This chapter explores the current state of research, knowledge and practice of community-based conservation in the context of continued farmer-driven processes and the emergence of diverse external interventions. Autonomous community-based conservation is largely powered by farmer demand for crop diversity. Cultural, provisioning and regulating ecosystem services play an essential role. It is argued that an enhanced understanding of the drivers and rationales influencing farmers decision-making continues to be essential under the current scenario of accelerated global change. A large and diverse portfolio of exogenous interventions have emerged since on-farm conservation has become a development issue. A variety of different interventions designed to support on-farm conservation for are reviewed. This chapter also highlights the need for an effective monitoring framework for community-based management of crop genetic resources. Such a systems could enhance the measurement, metrics and intelligence underlying the on-farm conservation status of crops and landraces.