This chapter reviews the key steps in conservation and the use of plant genetic diversity. It begins by providing an example of a model which includes a series of steps starting with the full range of genetic diversity for all the target plant taxa, through the prioritisation of target taxa, the planning and the implementation of conservation action, leading through characterisation and evaluation, and utilisation in the development of novel crop varieties by farmers and/or breeders. The chapter then goes on to discuss conservation planning which is then followed by a review of the different strategies and techniques that are used in conservation. A section on the link between conservation and utilization is also included, before providing a conclusion that emphasises the importance of maintaining the current wealth of natural plant diversity.