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Exploring barley germplasm for yield improvement under sulphur-limiting environments
This chapter reviews genetic diversity in barley and its role in improving varieties, including adaptation to abiotic stresses. Sulphur is an essential macronutrient required in plants for normal growth and development. Its deficiency in agricultural soils reduces grain yield and grain quality tr...
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Mapping and exploiting the barley genome: techniques for mapping genes and relating them to desirable traits
Barley is the fourth most cultivated cereal in the world and is thus an important crop in breeding. A large variety of traits are needed for resistance to various stresses as well as to meet the requirements of its several uses. To breed efficiently for those traits, identification of the causal ...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of oil palm volume 1
Palm oil is widely used for food processing, personal care products and as a biofuel. The cultivation of oil palm has raised concerns about sustainability. The first volume in this collection reviews research addressing these challenges in areas such as breeding and cultivation techniques.
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Breeding green super rice (gsr) varieties for sustainable rice cultivation
Improving low rice productivity in rainfed areas of Asia and Africa and sustaining rice productivity in irrigated rice lands are challenges in the coming decades for the global rice research community. Green Super Rice (GSR), rice cultivars that can produce high and stable yields under less input...
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Sustainable rice cultivation in coastal saline soils: a case study
This chapter describes the development of stress-tolerant rice varieties and management practices for their cultivation. The chapter offers a detailed account of sustainable rice cultivation practices including leaching of salts from the root zone, nutrient management for saline/acid saline soils...
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Integrated disease management of barley
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an ecosystem approach to crop production and protection that combines different management strategies and practices to grow healthy crops and minimize the use of pesticides. This chapter looks at how IPM can be applied to barley production, considering the diff...
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Improving drought and heat tolerance in wheat
Changes in global climate have increased the variability of precipitation, and have made episodes of drought and/or high temperature more common. These stresses, often occurring in combination during grain filling in arid or semiarid areas, are considered the two most common environmental limitat...
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Nutritional and nutraceutical/functional properties of maize
Maize is the most widely grown crop, which is primarily used for animal feed and food. It is a staple food for a large segment of the world’s population, and it is also used as an industrial raw material. This chapter - reviews the nutritional quality of maize by considering various quality compo...
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Sequencing and assembly of the wheat genome
The genome sequence is an essential prerequisite for defining the complete gene catalogue of an organism, and it provides a framework for identifying and understanding the function of variants associated with phenotypic traits of interest. For wheat, these traits include disease resistance, crop ...
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Potato production and breeding in china
China is the largest potato producer in the world, accounting for a quarter of total global production. The potato has become the fourth most important food crop in China, following corn, rice and wheat. The development of the potato industry has significantly helped to alleviate poverty, improve...
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Breeding strategies to improve rice yields: an overview
This chapter examines three different major strategies designed to break the ‘yield barrier’ so that rice production keeps up with population growth: new ideotype breeding, heterosis and green super rice. The chapter shows that exploring the genetic diversity of wild Oryza species may lead to ide...
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Advances in breeding techniques for cereal crops
This collection reviews key advances in cereals breeding. It looks at advances in exploiting genetic diversity, the use of doubled haploids and hybrid breeding. The books also reviews developments in phenotyping, the use of genetic markers and techniques such as genomic selection.
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Advances in molecular breeding techniques for barley: targeted induced local lesions in genomes (tilling)
TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) is a reverse genetics method which identifies individuals carrying allelic variants at a gene of interest, within a chemically mutagenized population. TILLING has a number of positive features, including the capacity to provide the investigator...
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Advances in cold-tolerant maize varieties
Maize, a thermophilic plant species, originates from subtropical highlands. Maize cultivation, however, has spread to temperate regions of the world that experience low temperatures during the early development of the plants. Maize genotypes that are cultivated in cooler climates need to have a s...
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Fungal diseases affecting barley
This chapter reviews current research on the main fungal diseases affecting barley. It first reviews what we know about the mecanisms of barley genetic resistance to fungal pathogens. The chapter then focuses on the description of major fungal pathogens effecting barley production, new insights i...
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Advances in molecular breeding techniques for barley: genome-wide association studies (gwas)
Barley breeders cross complementary parents for desirable characters and use suitable screening systems to select superior recombinant lines. The advent of molecular markers, especially high throughput genome-wide systems, means that selection for characters, e.g. quality can be conducted indirec...
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Advances in molecular breeding techniques for rice
For the last two decades, marker-assisted selection has reshaped breeding programmes and facilitated gains from selection. Recent developments in genomic technologies, including the advent of high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies and cost-effective genotyping platforms, are effecting shifts...
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Alien introgression and breeding of synthetic wheat
Wheat is a major food grain source of humans and genetic improvement has contributed significantly to its production. However, the genetic gain of wheat production has slowed in recent years due to its narrow genetic variability and draining of the gene pool in wheat breeding. This chapter elucid...
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Improving photosynthesis in rice: from small steps to giant leaps
Current strategies for boosting rice productivity encounter diminishing returns as rice crops approach yield ceilings. This chapter describes how improvement of photosynthetic efficiency is needed to boost yield ceilings. This can be in the context of C3 photosynthesis, overcoming single limitati...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of rice volume 2
Volume 2 reviews ways of improving cultivation of rice, from planting to soil management, nutrition and irrigation as well as techniques such as integrated crop management. It also discusses key pests and diseases and methods for their control in making cultivation more productive and sustainable.
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Nutritional properties and enhancement/biofortification of potatoes
There are a number of factors that make potatoes a logical focus for nutritional breeding efforts. As one of the world’s staple foods, they have a key role to play in improving global food security, largely due to their nutritional value, storability, affordability and high yield. Recent years ha...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of rice volume 1
This collection reviews advances in breeding techniques as well as improving traits such as flood or drought resistance. It also discusses advances in understanding the nutritional role of rice and ways this can be enhanced to feed a growing population.
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Crop rotation: a sustainable system for maize production
Modern agriculture has led to a simplification of maize-based cropping systems and the extensive practice of monoculture maize (MM). This has led to problems such as yield reduction and soil quality degradation. Meanwhile, the overuse of inorganic fertilizer to increase yields comes with a high e...
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Instant insights: supporting cereal production in sub-saharan africa
This specially curated collection features four reviews of current and key research on supporting cereal production in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Improving nutrient management for sustainable intensification of maize
Maize is an important crop worldwide for its role in ensuring food security, alleviating poverty and increasing farmer income. Maize production in the world is higher than rice and wheat because of its multiple demands for human food, animal feed, bio-fuel and from other industries using it as ra...
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Advances in nutrient management in rice cultivation
New nutrient management strategies aim to enhance fertilizer use efficiency in rice ecologies beyond what can be achieved by following blanket nutrient management recommendations formulated for small regions with similar climates. The emphasis is on moving to real-time and site-specific nutrient ...
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Advances in maize post-harvest management
One of the key constraints to improving food and nutritional security in the developing world is poor post-harvest management, which leads to loss of grains. Improved post-harvest management at farm level is crucial, as it directly impacts on poverty alleviation, food, nutrition and income securi...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of wheat volume 2
Volume 2 discusses ways of improving cultivation from variety selection to post-harvest storage. It reviews trends in integrated crop management, sustainable intensification and organic cultivation before concluding by looking at ways of supporting smallholders in the developing world.
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Advances in cold-resistant wheat varieties
Winter wheat is planted in the autumn and must survive the winter months before being harvested the following summer. Winterhardiness is therefore of paramount importance to the survival of the crop. This chapter reviews recent advances in our understanding of the transcriptomic and genetic basis...
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Advances in pest and disease management in greenhouse cultivation
Greenhouse crops are continuously under pressure of infestations by a wide range of pests and diseases. This chapter describes the myriad practices that can contribute to managing pests and diseases, and how to integrate these practices in an ecologically based integrated pest management (IPM) ap...
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Critical issues in plant health: 50 years of research in african agriculture
This collection summarises 50 years of research on plant health by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) to improve the health of crops in Africa. It will be a standard reference on improving the management of pests and diseases in developing countries.
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Banana cultivation in africa
Banana is important as a food, cash and climate-resilient crop in Africa. However, its productivity has declined tremendously to less than 10 t/ha compared with a potential 60–100 t/ha and plantation longevity has also severely reduced. This chapter examines the composition and distribution of ba...
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Sustainable banana cultivation: from standards to multiple solutions
There is no single recipe for sustainable banana cultivation. Pest and disease management has been central to sustainability efforts, particularly in the export industry. The global and local spread of pathogens make the capacity to manage such threats a shared concern for leading banana exporter...
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Ripening systems for bananas
The correct ripening of bananas is essential for optimum taste, appearance, shelf life and consumer satisfaction. This chapter reviews the skills and technologies needed for successful ripening, together with innovations and recent developments. Advice on procedures and best practice throughout t...
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Conserving banana germplasm through field genebanks
The availability of true-to-type, pest- and disease-free planting material is fundamental to successful banana cultivation. It ensures that crops will not succumb to pathogens introduced at planting. This chapter examines the key issues in the selection, establishment and management of a field ge...
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Harvesting and packaging of bananas
Bananas are one of the most widely traded crops globally, and with appropriate management, can be produced on a continuous basis. However, the journey from field to retail destination is a delicate, finely tuned process, which must be closely managed at every stage to ensure the safety and qualit...
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Challenges in cultivation of bananas in the subtropics
Although it is commonly thought that a tropical climate is more suited to banana production than a subtropical climate, banana yields obtained in the subtropics are excellent and under good cultural practices can even be considered among the highest of the world. The relatively cool climate of th...
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Understanding the banana industry: monoculture and beyond
The dominance of monoculture in banana cultivation has produced numerous agricultural, social and political problems. This chapter examines the way in which monoculture has affected the banana industry. It outlines the available banana varieties and the dominant Cavendish monoculture, looking at ...
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Organic banana cultivation and sustainability
The cultivation of conventional bananas of the commercial Cavendish variety for export markets in the wet tropics requires a substantial amount of synthetic agrochemical input. Over the last 25 years, organic banana production has soared in Latin America. This chapter describes organic banana pro...
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Life cycle assessment and carbon footprint of banana cultivation
This chapter presents concepts and tools around the life cycle assessment (LCA) and carbon footprint (CFP) of the banana value chain. Bananas are the world’s most exported fresh fruit in volume and value and a key crop for millions of households in developing countries providing food, nutrition a...
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Improving the environmental performance of horticultural production: fruits and vegetables
Horticultural crops (fruits and vegetables) are generally considered to have a relatively low environmental impact compared to other food types, yet there is huge diversity among crops and their impact. For fruit crops, the largest impacts occur at the farm level, most often related to machinery ...
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Instant insights: genetic modification of crops
This specially curated collection features six reviews of current and key research on genetic modification of crops.
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Predicting the effect of climate change on sugarcane cultivation
Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) can be used to produce ethanol and biomass for energy generation, as part of a climate change mitigation policy. It is also an important crop from a food security perspective, with almost 75% of the world's sugar coming from sugarcane plantations. In this chapter we rev...
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The nutritional role of eggs
Eggs are an affordable, accessible and nutrient-dense form of food, and as such make a valuable addition to human diet. This chapter begins by reviewing the nutrient composition of chicken eggs. It then considers the relationship between egg consumption and human health and disease. This includes...
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Assessing and reducing the environmental impact of tea cultivation
Tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world. Consequently it has become an important plantation crop in many countries. As a perennial crop occupying a large proportion of arable land, assessing its environmental impact would benefit the economy of tea growing countries immensely. This ...
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Organic systems for raising poultry
An organic system for raising poultry aims to provide a sustainable method of rearing poultry in an environment that allows natural behaviour to be expressed, and which eliminates pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals from feed, growing environment and carcass processing. This chapter review...
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The proteins of milk
Milk and milk processing have been researched for many years and, today, milk proteins are probably the best characterized of all food proteins. This chapter provides an overview of major and minor milk proteins, the methods used to prepare milk protein fractions in the laboratory and the milk pr...
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Ingredients from milk for use in food and non-food products: from commodity to value-added ingredients
The use of milk in a wide range of products has resulted in the development of a wide range of dairy ingredients for use in dairy and non-dairy foods, as well as non-food products. These ingredients range from commodity ingredients, for example, milk powder and whey powder, to milk protein ingred...
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The use of agricultural robots in weed management and control
Weed management and control are essential for the production of high-yielding and high-quality crops, and advances in weed control technology have had a huge impact on agricultural productivity. Any effective weed control technology needs to be both robust and adaptable. Robust weed control techn...
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The use of agricultural robots in crop spraying/fertilizer applications
Spraying pesticides is a main element of agriculture worldwide, since 30% to 35% of crop losses can be prevented when harmful insects and diseases are eliminated by applying pesticides. A robotic sprayer can help reduce pesticide application while removing the human operator from the hazardous pe...
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Advances in robotic milking
In recent years, growth in the number of robotic milking installations on farms has been driven by the need for better labour management and also for improved quality of life for dairy producers. This chapter reviews published research on such robotic milking systems (RMS). Aspects related to bar...
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Advances in automating meat processing operations
Meat processing presents a particular challenge to robotics, as it deals with deformable biological products that lack uniformity: no two fish, sides of beef or chicken carcasses are exactly alike. Meat processing plants have many adept human practitioners, skilled with knives, and has proven ext...
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The use of intelligent/autonomous systems in crop irrigation
Climate change, combined with the need to feed an increasing population with decreasing arable land, requires to radically re-think the way water is delivered to crops to increase efficiency and minimize wasted water. This chapter examines how robotic and artificial intelligence can be used to im...
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Advances in using robots in forestry operations
Forestry operations have a role to play in the supply of fossil-free raw material to present and future bio-economies. Advances in automation will enable forestry operations to be conducted in a more sustainable way, with better consideration of economic, ecological and ergonomic requirements. Th...
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Human–robot collaboration in agricultural robots
Agricultural robots are being developed for many on-farm tasks; however, in practice, current working agricultural robotic systems are limited and fully robotized farms are not yet available. This chapter presents initial work carried out in the domain of human–robot collaboration in agriculture ...
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An overview of machine vision technologies for agricultural robots and automation
As machine vision technology becomes ever more readily available it is of increasing value to agriculture. This chapter seeks to outline the principles that will endure as the technology changes and to point out areas in which it can be applied. After examining basic concepts of machine vision, t...
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Advances in automated in-field grading of harvested crops
Mechanical harvesting machines such as canopy and trunk shakers are widely used for yield collection from some crops; however, most fruits and vegetables produced for the fresh market have to be collected manually. This chapter reviews the current state of mechanized collection technology, such a...
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Global positioning systems (gps) for agriculture: an overview
The essence of a global positioning system is the ability to define a location anywhere on Earth in terms of three coordinates. The calculation is performed in terms of Cartesian axes including one through the poles, but the result is transformed into local coordinates that include height. This c...
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Advances in actuation and control in agricultural robots
In recent years, agricultural robots have moved away from being pure sensor-carrying platforms for gathering data in the field into becoming action-delivering platforms providing physical interaction with the environment. In this chapter, the actuation methods that are most commonly used on intel...
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Instant insights: improving water management in crop cultivation
This specially curated collection features five reviews of current and key research on improving water management in crop cultivation.
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Improving water management in agriculture
This collection considers current challenges facing irrigated agriculture and reviews the wealth of research on the range of interventions which can be applied to address these challenges, from understanding and managing water flows at the watershed scale, through to improved use of water resources.
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Case studies on food safety control in the production of fresh poultry meat: effective control of salmonella in sweden
Swedish control of Salmonella in poultry is very successful, with rare findings of Salmonella in meat and almost no human cases linked to Swedish poultry meat. This chapter presents the Swedish system for controlling Salmonella in poultry, with the aim of highlighting insights which may be helpfu...
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Widening harvest
This volume brings together papers presented at a conference held in Venice in 1998. Eighteen chapters address the origins of agriculture; the Neolithic transition in southern, central, and northern Europe; genetic and linguistic aspects of the Neolithic; and future prospects for research and an...
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Sensory evaluation of cow’s milk
Despite advances in dairy technology, milk is still a highly perishable product with a limited shelf life. Mistakes in milk handling between cow and consumer can lead to milk quality defects and shorter shelf life. Understanding where such mistakes can occur, how to recognize off-flavors, and how...
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Developments in humane slaughtering techniques for poultry
Stunning of animals before slaughtering is now gaining global acceptance. It is being recognized as a humane slaughtering technique. This chapter discovers that cruelty to animals can be prevented and animals can be well protected by induction of unconsciousness as the first and enduring stage of...
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Welfare standards for laying hens
Consumers regard animal welfare as an important attribute of the food they eat. Sellers have to pay due attention to animal welfare before selling food like eggs or poultry to people. There are many welfare standards for laying hens and this chapter looks into some of these standards like commerc...
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New developments in packaging of eggs to improve safety and quality
The correct choice of the packaging system is a key factor for maintaining high-quality characteristics of eggs during storage. In this chapter, the fundamental aspects of shell egg packaging are reviewed. In particular, a possible explanation of critical issues will be discussed to offer an inno...
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Maintaining the health of laying hens:
Biosecurity plays a pivotal role in maintaining the health of poultry. Biosecurity is the protection of birds from disease-causing agents. This chapter reviews the range of biosecurity measures required to maintain the health of laying hens. It talks about separation of birds which is an importan...
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Life cycle assessment (lca) of intensive poultry production systems
Life cycle assessment provides a useful tool for identifying where significant improvements can be made to achieve environmental sustainability in agricultural production. Potential strategies for improving the environmental performance of intensive poultry systems are discussed in this chapter. ...
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Thermal adaptation and tolerance of poultry
Fowls are endothermic species controlling body temperature (Tb) within a relatively narrow range, despite moderate to extreme changes in environmental conditions. Tb is recognized as the main characteristic that reflects thermal status. Significant developments in the genetic selection of domesti...
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Food safety control on poultry farms: effective control of campylobacter
The zoonotic pathogen, Campylobacter, is the leading cause of foodborne illness worldwide. It colonizes the intestinal tract of chickens, its primary host. In chickens, this pathogen is considered commensal and does not cause illness or have adverse impacts on production performance. A number of ...
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Assessing the sustainability of organic egg production
Organic food production has increased in popularity in the last few decades, although it still remains a small portion of global food production. As questions arise about the sustainability of conventional egg production systems with regard to environmental protection and animal welfare, there ha...
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Understanding and improving the shelf-life of eggs
The shelf-life of eggs is determined by various government and industry agencies, as well as by retailers. It is based on the internal quality of the eggs and their microbiological safety. The avian egg possesses many intrinsic anti-microbial properties that are designed to ensure the safety of t...
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Enhancing the flavour of poultry meat
Understanding the chemistry of poultry meat flavour and factors affecting poultry meat flavour is vital in order to produce the most flavourful and consistent product possible by preserving and/or enhancing the flavour of poultry meat. This chapter describes different mechanisms and chemical comp...
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Using models to optimize poultry nutrition
Today’s commercial poultry production is about making decisions and implementing them, the main objective being to maximize profit for the enterprise. Alternative courses of action should be thought of and the consequences of these actions need to be predicted. Animal nutritionists face various p...
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Grassland management to minimize the environmental impact of dairy farming
Minimizing the environmental impact of dairy farming with perennial forage systems management is a complex process. The aim is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (enteric methane, nitrous oxide from soil and carbon dioxide from equipment and fertilizer use), adapt to the effects of climate change...
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Molecular breeding techniques to improve egg quality
Multiple tools for the molecular analysis of variation at both the DNA and protein level have recently been developed. These molecular tools that include low cost sequencing, simultaneous genotyping of large numbers of single nucleotide polymorphisms chips, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PC...
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Ageing, physical and chemical methods for improving tenderness and palatability of beef
The biochemical understanding of tenderization has helped in the design of more targeted approaches to improve beef tenderness through the utilization of specific enzymes. There has also been development of technologies such as SmartStretch™ and the Pi-Vac Elasto-Pack System®, which offer industr...
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Biological types of cattle: carcass and meat quality
This chapter describes the domestication of cattle and the origins of many breeds found in the world today. The breeds are grouped into biological types, based on their size, muscularity and propensity to fatten, and the commercial role of each type is discussed. The relationships between biologi...
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Food safety management on farms producing beef
The production of safe, high-quality beef requires both good farming practices and additional measures targeted against specific hazards to human or animal health. This chapter provides an overview of good farming practices for beef cattle farms, with particular discussion of biosecurity, animal ...
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Pathogens affecting beef
Mankind has long recognized that animals harbour disease. Zoonotic pathogens are agents from animals that cause disease in humans. This chapter reviews the zoonotic diseases related to cattle. It describes zoonotic parasites and viruses and the pathogens related to cattle. Historically, good mana...
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Improving smallholder dairy farming in tropical asia
This chapter reviews the importance of smallholder dairy farmers in Asia. It assesses their needs and the obstacles they face in improving dairy production. The chapter discusses ways of benchmarking performance and examples of initiatives to support smallholders. It identifies both constraints f...
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Pathogens affecting raw milk from cows
The aim of this chapter is to review what is known about pathogens affecting raw milk from cows and dairy products made from raw milk. Milk-borne zoonotic pathogenic microorganisms that can contaminate raw milk from cows or dairy products are described including sources of contamination. The grow...
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Genetic factors affecting fertility, growth, health and longevity in dairy cattle
Inclusion of secondary or ‘functional’ traits in breeding objectives began in earnest only in the late 1990. By 2009, production traits accounted for less than 50% of the indices in most advanced countries. Breeding for fertility, health traits and herd life (HL) was hindered due to difficulty of...
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Optimizing the microbial shelf-life of fresh beef
Beef spoilage is primarily caused by bacteria, and maximizing shelf-life is dependent on a multiple hurdle approach to generate conditions that inhibit microbial growth. This chapter begins by reviewing the factors that affect beef spoilage and microbial shelf-life, and the bacteria and processes...
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Wheat diseases: an overview
Fungal and viral pathogens lead to significant yield losses in wheat crops worldwide. This chapter reviews the important fungal and viral diseases of wheat, considering their mode of infection, symptoms, distribution and effect on wheat yield. Responses to each pathogen are discussed, including a...
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Women and maize cultivation: increasing productivity through gender analysis
Gender analysis is essential in guiding the design and focus of research to ensure that women participate in and benefit from growth in the maize sector. This chapter begins by situating farmers within households and discussing why the conceptualization of households matters for agricultural rese...
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Ensuring and exploiting genetic diversity in rice
Genetic diversity is the basis for all advances in breeding and genetic improvement and represents an insurance policy for dealing with disaster. In the context of a changing climate, breeders are under increased pressure to selectively expand the genetic base of the varieties they develop to enh...
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Developing maize-breeding methods and cultivars to meet the challenge of climate change
Sustainable maize production will be possible only with the development of the next generation of maize products carrying genetic diversity. This chapter addresses ideas to develop not only unique cultivars but also breeding methodologies to better assist breeders managing genetically complex tra...
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Advances in mycotoxin-resistant maize varieties
Depending on the growing environment, maize grains can be infected by one or more ear rot fungi, which may decrease grain yield and quality. Many of them also produce secondary metabolites, known as mycotoxins, which can have serious detrimental effects on humans and animals that consume the infe...
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Advances in wheat breeding techniques
Wheat production must be increased to meet growing demand, making it critical to increase the rate of genetic gain in wheat breeding. This chapter reviews the suit of core breeding methodologies currently applied, including methods proposed and employed for their advancement. It also discusses te...
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Improving wheat production in the central and west asia and north africa (cwana) region
Wheat is the principal staple food in most countries of the Central and West Asia and North Africa (CWANA) region, accounting for 45% of the region’s per capita calorie intake with an average wheat consumption of about 200 kg/capita/year. Wheat production in the region has increased both horizont...
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Understanding and improving protein traits in maize
Improving the nutritional quality of maize is necessary to meet the growing demands of maize consumption. Maize could be the main source of protein. Several parameters, however, limit the supply and quality of corn protein. This chapter reviews the mechanisms that determine these limitations, inc...
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