Collection: Technology & Engineering
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Soil organic carbon sequestration and climate change
Anthropogenic activities, in particular the burning of fossil fuels and land use changes, have resulted in a substantial increase in greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere, which are causing measurable climate change. Climate change directly affects agricultural production and food security th...
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Instant insights: nitrogen-use efficiency
This book reviews recent advances in optimising nitrogen-use efficiency in an era where farmers are required to reduce their on-farm environmental impacts, whilst also maximising crop productivity and yields.
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Fostering carbon sequestration in humid tropical and subtropical soils
In the warm and humid tropics and subtropics, conservation agriculture, based on no-tillage and cropping systems with high biomass production, creates a positive balance between the output and input of carbon (C), which increases soil organic C (SOC) stocks by 0.3–0.6 Megagrams per hectare per ye...
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Agricultural traffic management systems and soil health
This chapter examines the relationship between agricultural traffic and soil compaction. It begins by reviewing research on how agricultural traffic affects soil compaction as well as ways of measuring soil compaction and its effects. It then discusses a range of potential techniques to avoid soi...
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Contaminants in agricultural soils
It’s been estimated that around 24 billion tonnes of fertile topsoil is lost each year due to historic and ongoing pollution. With increasing pressure placed upon land as a resource, there is an urgent need to make better use of existing agricultural land, as well as remediate contaminated land f...
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Understanding and utilising soil microbiomes for a more sustainable agriculture
This collection summarises the wealth of recent research in understanding the fundamental importance of soil microbiomes in optimising soil and crop health. The book reviews advances in analytical techniques, the composition and dynamics of soil microbial communities and how they can be enhanced ...
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Improving soil health
This collection summarises current research on the effects of different management strategies on the physical, chemical and biological properties of soils. It assesses the viability of these management strategies, including zero tillage and intercropping, as a means for improving crop yield, ecos...
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Management of carbonate-rich soils and trade-offs with soil inorganic carbon cycling
Carbonate-rich soils are common in many arid and semiarid areas. Many of them are cultivated, and agriculture is expanding by the spreading of irrigation. Although the soil mineral fraction has been usually considered little or not affected by agricultural management in the short term, increasing...
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Optimizing forest management for soil carbon sequestration
This chapter summarizes the effects of different forest management practices on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and discusses whether and how they can be optimized under climate change. Afforestation and reforestation of C depleted arable soils typically increase SOC stocks, but on C-rich soils...
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Legal issues of implementing agricultural soil organic carbon sequestration as negative emission technology
Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils is emerging as a promising way to combat climate change by contributing to the removal of carbon dioxide from the earth's atmosphere. To this end, it can be considered as one of the negative emission technologies. The transition to the concrete implement...
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Measuring and monitoring soil carbon sequestration
The monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration following management changes is complex due to the multitude of influencing factors related to ecosystem processes but also due to (socio-)economic or legal requirements. Several protocols for MRV applicat...
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Innovative agriculture management to foster soil organic carbon sequestration
There is a need to develop new strategies to maintain and increase food production on degraded agricultural soils while decreasing the environmental impact of agricultural production. These strategies can be based on the concept of soil as a ‘natural bioreactor”, including modulation of Al/Fe com...
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Cover crops for sustainable soil management
This book provides a comprehensive review of the wealth of research on the varied roles of cover crops as a key tool in regenerative agriculture, how best to deploy them, as well as optimising use of different classes of cover crops in promoting soil health.
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Contaminants in agricultural soils
This book reviews current research on the key types of contaminants in agricultural soils, including heavy metals, antibiotic and pesticide residues, as well as recent advances in bioremediation and phytoremediation techniques to manage these contaminants.
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Digital tools for assessing soil organic carbon at farm and regional scale
This chapter explores the digital tools for assessing soil organic carbon at farm and regional scale. It first reviews monitoring, reporting and verification frameworks, which is then followed by a discussion of the sampling strategies that can be used for soil organic carbon estimation. A sectio...
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Management of soil carbon sequestration in urban areas
As urbanisation continues to increase globally, there is increasing focus on urban soils, their potential for soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration as well as the broad range of other ecosystem services they can deliver. Urban soils are heterogeneous ranging from relic soils of ecosystems befor...
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Understanding soil organic carbon dynamics at larger scales
This chapter focuses on the effects of biotic and abiotic factors controlling soil organic carbon dynamics at continental to global scales. On the side of natural effects, it highlights processes that can control carbon inputs, turnover and stabilization in soils. On the side of anthropogenic eff...
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Modeling soil organic carbon dynamics, carbon sequestration and the climate benefit of sequestration
Mathematical models are essential for integrating different processes that control rates of soil carbon dynamics and for assessing carbon sequestration and the related climate benefits. Many models have been proposed in the literature, with no overall consensus on the best model that can provide ...
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Economic considerations for the development of a carbon farming scheme
This chapter presents the current state of carbon markets and some of the challenges faced by individual producers, private companies and governments interested in carbon farming. The chapter identifies the two primary payment design mechanisms proposed for carbon payments and the complexities fa...
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Soil organic carbon on the political agenda
This chapter reviews the challenges in ensuring that soil health (particularly soil organic carbon as a key component of soil health) is fully recognised and integrated into relevant global and regional agreements, legislation and policy. As a case study it assesses the development, progress and ...
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Understanding and preventing soil erosion
This collection reviews the range of research on understanding the mechanisms of soil erosion, as well as advances in techniques for measuring erosion. The book also addresses recent developments in mitigation strategies to reduce soil erosion such as zero/no-tillage, buffer strips and soil stabi...
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Soil health and climate change: a critical nexus
A healthy soil has the capacity to sustain biological activity, maintain environmental quality and promote plant and animal health. This chapter reviews the impact of climate change on the key components of soil health, including soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Holistically, un...
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Supporting smallholders in maintaining soil health: key challenges and strategies
Smallholder farmers are important stewards of global soil resources with strong linkages between livelihoods, global poverty and soil health There is no single method to engage with smallholder farmers in managing soil health, as they are a diverse group scattered across multiple geographies, soi...
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Soil texture and structure: role in soil health
Soil texture is a major parameter in quantifying basic soil properties. Healthy soils are well aggregated and provide a continuous pore system with high surface accessibility. They are well aerated, contain sufficient plant available water and provide a reliable filter and buffer capacity. This c...
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Plant–soil interactions: an overview
Plant–soil interactions are the prime mechanism for integrating the impacts of the aerial environment, animals (including plant shoot symbionts and pathogens), plant shoot physiology, plant root physiology and structure, the soil microbiome and soil chemistry and structure into what is commonly t...
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Integrated soil health management: a framework for soil conservation and regeneration
Soil function is an interplay of physical, chemical and biological processes, and soil microbes play a direct role in driving soil chemical and physical processes important for overall ecosystem function. This chapter highlights some of the known impacts of management strategies on soil health, c...
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Pesticide use and biodiversity in soils
Pesticides are applied to agricultural systems in high quantities relative to other synthetic compounds and therefore have considerable effects on soil microbial communities and their functions. Although pesticides undergo considerable evaluation for efficacy in controlling target pests in agroec...
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Mechanisms of soil erosion/degradation
Soil degradation threatens soil health in terms of soils functioning as complex living biological systems, delivering multiple ecosystem goods and services. For example, soil erosion removes the most fertile topsoil, reducing soil depth and soil health, which leads to poor crop growth. This impac...
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Chemical composition of soils: role in soil health
Integrated nutrient management systems that use a holistic approach, using inorganic fertilizers as well as management practices aimed to increase soil organic matter, are needed to improve soil health. Management practices need to take into account differences in soil properties, climate and ava...
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Nutrient cycling in soils
Sustainable agricultural systems must enable profitable production of sufficient high-quality crops to meet human demands while simultaneously minimising off-site impacts. Though simple chemical equilibrium plays a part, nutrient cycling processes in soil are largely the outcome of biochemical pr...
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Conservation grass hedges and soil health parameters
Grass hedges, narrow (<2 m) strips of tall and stiff-stemmed perennial grass planted within croplands, are an innovative conservation practice to improve the health of the soils. Integrating grass hedges with food crops is a potential strategy to reduce erosion, improve soil health and wildlif...
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Soil and soil health: an overview
Soil health is an urgent concern because of the need to manage soil resources better to meet food and other security imperatives. The different meanings of soil ‘quality’ and ‘health’ are explained. Soil health is defined as an integrative property of the biotic and abiotic components of the soil...
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Soil microorganisms: role in soil health
Soil is a complex environment that supports the largest, most diverse and resilient microbial community on the planet, essential for nutrient cycling and plant growth. The details of many soil microorganisms remain unknown, but the recent improvements in molecular methods for microbial ecology h...
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The role of soil fauna in soil health and delivery of ecosystem services
Soil fauna includes microscopic organisms such as nematodes (microfauna), mites and springtails (mesofauna), up to larger invertebrates such as worms, spiders, ants, termites and beetles (macrofauna) and vertebrates (megafauna) such as amphibians, reptiles and mammals. This chapter explains how t...
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The economics of soil health
Soil health management practices and systems can be important tools for farmers to realize on-farm benefits associated with decreased erosion, improved levels of soil organic matter and improved soil structure and function. This chapter describes existing research on the economics of soil health ...
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Soil ecosystem services: an overview
Ecosystem services provided by soil can be supporting (e.g. providing primary production and biodiversity) or regulatory (e.g. erosion control, water infiltration, nutrient retention, atmospheric gas regulation and pest control). This chapter explains how ecosystem services benefit human welfare ...
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Manure and compost management to maintain soil health
This chapter discusses the role of manure and compost in maintaining soil health in relation to the use of inorganic fertilizer. It reviews best management practices in using manure and the effects of increased manure use, including resolving problems related to excess manure. The chapter reviews...
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Managing soil health for sustainable agriculture volume 2
Soil health is critical to a successful agriculture. This second volume reviews ways of classifying and measuring soils and their properties. It then discusses ways soil health can be maintained or enhanced to ensure sustainable agricultural production, as well as regional case studies of managin...
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Managing soil health for sustainable agriculture volume 1
There is a growing concern that both intensive agriculture in the developed world and rapid expansion of agriculture in the developing world is damaging soil health. This volume reviews advances in our understanding of soil structure and dynamics which form the foundation for effective soil manag...
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Biological indicators of soil health in organic cultivation
This chapter reviews the range of physical, chemical and biological indicators of soil health and how they can be used in practice, in this case focussing on measuring soil health in organic vegetable cultivation and, in particular, the effects of adding organic amendments to soil. Measures inclu...
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Drainage requirements to maintain soil health
The effective management of soil water conditions is essential for ensuring healthy plant growth and optimum yield. Drainage is the primary technique by which producers keep soil water conditions at or near optimum for plant growth. A well-designed drainage system may result in a number of benefi...
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The impact of heavy metal contamination on soil health
Heavy metal pollution often results in the degradation of soil health. The term ‘soil health’ or ‘soil quality’ is used to express the status of the soil’s functional ability in the ecosystem, as indicated by its physical, chemical and biological properties. Contamination of heavy metals above th...
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Soil health assessment and inventory: indices and databases
It is increasingly appreciated that the soil resource embodies significant natural capital supporting valuable ecosystem services, yet soil natural capital and ecosystem services are threatened by land degradation at the same time as they become more central to efforts to expand food production t...
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Optimising fertiliser use to maintain soil health
Maintaining the health of soils, and therefore their capacity to carry out the ecosystem functions necessary for sustainable food production, is a complex and evolving area of science. This chapter examines management of mineral fertilisers and organic manures in relation to its effects on soil h...
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Managing soil health in organic cultivation
Although organic standards do not refer directly to soil health, organic agriculture has the potential to improve soil health and environmental services by promoting soil conservation and reducing greenhouse gases. This chapter presents findings from a field experiment which continuously monitore...
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Maintaining soil health in dryland areas
Drylands cover 40% of the global terrestrial space and are home for 2 billion people, often the most vulnerable. Land use is dominated by rangelands and much less by croplands, while barren areas with sparse vegetation mixed with rock outcrops are widespread. In spite of their hostile nature, dry...
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Modelling soil organic matter dynamics as a soil health indicator
The presence of soil organic matter (SOM) is seen as essential for soil health. Modelling SOM in soils helps researchers and farmers understand and predict the effects of different cultivation practices on changes in SOM. This chapter reviews key issues in SOM modelling and the development of inc...
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Effects of crop rotations and intercropping on soil health
There has been an increasing interest in evaluating the health of soil resources motivated by the growing cognizance that soil is a critically important component of the earth’s biosphere, playing an important functional role not only in producing food and fibre, but also in maintaining ecosystem...
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Soil sampling for soil health assessment
A successful soil health study or project requires thorough planning. Accurate results in soil health assessment can be difficult to obtain due to complications from spatial, temporal and managerial variability. A well-planned soil health sampling design will ensure that the resulting data are re...
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Managing irrigation for soil health in arid and semi-arid regions
Irrigated arid and semi-arid regions of the world account for more than 40% of the global crop production. Managing soil health while simultaneously increasing water use efficiency in these areas is challenging, but critical to future global food security. This chapter describes production practi...
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Use of cover crops to promote soil health
Several principles are recommended for improving soil health, including keeping the soil covered, providing living roots as much of the year as possible, increasing biodiversity and reducing disturbance of the soil. Cover crops contribute to achieving all of these principles. In addition to their...
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Integrated disease management strategies in sugarcane cultivation
Sugarcane diseases cause severe losses to sugar production around the world. More than 100 bacterial, fungal, phytoplasma and viral diseases are present in sugarcane-growing areas worldwide. Some diseases are present in most sugarcane-growing regions while others are confined to specific countrie...
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Soil health assessment and maintenance in central and south-central brazil
Brazil has evolved from a food-insecure country in the early 1970s to one of the most important food producers and exporters in the world. Production has increased steadily and productivity gains have fostered a significant land-saving effect. However, wide variations in the landscape, soils, cli...
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Maintaining soil health in africa
Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has a wide variety of natural ecosystem resources, including soils, vegetation, water and genetic diversity. However, land degradation in SSA is intensifying at an alarming rate, and this region has the lowest agriculture and livestock yields of any region in the world. T...
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Progress in understanding and managing insect pests affecting sugarcane
This chapter describes major achievements in pest management in sugarcane agroecosystems based on applied research conducted in different countries. The focus of the chapter is on two major groups of pests: stalk borers (Lepidoptera) and white grubs (Coleoptera). Chapter sections address determin...
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Integrated weed management in sugarcane cultivation
Weeds reduce sugarcane yield by competing for water, nutrients and light. They may also act as alternative hosts for disease and insect pests and increase production costs and lower land value. Implementation of integrated weed management (IWM) in sugarcane is essential to reduce the negative imp...
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Progress in understanding fungal diseases affecting sugarcane: smut
Amongst the relevant issues impacting sugarcane agricultural practices are fungal diseases, such as sugarcane smut, that constitute a worldwide threat to the cultivation. Smut is caused by the biotrophic fungus Sporisorium scitamineum. After providing a historical perspective on the disease, this...
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Progress in understanding fungal diseases affecting sugarcane: rusts
Rust fungi (Uredinales or Pucciniales) are a globally distributed order of obligate parasitic fungi occurring on vascular plants. The typical symptom is a ‘rust-coloured’ (often orange or yellow) pustule on a plant leaf. Economically, rust fungi cause enormous crop losses, including in sugarcane....
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Advances in understanding of sugarcane plant growth and physiology
Crop yield in sugarcane is the result of how well the source leaves can supply the assimilates needed for the growth and filling of the harvestable plant. This is the source–sink relationship, which in sugarcane is still poorly understood. This chapter discusses the significant advances made in t...
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Advances in marker-assisted breeding of sugarcane
Sugarcane breeding has until very recently been based solely on phenotype, and marker-assisted breeding of sugarcane remains in its infancy compared with that of row crops such as maize and soybean. A major reason for this is the complex genetics of sugarcane. This chapter reviews the uses of DNA...
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Genetic improvement of sugarcane by transgenic, intragenic and genome editing technologies
The grand social, economic and environmental challenges of the twenty-first century are demanding the acceleration of the genetic improvement of sugarcane to sustainably produce sugar and biofuel and to support the emerging bio-based economy. This chapter focuses on the contributions and future p...
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Ensuring and exploiting the genetic diversity of sugarcane
The majority of cultivars in current commercial sugarcane breeding programmes trace back to a few key interspecific hybrids that were developed during the early 1900s. Sugarcane breeders have expressed concerns about the narrow sampling of ancestral clones in modern sugarcane breeding programmes,...
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Instant insights: phosphorus uptake and use in crops
This collection reviews the process of phosphorus acquisition in crops and considers the key soil, root and microbial processes that can influence the success of it. Chapters also consider recent developments in breeding programmes to improve phosphorus acquisition efficiency, as well as the envi...
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Instant insights: biostimulant applications in agriculture
This collection provides a comprehensive overview of the varied applications of biostimulants in agriculture, from their use as a tool in integrated pest management programmes to suppress pest infestations, to their utilisation as means of enhancing crop root function and nutrient use.
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Advances in using proximal ground penetrating radar sensors to assess soil health
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) can be used for a variety of agricultural applications. This chapter summarizes the GPR background needed to apply this technique to agriculture, including a review of basic principles, data acquisition, and data processing methods. Recent advances in each of these ...
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Advances in using proximal spectroscopic sensors to assess soil health
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is a method that has been successfully used to estimate soil organic carbon, organic matter, and numerous other properties related to soil health. In this chapter, we introduce the concept of soil health and the need for sensor-based soil health measurements. We t...
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Using proximal electromagnetic/electrical resistivity/electrical sensors to assess soil health
Soil health assessment can be understood as a synthetic approach using complex indicators including a variety of soil physical and biological characteristics. The electrical/electromagnetic properties, whilst limited in number, are directly linked with some of the most relevant soil parameters ch...
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Advances in remote/aerial sensing techniques for monitoring soil health
Remote sensing is a cost-effective method to monitor soil health. Compared with conventional monitoring station networks, it has improved spatial representativeness and no interference with farming activities. For the last few decades, microwave remote sensing has been tested on satellites for gl...
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Instant insights: organic soil amendments
This book provides a comprehensive overview of the range of organic soil amendments used throughout agriculture to improve soil health, including animal manure, compost and biofertilisers. Chapters also consider the environmental impact of their use and the tools used to optimise their efficiency
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Maximizing the efficiency of ribulose bisphosphate (rubp) regeneration to optimize photosynthesis in crops
Photosynthesis provides the carbon and energy for crop growth and many investigators are working to improve photosynthesis in the expectation that that will improve crop growth. There are many component processes to photosynthesis. One grouping of processes can be used to predict responses to the...
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Modifying canopy architecture to optimize photosynthesis in crops
Canopy architecture is described by the quantity and three-dimensional display of leaves in a crop canopy, which determines light interception and subsequent canopy photosynthesis. While many crop canopies were reshaped by selection during the Green Revolution, there is further opportunity for im...
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Interactions between photosynthesis and the circadian system
The rising and setting of the sun provides a regular transition between two starkly different environmental conditions for photosynthetic organisms such as plants. Since photosynthetic organisms rely on light as both an environmental signal and an energy source it is beneficial for plants to resp...
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Modifying photosystem antennas to improve light harvesting for photosynthesis in crops
All photosynthetic organisms contain a light-harvesting antenna system, in which pigments absorb solar photons and energy is delivered to the photochemical reaction centers, and subsequent biochemical reactions store it for cellular use. The identity and quantity of pigments and the proteins that...
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Sorghum diseases and their management in cultivation: stalk, root and other diseases
Of all the diseases affecting sorghum, root and stalk diseases are among the most damaging and difficult to control. This is due to their hidden nature and the fact that their symptoms often resemble abiotic stressors such as drought or freeze damage. This chapter presents an overview of some of ...
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Understanding the genetics of c₃ photosynthesis in crop plants
Understanding the genetics of C3 photosynthesis, particularly its regulation, is essential to undertake photosynthetic improvement. The expression of the photosynthesis-associated genes is regulated at different levels (transcriptional, post-transcriptional, post-translational), but very little i...
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Sorghum diseases and their management in cultivation: seedling, seed, panicle and foliar diseases
As sorghum continues to grow in significance in large parts of the world, attention is given to the many different types of disease that can affect this crop, and how they might be successfully avoided or managed. All physical structures and tissues of the sorghum plant may become diseased with o...
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Weed management in sorghum cultivation
Sorghum is, and will remain, an important crop in the USA, especially in marginal environments due to its low input requirements and high resilience. Weed management is a key production challenge for sorghum, and the herbicide tools available are very limited, particularly for post-emergence (POS...
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Insect pests and their management in sorghum cultivation
Integrated pest management (IPM) is a practical approach that uses a combination of methods, including cultural, biological and chemical controls, to keep pest abundance or damage below economic loss. This chapter describes ways to prevent damaging infestations, as well as evaluate pest abundanc...
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Post-harvest management of sorghum
Sorghum is an important cereal, especially in the developing world where it is a major food source in regions where other cereal crops would not withstand the harsh conditions. After summarising sorghum’s nutritional status and world production figures, this chapter presents post-harvest operatio...
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Climate-smart production of coffee
The coffee sector needs more sustainable methods of cultivation. This volume reviews the range of recent research addressing these challenges, from social and environmental sustainability to integrated management of pests and diseases based on agroecological principles.
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Assessing and managing the environmental and social impact of coffee production
This chapter reviews ways of measuring and improving the sustainability of coffee production systems, including good agricultural practices (GAP), life cycle assessment (LCA), ways of calculating the carbon footprint of coffee as well as methods for assessing social impacts. It also discusses way...
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Integrated weed management in coffee production
Coffee plants show very low initial growth rates and are usually grown in large-spacing inter-rows, which makes the crop highly sensitive to weed species competition. Therefore, the weeds must be efficiently managed. Considering that coffee is grown in many different production-systems worldwide,...
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Optimizing post-harvest practices in coffee cultivation
The objective of this chapter is to describe how coffee is processed, from picking coffee cherries to green coffee ready to be exported or roasted, and how to optimize each step in the processing chain.
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Insect pests affecting coffee: understanding agroecosystems and alternative methods of control
This chapter reviews some of the most important insect pests affecting coffee plantations worldwide. In each case the chapter discusses the damage they cause, insect biology and ecology, and how this understanding can be used to develop alternative more environmentally-friendly and sustainable me...
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Diseases affecting coffee: an overview
Among the various diseases of coffee, leaf rust, black rot, anthracnose, root diseases and nursery diseases are of particular importance, causing considerable damage every year in most coffee regions. Control measures are based on integrated disease management (IDM) techniques which include growi...
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The coffee sector and smallholder farmers
This chapter reviews the role of smallholders in coffee cultivation and the challenges they face. It reviews definitions, size and distribution of this group. The chapter then looks at structure and price volatility in the coffee market and its impact on smallholders, including the effects of the...
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Integrated management of soil-borne insect and fungal pests of coffee
This chapter reviews the main soil-borne insect pests and fungal diseases affecting coffee plants. It begins by assessing insect pests such as termites, leaf-cutting ants, mealybugs, cicadas, root flies and White grubs. In each case, the chapter includes an overview, discussión of pest life cycle...
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Advances in arabica coffee breeding: developing and selecting the right varieties
This chapter presents the main components and achievements of the world effort for breeding Arabica coffee and the perspectives for present and future initiatives.
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Fair-trade coffee: how fair is fair?
An important aspect of sustainability that needs discussion is a fair income for producers and laborers involved in agriculture. This chapter discusses what ‘fair’ means and the approach used by some major Voluntary Sustainability Standards to calculate ‘fair’ prices for producers. This is follow...
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Ecological perspectives on the coffee leaf rust
This chapter provides an ecological approach to the problem of coffee leaf rust. It first provides a brief overview of the research which has stemmed from a more technocentric approach to understanding and subsequently control CLR. The authors intentionally keep this section brief, but try to hig...
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Advances in soil and nutrient management in apple cultivation
This chapter explores the emerging issues that are likely to influence future approaches to soil and nutrient management in apple orchards. These include climate change and variability, the degradation of soil and water resources, and the future availability and cost of fertilizers. We then consi...
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Instant insights: fruit losses and waste
This specially curated collection features five reviews of current and key research on fruit losses and waste.
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