Biosecurity in sugarcane cultivation is an important factor in maintaining and improving yields. It can refer to the day-to-day management of established pests, diseases and weeds, as well as preparing for unusual threats to the industry, and safeguarding agriculture and natural resources. This chapter focusses on the sugarcane industry’s preparedness for exotic pathogens, describing techniques such as pest risk analysis, quarantine control and surveys. The chapter discusses emerging technologies and examines and compares current guidelines. Finally, the chapter presents a case study of the 2006 sugarcane smut incursion in Australia.