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Viral metagenomics and sugarcane pathogens
Plant viral metagenomics has recently proved effective for studying the collection of plant viruses. The advent of metagenomics-based approaches has led to the discovery and characterization of new plant viruses. This chapter describes the plant virus metagenomics methods developed during the las...
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Ensuring biosecurity in sugarcane cultivation
Biosecurity in sugarcane cultivation is an important factor in maintaining and improving yields. It can refer to the day-to-day management of established pests, diseases and weeds, as well as preparing for unusual threats to the industry, and safeguarding agriculture and natural resources. This c...
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Diseases affecting grain legumes and their management
Legume plants are peculiarly susceptible to diseases due to their association with Rhizobium bacteria, their large seeds and stress intolerance. Specific and generalist disease species are well documented, but pathogen virulence evolves rapidly making management a continual challenge. This challe...
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Sugarcane genome sequencing and genetic mapping
Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is one of the most important crops for producing sugar and bioethanol, and breeding for superior sugarcane cultivars would benefit significantly from available genetic and genomic resources. This chapter explains the difficulties of sequencing and mapping the genome of ...
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Recent progress in understanding three major bacterial diseases of sugarcane: gumming, leaf scald and ratoon stunting
This chapter describes recent insights provided by genomic and microscopy analyses of three bacterial pathogens of sugar cane, ‘Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum’, X. albilineans and Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli, the causal agents of gumming, leaf scald and ratoon stunting, respectively. The chap...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of oil palm volume 2
The second in this two-volume sequence discusses advances in understanding and managing pests and diseases. It also reviews ways of assessing its nutritional qualities as well as in measuring and minimising its environment impact.
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of soybeans volume 2
The second volume in this two-volume collection focusses on ways of improving the management of pests and diseases of soybean. It also reviews research on improving the nutritional value and shelf-life of soybeans as well as its uses in animal feed and biodiesel.
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Integrated pest management in wheat cultivation
This chapter provides an overview of integrated pest management (IPM) in wheat cultivation. IPM uses biological, cultural and chemical methods in a compatible way. A wide variety of biological control agents contribute to pest control in wheat and successful IPM strategies require looking at the ...
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Integrated weed management in maize cultivation: an overview
Maize (Zea mays L.) is among the most important cereals of the world. Weeds are one of the major constraints that reduce maize productivity. In this chapter, we discuss the impact of weeds on maize cultivation and the possible ways to control weeds in maize. In addition to herbicides, integrated ...
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Insect pests of tea: caterpillars and other seasonal, occasional and minor pests
This chapter focuses on seasonal, occasional and minor pests of tea, which cause damage to tea plants largely through feeding processes. The chapter considers a variety of factors associated with each of these pests, including their geographical distribution, appearance, the damage caused and the...
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Economically important insect pests of maize
Maize yields in most sub-Saharan African countries remain low, at 0.5 to 1.0 ton/ha. While some of this yield disparity can be attributed to the use of open-pollinated varieties (OPVs), much of the yield reduction is a result of numerous economically damaging insect pests. This chapter describes ...
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Improving crop pest/disease modeling
Dissemination of crop pests and diseases occurs through both natural and anthropogenic processes, facilitated by the increasing interconnectedness of the global food chain. Food security depends on our ability to manage crop pests and diseases effectively. This chapter offers a brief overview of ...
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Rapid response to disease outbreaks in maize cultivation: the case of maize lethal necrosis
Emerging plant diseases (EPDs) can cause significant losses of revenue due to decreased production and the high costs of controlling epidemics. Effective control of EPDs relies on rapid detection, accurate diagnosis, timely deployment of preventive responses and containment to prevent geographic ...
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Controlling aflatoxins in maize in africa: strategies, challenges and opportunities for improvement
Maize is subject to pre- and post-harvest contamination with aflatoxins, which are acutely toxic, immunosuppressive, mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic compounds. This chapter describes in detail the current strategies employed for aflatoxin control and the challenges associated with them, i...
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Control of rodent pests in maize cultivation: the case of africa
Rodents cause significant damage to maize at sowing, seedling and maturity stages . The major rodent pest species of maize in Africa are Mastomys and Arvicanthis spp. Rodent management programmes in this continent have been reactive but have not considered the population ecology of the target spe...
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Wheat pests: introduction, rodents and nematodes
Three major groups of organisms cause biotic stress in wheat: pests, diseases and weeds. This chapter and the chapter that follows are about wheat pests. Three major pest taxa affect wheat: rodents, nematodes and arthropods. Rodents and nematodes are introduced in this first chapter, along with u...
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The impact of climate change on wheat insect pests: current knowledge and future trends
Assessments of sustainability of wheat production systems under climate change must eventually include projected impacts on pests, weeds and diseases. Generating these projections is challenging because of the various mechanisms by which climate change can influence prevalence and impacts of thes...
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Wheat pests: insects, mites, and prospects for the future
Wheat pests are the subject of this chapter and the previous one. There are four major taxa of wheat pests. Rodents and nematodes were discussed in the previous chapter. Insects and mites are discussed in this chapter. Case studies are presented for eight species: Hessian fly, orange wheat blosso...
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Nematodes associated with maize
Plant-feeding, or plant-parasitic, nematodes are ubiquitous in soils that support plant growth, and at least one species is usually present in association with the roots or shoots of maize. However, the macro-effects of phytophagous nematodes are notoriously difficult to test and measure, and de...
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Instant insights: plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria
This collection features four peer-reviewed literature reviews on plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in agriculture.
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of maize volume 2
Volume 2 covers methods for improving maize cultivation, from seed selection to nutrition, irrigation and techniques such as intercropping. It also reviews research on key pests and diseases and methods for their control in making cultivation more efficient and sustainable.
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Natural antifungal compounds for the control of diseases in wheat and other cereals
Secondary metabolites are essential when considering the ecological context in which an organism operates. They have an array of functions, related to signalling and dealing with biotic and abiotic stress situations. For defence against pathogenic fungi, plants can synthesize various metabolites....
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of sugarcane volume 2
Sugarcane cultivation faces a range of challenges to improve yields sustainably. This volumes reviews how these challenges can be addressed through developments in breeding as well as better management of pests and diseases.
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Integrated disease management of wheat and barley
Diseases remain a serious problem in cereal cultivation. The first parts of the book review current research on fungal diseases of cereals and the challenge of fungicide resistance. The book then discusses breeding resistant varieties and methods for integrated disease management of cereals.
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Diseases affecting wheat: tan spot
Tan spot is a major fungal disease of wheat worldwide and a significant economic challenge facing growers. Here, we summarise common disease management strategies, including cultural practices, fungicide control and varietal resistance. We review the host–pathogen interaction and genetics of dise...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of sorghum volume 1
Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal crop (after rice, maize, wheat and barley). The first volume in this two-volume collection reviews advances in understanding sorghum physiology and genetics as well as developments in breeding new varieties and their more efficient cultivation.
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Challenges and prospects for fungicidal control of wheat diseases
As one of the world’s ‘big three’ cereal crops, wheat has a highly significant role to play in global food security, and therefore the prevention and management of diseases affecting wheat is of paramount importance. In this chapter, we consider the current status of global wheat production, the ...
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Occurrence and avoidance of fungicide resistance in cereal diseases
The targeted use of fungicides can help minimise the yield losses caused to grain cereals by plant pathogenic fungi. However, the long-term use of fungicide classes based on a single mode of action has imposed consistent selection pressures on certain pathogens. Over time, this has resulted in ma...
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A lesser-known pathogen of wheat: bipolaris sorokiniana
The filamentous fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana (teleomorph Cochliobolus sativus) is a necrotrophic cereal pathogen of significant concern in the warm, nontraditional wheat cropping regions of Southern Asia. B. sorokiniana is also recognised as the predominant causative agent of the disease complex ...
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Diseases affecting wheat and barley: rusts
Farmers using conventional fungicides for disease control face a number of challenges such as increased regulatory measures and the spread of fungicide resistance. This chapter sums up the wealth of research addressing this challenge, that has targeted understanding rust pathogens better, the dep...
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Plant protection products in rice cultivation: critical issues in risk assessment and management to promote sustainable use
The use of plant protection products (PPPs) is a key issue in ensuring the sustainability of rice cultivation. It is essential to evaluate the risks these products pose to human health and the environment, and to determine what measures are required to keep the risks within acceptable limits. Thi...
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Diseases affecting wheat: wheat blast
This chapter describes the characteristics, origin and spread of the causative agents of wheat blast, based on the experience of managing this disease in Brazil (where the first wheat blast epidemic was reported, in 1985, which still causes great losses). Although many aspects of the disease’s oc...
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Developments in diagnostic techniques for cereal pathogens
Cereal pests and diseases can significantly reduce potential crop yields. Correct and timely identification in-field is key to their control. This chapter summarizes and evaluates some of the many available methods for detection of pests and diseases, ranging from classical methods of plant patho...
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Diseases affecting wheat: septoria tritici blotch
Septoria tritici blotch (STB) is one of the most common and economically important diseases of wheat worldwide. This chapter evaluates various methods of disease management, considering the key developments of recent decades, the major challenges encountered and the future trajectory of this work...
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Trends in exploring wheat and barley germplasm for novel disease resistance traits
Wheat and barley are major food crops grown for human consumption worldwide, yet the sustained production of these important cereals continues to be threatened by rapidly evolving fungal pathogens. This chapter highlights recent advancements in phenotyping, genotyping and other breeding technolog...
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Fusarium diseases: biology and management perspectives
World cereal production faces the challenge of increasing productivity while reducing its environmental footprint. Diseases like Fusarium head blight that reduce yield and quality of the harvest are controlled mainly with agricultural practices and fungicides. These measures have been shown to be...
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Diseases affecting wheat and barley: powdery mildew
Powdery mildew pathogens are among the most important cereal disease-causing organisms, and can result in significant losses in yield and reductions in grain quality. They pose a significant challenge for barley and wheat agricultural production systems. This chapter aims to provide an overview o...
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Weed management of maize grown under temperate conditions: the case of europe and the united states
This chapter reviews the impact of weeds on maize grown under temperate conditions, with a particular focus on the situation in the United States and Europe. It discusses current weed management systems and the herbicide resistance issues that have developed through the continuous use of herbicid...
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Advances in control of wheat rust
Rusts are feared diseases of wheat. Despite the many resources invested into genetics of rust resistance, the lack of durability of resistance in wheat and the availability of low-cost fungicides have led to widespread reliance on chemical control. This reliance is unsustainable in the long term...
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Diseases affecting wheat: septoria nodorum blotch
Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB) is an important disease affecting wheat in many of its production areas around the world, and is caused by the ascomycete fungal pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum. Breeding for SNB resistance has been hampered by the polygenic and quantitative nature of the resistanc...
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Smart farms
This collection reviews recent advances in processing and analysing data to provide actionable outcomes for farmers to be able to achieve a more sustainable agriculture and reduce the sector’s contribution to climate change.
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Mitigating the impact of environmental, social and economic issues on sugarcane cultivation to achieve sustainability
Mitigating the impact of sugarcane cultivation on the environment and ensuring both economic and social sustainability is key to successful and enduring sugar industries. This chapter focuses on the impact of agrochemical use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and how these may be mitigated. Pe...
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Robotics and automation for improving agriculture
Robotics has great potential in improving productivity and precision in agriculture. The book reviews advances in technologies such as machine vision and control systems, as well as applications from crop planting, fertilisation, pest and weed management to livestock production.
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Instant insights: life cycle assessment (lca) of crops
This collection features five peer-reviewed literature reviews on life cycle assessment (LCA) of crops.
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The status of mechanization in conservation agriculture systems
Mechanization is a fundamental input in sustainable agriculture. The global scaling-up of Conservation Agriculture (CA) has been followed by the development of new machinery designs, for different field and crop conditions, with participation of farmers, industries, researchers and other stakehol...
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Managing perennial conservation agriculture systems: orchards, plantations and agroforestry
Perennial CA systems offer a range of productivity and ecosystem benefits to resource-poor smallholder farmers as well as to larger-scale producers managing orchards and plantations. Given the attractive economic and environmental value-adding characteristics of perennial CA systems, it is expect...
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Harnessing ecosystem services with conservation agriculture
This chapter presents the relationship between Conservation Agriculture (CA) and ecosystem services. Ecosystem services comprise resources and processes supplied by nature that benefit farmers and societies. Services that benefit farmers operate in production fields and those that benefit societi...
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Insect pest and disease management practices and benefits in conservation agriculture systems: a case of push–pull practice
This chapter reviews the dissemination, adoption and benefits of the push-pull cropping system in Conservation Agriculture (CA), an innovation that was developed and promoted by the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) and partners with a view to addressing some of the bi...
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Crop and cropping systems management practices and benefits in conservation agriculture systems
Conservation Agriculture (CA) offers a pragmatic option for improving soil health, crop productivity and resilience, generating biomass, increasing factor productivity and total output, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Most crops, including cereal, legume, oilseed, fibre and vegetable crops...
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The need for conservation agriculture
The chapter describes the root causes of the degrading nature of the dominant conventional tillage agriculture. It argues that the paradigm of conventional tillage agriculture is ecologically unsustainable and not fit for purpose, at any level of development, to meet present and future societal n...
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Weed management practices and benefits in conservation agriculture systems
Conservation Agriculture (CA) systems are often perceived as relying heavily on herbicides for weed management with no margin for herbicide input reduction. This perception results from production systems that are focussed mainly on the minimum soil disturbance component or no-till, but neglectin...
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Social benefits of conservation agriculture systems
Despite the small number of specific articles and reports on the subject, social benefits of CA cover several areas such as farmers’ organisation, soil governance and water conservation, social capital and community development, food security and nutritional aspects that are reviewed in this chap...
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Benefits of conservation agriculture to farmers and society
Conservation Agriculture (CA) describes farming systems where the soil is not tilled, crop residues remain on the soil surface, and crop rotation is practised. CA emulates as closely as possible natural vegetation systems. This chapter presents the benefits of CA to farmers and society. The first...
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Development of conservation agriculture systems globally
This chapter outlines the development of Conservation Agriculture (CA) system globally in terms of its origins, pioneers and champions, main drivers for its spread, CA systems involved, regional adoption, challenges and future prospects. Reducing soil disturbance by tillage began in the USA in th...
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Institutional and policy support for conservation agriculture uptake
Conservation Agriculture (CA) has been adopted by farmers in at least 78 countries around the world in response to land degradation from intensive tillage and monoculture production systems. Since pioneer farmers started the CA development journey five decades ago it has been refined into a susta...
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Integration of crop-livestock in conservation agriculture systems
This chapter draws heavily on Brazilian experience, not only because of author affiliations, but due to the fact that Brazil is a current world leader in ICL-CA and in Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forestry management systems under CA (ICLF-CA) adoption and research, currently with 11.5 million hecta...
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Practice and benefits of conservation agriculture systems
This chapter discusses Conservation Agriculture as a basis for sustainable soil, land and natural resource management and production intensification. It reviews the process of transforming conventional systems into Conservation Agriculture systems and provides an overview of the main practices an...
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Soil management practices and benefits in conservation agriculture systems
Conservation Agriculture (CA) is known to deliver ecosystem services, maintain the soil potential productivity and improve the resource-use efficiency as well as the natural resources. It adapts to and mitigates climate change and leads to a more efficient use of inputs hence reducing production ...
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Conservation agriculture systems: soil health and landscape management
At the core of Conservation Agriculture (CA) is the transformation towards soil health and systems management innovation with emphasis on regenerative carbon management. This chapter documents the role of CA systems in relation to soil health and soil function. The three principles of: 1) permane...
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Precision agriculture for sustainability
By using resources more efficiently, precision agriculture can make farming more productive and sustainable. This collection reviews current research on key technologies in precision agriculture and its applications.
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The economics of precision agriculture
This chapter reviews data on the use of precision agriculture (PA) in agronomic crops production, examines whether economic research has correctly predicted PA technologies adopted by farmers and identifies several PA technologies that recent economic research has identified as having profit and...
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Airborne and satellite remote sensors for precision agriculture
Remote sensing provides an important source of information to characterize soil and crop variability for both within-season and after-season management despite the availability of numerous ground-based soil and crop sensors. Remote sensing applications in precision agriculture have been steadily ...
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Site-specific nutrient management systems
Site-specific nutrient management systems were created to manage for spatial and temporal variability in biophysical factors that determine the availability and demand of crop nutrients. These systems differ among geographical regions in the information utilized and the way they operate to accomp...
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Intelligent machinery for precision agriculture
The innovative core of modern precision agriculture is the use of agricultural machinery to perform precise, responsive field operations in large-scale mechanized precision crop production. Integration of autonomous functions into such machinery will endow it with capabilities which could be desc...
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Spray technologies in precision agriculture
The application of plant protection products plays a key role in the production of most crops. This chapter examines equipment designed to operate with field crops; however, many of the principles discussed will relate to other application systems. The chapter describes features of field crop spr...
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Precision livestock farming and pasture management systems
Precision livestock farming (PLF) focuses on individual animal monitoring and management. Precision pasture/rangeland management is concerned with monitoring and dealing with landscape spatial and temporal variability whilst considering the influence that animals bring to these systems. This chap...
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Precision crop protection systems
The spatial distribution of plant pests within crops is often heterogeneous, at least during some growth periods. Within-field heterogeneity implies that plants at some sites may need pest control while plants at other sites do not. Automated detection, identification and quantification of diseas...
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Site-specific irrigation systems
Conventional irrigation management is based on uniform application of water across a field, which may result in both over- and under-irrigation. This chapter focuses on site-specific variable rate irrigation using center pivot and lateral move irrigation systems, which are mainly used for row-cro...
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Precision weed management systems
Weed populations in arable fields are often spatially and temporally heterogeneous, and high-density weed patches require intensive weed management. In areas with no or few weeds, input for weed control can be reduced. This chapter describes manual and geographic information system–based weed map...
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The use of unmanned aerial systems (uass) in precision agriculture
The rapid development of small unmanned aerial systems (UASs) in recent years has triggered considerable interest in their application for precision agriculture. The decreasing cost, the ultra-high spatial resolution and the increased flexibility of image acquisition have made UAS remote sensing ...
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Key challenges and methods in identifying management zones
Management zones (MZs) are delineated to identify homogenous regions with similar field characteristics and to differentiate the inputs according to the specific needs of the crops within each zone. Delineation of MZs can be based on soil and landscape attributes and/or plant parameters. There ar...
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Modelling and decision support systems in precision agriculture
Decision support systems (DSSs) are computerized systems, including models and databases, for decision-making purposes. In a precision agriculture (PA) framework, spatial and temporal requirements for DSSs are of particular importance but dealing with uncertainties and human aspects leading to ad...
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Precision tillage systems
The commercial development of information-intensive precision agriculture technologies has given rise to a number of applications aimed at improving agricultural production through site-specific management, including precision tillage. This chapter describes developments in on-the-go soil strengt...
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Variable-rate seeding systems for precision agriculture
Variable-rate seeding (VRS) is the practice of adjusting the seeding rate or amount across a field in order to maximize yield and profit. This method of precision agriculture relies on site-specific data such as soil type, landscape position and yield maps. In the last decade, adoption of this me...
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Variable-rate application technologies in precision agriculture
The approach of precision agriculture (PA) can be viewed as cyclical in nature, involving data collection, development of management plans, implementation of those plans in the field and evaluation of the effort. This chapter examines the characteristics of variable-rate application (VRA) control...
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Proximal crop sensing
Today’s farmers are increasingly reliant on sensors for their farming operations. This chapter addresses the use of proximal sensors to evaluate a crop during the growing season. After briefly discussing the importance of sensors in modern farming and the crop properties which are of interest, we...
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Proximal soil surveying and monitoring techniques
The understanding of soil fertility is fundamental to agricultural production. However, soils can show great variation both spatially and temporally. This chapter outlines the key challenges faced in monitoring such variation and the solutions that have been developed and further employed to aid ...
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Controlled traffic farming in precision agriculture
In the past few decades, there has been a continuous drive towards the development and adoption of larger, and more powerful, agricultural machinery. Larger machinery is often related with timeliness, higher work rates and lower labour requirements, which has led to significant improvements both ...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of sugarcane volume 1
Sugarcane is the source of 80% of the world’s sugar. This volume reviews key research on improving sugarcane production, focussing on enhancing cultivation techniques such as irrigation and nutrient management as well as measuring and improving sustainability.
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Improving water management in winter wheat
Globally, winter wheat is mainly grown in Eurasia, China, Iran and the United States. Some areas have high precipitation, while other areas require irrigation for high yield in winter wheat. Nevertheless, drought stress can significantly reduce winter wheat yields, even in high precipitation envi...
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Quality parameters and testing methods in rice cultivation
Quality parameters and the ability to test when these have been satisfied are essential for delivering a consistent, high-quality product to consumers, and important for the development of new rice varieties with desired characteristics. This chapter begins by focusing on technology for assessing...
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Biofortified golden rice: an additional intervention for vitamin a deficiency
This chapter reviews the development of ‘Golden Rice’, a biofortified variety with enhanced β-carotene designed as a health intervention to help alleviate the problem of vitamin A deficiency (VAD). It also reviews the origins of Golden Rice, product development, as well as current challenges, to ...
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Genetic and other factors affecting wheat quality
Wheat quality derives from interactions between the components of the kernel. In turn these components are themselves collections of multiple sub-components. Many components are under genetic control and are modulated, if not profoundly influenced, by growing conditions. This chapter focuses on t...
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Agronomic and environmental factors affecting rice grain quality
Recent research has shown the importance of both cultivation practices and environmental factors in determining the yield and quality of rice crops. These aspects of rice production are increasingly important given the need to develop sustainable production techniques which will provide food secu...
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Good planting and cultivation practices in sugarcane production
Plant crop establishment provides an opportunity to ensure that best management practices (BMPs) are identified and implemented or continued on-farm. If it is not done well, the ensuing crop could be negatively affected. This chapter focusses on a philosophy of BMP associated with sugarcane farmi...
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Advances in sugarcane irrigation for optimisation of water supply
A long-standing water deficit outside the pre-harvest stage may reduce sugarcane yield and, as climate changes, irrigation presents a major challenge to improving sugarcane crop performance and extending cultivated areas. This chapter describes the water requirements of sugarcane and current irri...
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Measuring wheat quality
Wheat quality depends on the genetic make-up of a particular wheat sample. The environment in which it is grown then influences this quality potential. This chapter describes the effects of protein and starch on wheat quality, and the way these components give rise to wheat properties considered...
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Crop modelling to support sustainable sugarcane cultivation
The chapter describes the use of crop simulation models to support research and management of sustainable cultivation of sugarcane. It supplies case studies of strategic applications, including benchmarking of crop productivity and resource use and assessing environmental impacts of current opera...
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