins in biodiversity conservation in agroecosystems
This chapter reviews research on ways of modifying the agricultural landscape to reverse the decline in a range of fauna and flora. The chapter starts by looking at the span of options for promoting biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. It then focuses on field margins, their characteristics a...
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The importance of agroforestry systems in supporting biodiversity conservation and agricultural production: a european perspective
Biodiversity has been declining steadily over the last decade causing large economic losses. Agroforestry is a sustainable land use system where woody perennials (trees or shrubs) are combined with agricultural production. Agroforestry is able to provide solutions to meet global strategies to inc...
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Reconciling production and biodiversity in management of pastures and grasslands
Grasslands are crucial for the conservation of biodiversity across the world. Current agricultural practices have increasingly replaced grasslands by crops or managed them more intensively, resulting in a dramatic reduction of biodiversity. Is it possible to reconcile profitable grassland product...
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Improving operating standards in sustainable forest management of tropical forests in africa
Forests in Africa, if managed sustainably, are important for providing livelihood support to millions of people by delivering environmental, economic and social values. However, high deforestation and forest degradation, undefined policies on land and forest tenure, and associated benefit sharing...
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Advances in insect pest management in postharvest storage of cereals: use of controlled atmosphere and temperature control
Oxygen depleted controlled or modified atmospheres (CA/MA) generated by a variety of different methods and alteration of temperature of stored cereals have been used successfully to replace fumigants for insect control and for the quality preservation of stored products. CA or MA have been used ...
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Supporting smallholder farmers in developing countries to improve postharvest management of staple grains: the role of loss reduction technologies
Smallholder farmers constitute the bulk of staple grain producers in developing countries but there is inadequate support in the postharvest management (PHM) phase of the food supply chain. Several effective PHM technologies have been developed to tackle food grain losses. However, minimum impac...
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Advances in insect pest management in postharvest storage of cereals: novel techniques
Irradiation is a viable alternative to fumigation as a pre- or post-shipment quarantine treatment for control of stored product insects and pathogens in cereals and grains. Electron beam (e-beam) and x-ray are machine sources of ionizing radiation that avoid the problems associated with the trans...
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Post-harvest losses of cereals and other grains: opportunity among issues and challenges
Employing a managerial perspective, this chapter explores economically-relevant approaches to evaluate and implement sustained, scalable technologies and practices which can effectively reduce post-harvest loss (PHL). Key issues addressed include: defining appropriate targets and goals; inclusion...
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Advances in understanding rodent pests affecting cereal grains
Post-harvest losses by rodents are estimated to be similar as for pre-harvest losses; somewhere from 0.25% to 25% or more, but generally considered to average around 5-10%, which is similar to the level of post-harvest losses caused by insects. There have been very few studies measuring post-harv...
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Advances in post-harvest detection and control of fungal contamination of cereals
This chapter examines the relationship between cereal grains during storage and approaches which have been used to minimise fungal spoilage and mycotoxin contamination. The role of abiotic factors such as water availability and temperature and their interactions on ecology of spoilage and mycotox...
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Advances in understanding fungal contamination in cereals
Cereals are food security crops because of their high nutritive values for energy (carbohydrate-based energy) and other nutrients (proteins) and their long-term storability. They constitute the main food staples in many parts of the world and are primary animal feed ingredients. Cereal production...
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Advances in bulk storage of cereals and grains
This chapter reviews key research and best practice on the design and construction of silos, horizontal building structures and on-the-ground piles as methods of bulk grain storage. The chapter also discusses the range of preventative strategies for preserving grain quality (such as sealing and a...
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Advances in insect pest management in postharvest storage of cereals: detection and monitoring
Sampling grain for stored grain insects is expensive in time and resources. Stored-product insects which damage the grain are small, cryptic and often difficult to find. Many of the sampling methods are unreliable and prone to false negatives. There are two broad types of estimates of population ...
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Advances in techniques for monitoring the quality of stored cereal grains
State-of-the-art monitoring systems have sensors that can early detect the onset of spoilage before “hotspots” develop and alert the user of their location through real-time data that can be delivered directly to cloud-enabled devices. The function and utility of sensors and monitoring equipment...
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Advances in detection and management of phosphine resistance in stored grain pests
Phosphine gas has become the world’s primary fumigant for disinfestation of stored grain. Development and increase of strong resistance to phosphine is a threat to the continued use of phosphine and there are limited alternatives currently available. Understanding how phosphine resistance arises ...
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Biologically based control strategies for managing stored-product insect pests
The search for and application of less harmful and environmentally-friendly control measures against pest organisms are general trends in agriculture and insofar in stored-product protection. As a consequence, new approaches and more alternatives for conventional chemical pesticides combined with...
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Biostimulant action of protein hydrolysates on crops
Protein hydrolysates are a category of plant biostimulants containing a mixture of polypeptides, oligopeptides and amino acids that are manufactured from animal or plant derived-protein sources using partial hydrolysis. Protein hydrolysates are used for foliar applications and to a lesser extent ...
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Silicon as a biostimulant in agriculture
Silicon (Si) is a mineral element that is well known to protect plants against several environmental changes. While the exact mechanism is not known, beneficial responses across a broad range of crops highlight Si’s role in maintaining internal homeostasis. All plants accumulate Si to either macr...
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Bioactive compounds and evaluation of biostimulant activity
The regulations concerning the placement of biostimulants on the market are still widely varying across countries and regions, even though both efficacy claims and composition declarations are primarily addressed. The definition of pre-market approval systems specifying the data required for auth...
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Plant biostimulants and their influence on nutrient use efficiency (nue)
This chapter reviews evidence for effects of biostimulants on both agronomic nutrient use efficiency and internal nutrient use efficiency. Many biostimulants improve the agronomic nutrient use efficiency (AE) by enhancing root growth and soil exploration, increasing solubilization of soil nutrien...
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Plant biostimulants: a new paradigm for the sustainable intensification of crops
Biostimulants are applied to crop plants in the aim of modifying plant physiological functions and of increasing crop productivity or quality. They may be regarded as some kind of ‘functional ingredients’ in plant nutrition, distinct from fertilizers and plant protectants. Despite the agricultura...
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Combining plant biostimulants and precision agriculture
Precision application of biostimulants on a site-specific basis is a great opportunity for optimizing biostimulant efficacy and returns. This chapter looks at the available tools and emerging technologies for the monitoring and management of soil and crops, in order to address spatial and tempora...
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Designing and formulating microbial and non-microbial biostimulants
This chapter provides the first overview of the optimal design and formulation of microbial and non-microbial biostimulants. The production steps for a plant biostimulant are first presented and discussed, and then two successful case studies of plant biostimulant development are reported in deta...
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Seaweed extracts as plant biostimulants in agriculture
Biostimulants improve growth of plants by enhancing nutrient uptake efficiency. This chapter presents classification and legal aspects of biostimulants in terms of registration. Seaweed extracts improve abiotic stress tolerance of horticultural and agronomic crops. The mechanism of seeweed extrac...
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as biostimulants for sustainable crop production
Several functions of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) interactions constitute the ecological services of the symbiosis which are the basis for their application as biostimulants. The bi-directional nutrient exchange between the mycorrhizal partners, the contribution of AM fungi to the quality of soils...
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Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) as plant biostimulants in agriculture
Plants must tolerate and grow under a wide variety of environmental conditions. It is clear that the phytomicrobiome supports plant growth under normal and stressful growing conditions and these functions are carefully regulated. The phytomicrobiome can promote plant growth under normal growing c...
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Humic substances (hs) as plant biostimulants in agriculture
This chapter reviews how humic substances (HS) can be used as plant biostimulants in agriculture. It begins by describing how humic substances are produced and highlights different characteristics of these substances. It then goes on to review how humic substances can be used in terms of plant gr...
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Landscape genomics: application in poultry breeding
Landscape genomics has become an important tool to study the neutral genetic structure of populations and to identify loci and genomic regions under natural or artificial selection. The understanding of the actions of selection on the genome and their association with specific environmental and l...
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The use of nutrigenomics in poultry breeding for sustainable production
Selection for economic phenotypic traits has significantly improved poultry productivity over the past 70 years. However, there have been a number of undesirable changes in the regulation of energy homeostasis, fat deposition (mainly in breeders), increased sensitivity to high environmental tempe...
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Genetics and genomics of immunity and disease traits in poultry species
A major current challenge in achieving sustainable poultry production is reducing risk to animal and human health. Strategies to control poultry diseases utilise selective breeding to enhance immunity and disease resistance. However, immune and disease resistance traits are difficult to measure, ...
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The use of genome editing in poultry breeding
Genome editing technology permits the creation of precise changes to the genome of animal species. These changes can be as small as a single base pair change in a gene or can span several megabases of DNA. Genome editing has a potential role in animal breeding as it permits the rapid and selectiv...
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Theory of genome-wide association for qtl detection
To identify the regions on the genome that influence traits, Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) uses the information of Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) between a QTL and neighboring genetic markers. LD is created by mutations and recombinations, but populations mixture also generates gametic phase ...
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Breeding for small-scale poultry farming
This chapter reviews the particular challenges of developing improved breeds of chicken for small-scale backyard poultry farming on which many smallholder families depend for a balanced diet and income. It reviews issues such as genetic resources for indigenous breeds, breeding strategies and the...
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Physiological challenges in poultry breeding
This chapter discusses some of the different aspects of physiological limitations of concern in poultry breeding and production. It then covers research to map the genetic determinants of ascites, including recent successes in identifying the genetic determinants of ascites. The chapter shows ho...
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Application of genomic selection (gs) in breeding commercial meat-type chickens
This chapter describes the implementation stages of genomic selection in meat-type chickens (broilers), beginning from the initial phase of testing the methodology to current developments where the technology has been consolidated into the commercial breeding programmes. This chapter focuses on b...
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Poultry breeding for sustainability and plasticity in functional traits: reality or fiction in the midst of conflicting interests
Functional traits support production traits and are at the crossroads between responses to environment and the animal’s performance. They respond to environmental dynamics and affect the G-matrix between functional and production traits. When resources are allocated to one function, fewer resourc...
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Genetics and genomics of skeletal traits in poultry species
Impaired skeletal function occurs in both meat-type and layer poultry, with different aetiologies. This chapter reviews the literature on quantitative genetics and genetic mapping of skeletal traits in both types of poultry. Both skeletal defects and bone quality traits in poultry are lowly to mo...
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The origin and domestication of poultry species
The domestication of plants and animals has led to important changes in the biology and the genetic diversity of domesticated species, and at the same time setting a new way of life for humans. In this process, several species of birds have been domesticated across all continents. This chapter re...
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Genetics and genomics of meat quality traits in poultry species
Beyond meat yield, technological quality has become a key factor of competitiveness while sensory, nutritional and image qualities have to be preserved in order to maintain the development of poultry production. However, the large usage of poultry meat for cutting and processing has revealed that...
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Molecular identification of major morphological mutations in poultry
Morphological variation provides examples of phenotypes which mode of inheritance was characterized by Mendelian genetics since many years. This chapter describes seventeen phenotypes affecting skeleton, skin appendages, feather distribution, growth rate or structure, for which the underlying gen...
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The use of epigenetics in poultry breeding
Epigenetics is not a commonly used in the selection of parents to breed the next generations. That is surprising as epigenetics can influence gene function, is inherited via mitosis and/or meiosis and can occur both from the female and male lines. Epigenetics have been shown to affect gene-expres...
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Genomic selection using bayesian methods
For decades, the method of choice the prediction of breeding values in poultry breeding programs was the Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP). More recently, genomic selection is quickly becoming the standard tool for genetic evaluation. One of the main challenges in the implementation of genom...
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Genetics and genomics of behavioral and welfare traits in poultry species
This chapter reviews current research on the genetics of behavioral traits in poultry, particularly layers. The focus is particularly on aggressive behaviors such as feather pecking which remain a serious problem in both cage and alternative non-cage systems. The chapter shows the complex interac...
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The genetic basis for pigmentation phenotypes in poultry
There is an extensive variation in plumage color in chicken and each breed of chicken has a characteristic plumage color. Major progress has been made the last 25 years as regards understanding the developmental biology of skin and feathers in birds and also the genetic basis for pigmentation phe...
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Genetics and genomics of egg production traits in poultry species
The consumption of poultry eggs has been increasing globally. Increases in production and efficiency while considering both animal and human welfare are needed in order to meet this demand. The underlying genetic components that influence these traits are still largely unknown, though multiple st...
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Genomic selection in poultry breeding using single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction
Single-step genomic BLUP (ssGBLUP) aims to eliminate the bias in BLUP by considering phenotypic, pedigree, and genomic information jointly. In ssGBLUP this is done by combining pedigree and genomic relationships into a single relationship matrix. ssGLBLUP has become a tool of choice because of hi...
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Application of genomic selection in commercial egg-type populations
The important traits for commercial egg production are lifetime egg production, feed consumed per egg produced, and various internal and external egg quality traits. These traits are expressed only in females and thus the selection of males can only be done indirectly based on the performance of ...
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Non-timber forest products from tropical forests
Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) were hailed as a “silver bullet” to provide the economic incentives to conserve standing forests, while contributing to local livelihoods. While the livelihood benefits of NTFPs have been widely acknowledged, the contribution of the NTFP sector to biodiversity c...
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Genome editing of barley
Although barley is of great importance for the brewing and animal feed industries and is regarded as a model for small grain cereals, only a few results on targeted gene modification using CRISPR/Cas endonuclease technology have been published to date. In this chapter, the frontiers and achieveme...
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Genetics and genomics of feed utilization efficiency in poultry species
Feed utilization efficiency is a trait of high economic importance in livestock production. In poultry meat and egg production, feed accounts for over 70% of the total production costs. Consequently, improving feed utilization efficiency has been a major goal in the poultry industry. The efficie...
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A question of culture: bringing the gut microbiome to life in the -omics era
Research of the mammalian gut microbiome has in recent years been principally defined by the culture independent analysis of the genetic potential inherent to these microbial communities. However, there has been a renewed interest in culture-based studies of the gut microbiome to increase both t...
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The rumen archaea
Methane (CH4) is produced in the rumen by a group of microorganisms called methanogenic Archaea In this chapter, the types of Archaea found in the rumen will be reviewed through a summary of the rumen cultivation studies and molecular surveys of rumen archaeal community composition. The chapter w...
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Ruminal fibre digestion
Since ruminants obtain most of their energy from their symbiotic microbiota, the efficiency of feed conversion and end-product meat and milk quality in bovines is tightly linked to the dynamics and function of the rumen microbiome. In this chapter, we give an overview of the role of the microbiot...
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The use of probiotics as supplements for ruminants
There is an increasing need to promote digestive efficiency and productivity while maintaining animal health and welfare. Probiotics are live microorganisms which confer a benefit for the host when administered in appropriate quantities. This chapter begins by reviewing critical periods in the ru...
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A conceptual approach to the mathematical modelling of microbial functionality in the rumen
This chapter discusses the concepts and the approaches taken with the quantification or mathematical modelling of rumen microbiota. The consequences from the perspective of mathematical modelling of microbial functionality at the whole rumen level are discussed as it is thought that models need t...
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The rumen as a modulator of immune function in cattle
The rumen and its microbiome play essential roles in supplying key nutrients, such as energy, protein, minerals and vitamins, to the host and also shapes the cow’s immune system. Rumen health disorders, such as subacute ruminal acidosis, cause ruminal dysbiosis provoking epithelial barrier dysfun...
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Host-rumen microbiome interactions and influences on feed conversion efficiency (fce), methane production and other productivity traits
This chapter focuses on the recent discovery regarding the role of the ruminant microbiome on energy harvest, methane emission, and the potential genetic factors determining its microbial composition and selection.
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The use of feedlot/cereal grains in improving feed efficiency and reducing by-products such as methane in ruminants
Cattle can convert sunlight into high quality foods via the process of microbial fermentation of plantstuffs in the rumen. Unfortunately, losses of carbon and energy associated with the fermentation of feedstuffs comes in the form of CO2 and CH4, which are greenhouse gases of increasing importanc...
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Ruminal protein breakdown and ammonia assimilation
Ruminal nitrogen (N) metabolism has long been associated with adequate degradation of fiber, feed intake, and productivity by ruminants. To reduce environmental impact, minimizing N waste per N intake oversimplifies the issue. Instead, animal product per unit of dietary N should be optimized, thu...
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Nutritional factors affecting greenhouse gas production from ruminants: implications for enteric and manure emissions
Ruminants are significant contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Mitigating enteric and manure methane (CH4) production have been explored, but often in isolation of other GHG. Lowering enteric CH4 emissions can cause unintended increases in GHG from manure. Considering the comple...
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The rumen wall microbiota community
The rumen microbes are usually divided into three distinct groups based on their habitats: the planktonic microbiota, feed particle associated microbiota, and the epimural microbiota. Among these three groups of microorganisms, the epimural community is the least studied and understood. Although ...
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