Maize yields in most sub-Saharan African countries remain low, at 0.5 to 1.0 ton/ha. While some of this yield disparity can be attributed to the use of open-pollinated varieties (OPVs), much of the yield reduction is a result of numerous economically damaging insect pests. This chapter describes the main below- and above-ground pests of maize, as well as pests of stored maize products, and includes a detailed case study of management of the life cycle of the European corn borer in the United States. The chapter assesses potential future directions for research in this area and provides detailed guidance on where to find further information on the topic.