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Intercropping in sustainable maize cultivation
As the level of productivity in sub-Saharan cropping increases, driven by technology adoption, the question whether intercropping should still be promoted over sole cropping is not clear. In this chapter, we review the existing evidence on systems productivity, resource capture and use efficiency...
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Modelling crop growth and yield in tomato cultivation
Crop-growth simulation models have become important tools for researchers and growers for the purpose of assisting management and improving production. The CROPGRO-Tomato model described in this chapter is one of a suite of models within the modelling package Decision Support System for Agrotechn...
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Processing rice straw and husks as co-products
This chapter focuses on by-product processing and management in the rice sector. The first section reviews rice residue availability. The following sections describe rice residue processing technologies, including on-field and off-field options. On-field processing focuses mainly on composting an...
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Climate risk management in maize cropping systems
Climate variability affects the lives and livelihoods of farmers in many diverse ways, directly it affects farmers levels of food security, income and poverty; indirectly it affects farmers’ behaviours and decisions, as well as prices and markets. On the one hand climate variability it presents f...
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The nutritional and nutraceutical value of wheat
Wheat is a source of nutrients and phytochemicals with nutraceutical value. These components are unevenly distributed in the different parts of the wheat kernel, and their content in wheat varies widely depending on variety of wheat (V), genotype (G), growing environments (E), year/season (Y) and...
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The nutraceutical properties of rice
This chapter reviews rice varieties and variations in nutritional content, bio-fortification of rice and antioxidants in rice. It also reviews the impact of breeding, cultivation and processing on the nutritional quality of rice.
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Biofortification of maize
Biofortification refers to the process of enhancing the micronutrient density of crops. It emerged as a response to the public health problem of micronutrient malnutrition, referred to as hidden hunger, which seriously affects millions of people worldwide. The premise of biofortification is that ...
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Mechanisms of drought tolerance in rice
Rice is especially sensitive to drought stress during reproductive growth. Drought mitigation, through development of drought- resistant varieties with higher yields, will be the key factor to improve stable rice production. This chapter reviews the following topics: mechanisms of drought resista...
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Developments in the system of rice intensification (sri)
The system of rice intensification (SRI) is a combination of management practices developed in Madagascar some 30 years ago to make the cultivation of irrigated rice more productive. This chapter reviews how the SRI has evolved over the past 15 years as its efficacy has been demonstrated in over...
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Development of rice varieties with improved iron content in grain
Iron deficiency constitutes one of the most prevalent forms of micronutrient deficiencies affecting human health. Biofortification of food crops is suggested as a suitable approach to address iron deficiency in a sustainable and cost-effective manner. Rice, a staple food for over half of the worl...
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Advances in control of wheat diseases: fusarium head blight, wheat blast and powdery mildew
Fusarium head blight, wheat blast and powdery mildew are among the serious damaging diseases of wheat, which are caused by fungi of Ascomycota phylum. Integrated approaches are mandatory for efficient control of all three diseases. Control measures may either contribute to reducing the abundance ...
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Recent molecular technologies for tackling wheat diseases
There is a growing need to improve the management of wheat diseases if wheat production is to keep pace with a growing population. This chapter reviews the array of technologies and new methods available to improve resistance to wheat diseases. These techniques include SAR, ISR, the application o...
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Integrated weed management in wheat cultivation
Weed management in wheat cultivation is dominated by one control method – use of herbicides. Their overuse has led to weed resistance to herbicides and the need for alternative weed control strategies that will preserve herbicide efficacy as well as agricultural and environmental sustainability. ...
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Integrated wheat disease management
Wheat is one the most economically important crops in the world. Diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes can significantly reduce wheat yields. All parts of the wheat plant can be affected by diseases. Integrated disease management (IDM) combines two or more tactics to prevent o...
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Advances in disease-resistant wheat varieties
The strategies used in breeding disease-resistant wheat are informed by the importance and frequency of the disease, availability of resistant germplasm, genetics of resistance and means of selecting for resistance. Gene mapping to identify regions of the genome controlling important traits has b...
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Consumer trends in apple sales
Different participants in the global apple market have different goals. Consumer trends are influenced by numerous supply and demand factors. This chapter reviews the influence of suppliers and retailers on apple sales. It describes the global forces affecting apple demand. It explains the recent...
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Pre- and postharvest fungal apple diseases
The domesticated apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is the most significant pome fruit grown and consumed worldwide. China is the largest producer, followed by the United States, on a global scale. However, fungal plant pathogens cause significant economic losses in the field and during storage, lead...
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Integrated weed management in tomato cultivation
Weeds pose a major threat to agriculture and cause crop yield losses in a big way. What needs to be done to counter the threat of weeds? This chapter discusses many measures to tackle the problem of weeds, especially in tomato cultivation. One of the most important is Integrated Weed Management (...
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Biological weed control in temperate grasslands
This chapter provides a critical review of international research on biological weed control as it applies to weeds of temperate grasslands. The chapter outlines the ways in which ‘classical’ biocontrol agents, due to their natural ability to spread and find their host plant, are appropriate for ...
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Leg disorders in poultry: bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (bco)
Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO) is widely recognized as one of the most common causes of lameness in broilers. This chapter starts by summarizing the pathogenesis of BCO. Experimental models that successfully trigger BCO are then reviewed. Sources of bacteria that infect the bo...
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Improving grassland and pasture management in temperate agriculture
In many countries there has been a shift to intensive grassland livestock systems with higher environmental impact. There is also greater understanding of the wider role of grasslands in delivering ecosystem services. This collection reviews current research into the more sustainable use of agric...
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Grazing management for sustainable grazing systems
Grasslands play a key role in soil, water and biodiversity conservation and deliver numerous other ecosystem and cultural services. This chapter defines key terms associated with grassland grazing systems, with a particular emphasis on the meaning of grazing management and sustainable intensifica...
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Advances in feeding grass silage
Grass silage is the main forage source during indoor feeding periods in many temperate regions. The digestibility and energy concentration of silage are mainly determined by the maturity at harvest, but changes in carbohydrate and nitrogen fractions during fermentation process can markedly modify...
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Managing soil health for grassland
Soil health is a holistic concept that includes all the processes affecting the ability of soil to provide the ecosystem services we require from grassland. The primary ‘service’ provided by grassland is forage for livestock, but additional secondary ‘services’ can include benefits such as enviro...
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The role of grasslands in biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity conservation
Grasslands have a multifunctional role in producing forage for animal production systems while providing a wide array of ecosystem services, including the regulation of biogeochemical cycles and the maintenance of biodiversity which are of utmost importance for agriculture and society as a whole....
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Restoring degraded grasslands
Grazed grasslands are complex ecosystems, and careful and responsible management is essential for their growth and maintenance. This chapter examines the inter-relationship of species, microbial activity, nutrients and environmental factors in restoring and maintaining their health, sustainabilit...
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Protecting biodiversity in grasslands
Grasslands in Europe are critically important to the biodiversity of agricultural landscapes. This chapter summarizes the conditions that facilitate biodiversity in permanent and semi-natural (i.e. managed) grasslands in temperate climate, with a particular focus on phytodiversity. The chapter ex...
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Management of water resources for grasslands
Grasslands support essential food and fibre production, biodiversity, and water function and other ecosystem services. Planted or native grasslands are typically located on drier, steeper or less fertile areas of any region. This chapter discusses water requirements of temperate pastures, monit...
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Persistence and yield stability of temperate grassland legumes for sustainable animal production
Forage legumes are essential for sustainable production systems, but their positive environmental and economic effects cannot be realized unless they also show persistence and yield stability. These are complex traits which depend on the interaction of different biotic and abiotic environmental f...
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Planning and sowing grasslands
To be truly sustainable, forage-livestock systems must be well matched to the soils, geophysical and climate factors, and expected level of management available. This chapter provides an overview of the pasture renovation or establishment process, including a comprehensive planning process, selec...
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Research challenges in adapting grasslands to climate change
Climate change poses many challenges to European grasslands, from droughts, heat waves and changing precipitation patterns in the south, to warmer winters and wetter summers in the north and increasing frequency of extreme weather events. This chapter reviews the probable impacts of climate chang...
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Managing grassland for forage production: an overview
In temperate agriculture, grasslands play an important role in the provision of forage for livestock. Management of these grasslands is vital in order to ensure that high-quality feed is available. This chapter reviews the short-, medium- and long-term management of grasslands, including stocking...
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Use of grassland for bioenergy and biorefining
High-yielding, intensively managed, agriculturally improved grasslands provide biomass with qualities suitable for anaerobic fermentation and biorefining. Biomass from semi-natural grasslands or from landscape conservation areas has higher lignin content. It is suitable for combustion or pyrolysi...
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Plant-animal interactions in grazing systems
This chapter reviews the interactions between plants and animals that govern the production efficiency of temperate pasture-based livestock production systems. These interactions operate at different temporal and spatial scales, and are highly variable. We take as our case study the dry matter in...
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The role of pasture in the diet of ruminant livestock
Grazed pasture is the single most important forage feed for ruminants due to its low unit cost and widespread global availability. However, there is a growing use of arable crops in ruminant rations, which may exceed that used by humans by 2050. This chapter describes the ways in which grazed pa...
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Advances in remote sensing for monitoring grassland and forage production
Obtaining cheap, appropriate and timely information on vegetation will be essential for sustainable and economically viable management of grassland and forage swards in the future. Remote sensing (RS) offers new possibilities to monitor vegetation repeatedly and at large scale, but so far, only a...
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The european spruce bark beetle
This book reviews current research on understanding and controlling the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus), one of the most important threats facing forests in Europe and North America.
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Instant insights: sustainable tropical forest management
This book offers a unique insight into the recent research completed on achieving sustainable management of tropical forests. Chapters review the factors which determine tropical forests, the process of forest landscape restoration, as well as the interactions between forest ecosystems and the cl...
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Instant insights: carbon monitoring and management in forests
This book discusses the utilisation of tropical and temperate forests as tools for monitoring and managing carbon. The book also considers how agroforestry systems can be utilised to improve soil fertility, food security and land restoration.
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Pathogens in tropical forests: diversity and management
Plants in tropical forests are subject to attack by a wide range of pathogenic organisms, including fungi, bacteria, viruses and parasitic plants, which reduce productivity. In natural forests, pathogens are normal components, arguably driving evolution through attacking susceptible individual tr...
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Instant insights: tropical agroforestry
This collection features four peer-reviewed literature reviews on tropical agroforestry.
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Agroforestry for sustainable agriculture
This volume reviews the latest research on the role and implementation of main types of agroforestry, the ecosystem services that agroforestry can deliver and techniques for optimising agroforestry practice.
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Forest landscape restoration (flr) of tropical forests
This chapter reviews the restoration of tropical forests, focusing specifically on forest landscape restoration (FLR). It begins by addressing the importance on implementing forest landscape restoration and provides an overview of different guides and tools for FLR. It also provides two case stud...
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Achieving sustainable management of boreal and temperate forests
Forests deliver both economic benefits and a range of key ecosystem services. This collection reviews current research on optimising their use, from understanding tree physiology to improvements in planting, stand management, sustainable logging and product diversification.
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Instant insights: restoring degraded forests
This collection features four peer-reviewed literature reviews on restoring degraded forests.
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Achieving sustainable management of tropical forests
This collection reviews the wealth of research on tropical forest management. Parts 1 and 2 explore key challenges facing tropical forests as well as the ecosystem services they deliver. Parts 3 and 4 review the management structures and techniques required for sustainable forest management (SFM)...
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A holistic approach to sustainable agriculture: trees, science and global society
Despite great advances in our understanding of the environmental, social and economic role of trees in farming systems, much remains to be done, especially regarding the wider adoption of agroforestry and its up- and out-scaling. This chapter explores the relationship between trees, science and g...
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Tree planting and management in agroforestry
Agroforestry seeks to increase the productivity of the farm and help create resilient landscapes. The pattern of tree planting and tree management play an important part in the sustainability of an agroforestry system, as they determine the intensity of competition between trees and crop and the ...
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Modelling agroforestry systems
An agroforestry system is an interconnecting network of woody vegetation with crops and/or animals that work together. This chapter sets out to discuss how to model such systems, which can be highly complex in nature. In the first section, the authors look at the current state of agroforestry mod...
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Agroforestry practices: silvopastoralism
Silvopastoralism is a traditional agroforestry practice that is still managed across the world for raising livestock in lands that often include a combination of grass understorey with a sparse cover of trees and/or shrubs. The woody component plays multiple roles such as forage resource, shading...
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The role of biodiversity in agroforestry and other types of smallholder farming
Agricultural biodiversity, commonly referred to as agrobiodiversity, is a part of biodiversity that is conserved in agricultural habitats and food production landscapes. Adopting a multidimensional approach to their management is essential to increase sustainability of agricultural habitats. This...
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Agroforestry practices: forest farming
Forest farming is a relatively low-tech agroforestry practice for the cultivation of shade-tolerant non-timber forest products (NTFPs) such as medicinal plants, mushrooms, fruits, nuts, tree syrups and/or nursery stock. It is an ecologically sustainable way for forest owners to generate income, w...
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Moving up the scale: challenges in tropical agroforestry
From its early beginnings, agroforestry has moved from a ‘technology in search of a problem’ to a principal solution to critical global agendas, including climate-smart agriculture, agroecological intensification, land rehabilitation and payment for ecosystem services. This chapter addresses the ...
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Tropical tree domestication in agroforestry
Trees, whether occurring in wild stands or in agricultural landscapes, play a key role in the livelihoods of smallholders in the tropics. This chapter discusses tropical tree domestication in agroforestry, summarizing the authors’ contribution to the development of new tree crops in the tropics u...
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Tropical agroforestry and ecosystem services: trade-off analysis for better design strategies
A large body of research has documented a wide list of provisioning and regulating services from tropical agroforestry systems (AFS). This chapter offers an overview of ecosystem services delivered by tropical AFS and presents practical approaches for trade-off analysis between ecosystem services...
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Temperate alley cropping systems
The implementation of modern agricultural practices has largely excluded trees from the rural landscape, causing negative environmental impacts. Alley cropping, an agroforestry practice where agricultural crops are grown simultaneously with long-term tree crops, helps mitigate negative environmen...
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Managing hedgerows to optimise ecosystem services in agroforestry systems
Hedgerows are composed of trees and/or shrubs and serve as natural fences, often between pastures and arable fields. This chapter discusses the importance of hedgerow management and maintenance to enhance multiple ecosystem services such as biomass production, wind and water protection, habitat p...
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Agroforestry: a system for improving soil health
Introducing agroforestry into agroecosystems can be an important method to help promote soil health by its influence on soil physical, chemical and biological properties. This chapter highlights the benefits of agroforestry systems on soil properties important for soil health. These include criti...
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Agroforestry for hardwood timber production
Managing hardwood trees for high-quality sawlogs within the agroforestry practices of alley cropping, silvopasture, forested riparian buffers and upland (windbreaks) buffers means intensively managing relatively wide-spaced trees and a ground cover as a companion crop on the same unit of land. Th...
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Agroforestry practices: riparian forest buffers and filter strips
Riparian forest buffers are planned combinations of trees, shrubs, grasses, forbs and bioengineered structures adjacent to or within a stream channel designed to mitigate the impact of land use on the stream or creek. At the landscape level, riparian forest buffers link the land and aquatic envir...
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Agroforestry practices: windbreaks
Windbreaks, also known as vegetative environmental buffers (VEB) or shelterbelts, are a common feature of agricultural systems around the world. These strips of trees, shrubs, and other perennial or annual vegetation perform a number of functions, including providing protection from the wind for ...
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Advances in temperate agroforestry
This collection reviews key recent advances in temperate agroforestry. The book considers the role of temperate agroforestry in promoting biodiversity and key ecosystem services such as soil carbon sequestration, as well as recent developments in different types of silvopastoral and silvoarable s...
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Agroforestry for the cultivation of nuts
Row crop agriculture covers over 1.28 billion ha of land globally. Though extremely productive in terms of yield, annual cropping systems rely on external inputs of energy, nutrients and pesticides, leading to a suite of ecological consequences. This chapter focuses primarily on the opportunities...
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Agroforestry for fruit trees in europe and mediterranean north africa
Although fruit trees are considered as high value for agroforestry and are the primary driver of agroforestry adoption worldwide, they are still underrepresented in agroforestry systems in temperate regions compared to the tropics. This chapter illustrates the large diversity of fruit tree-based ...
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Advances in understanding root development in forest trees
In forest ecosystems, root systems represent up to 40% of the biomass, and around 75% of the annual net primary production is allocated to the fine root component (roots with a diameter of less than 2 mm). Fine roots are involved in nutrition, whereas coarse roots (more than 2 mm in diameter) con...
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Advances in understanding and managing insect pests of forest trees
Boreal and temperate forests comprise half of all forested land globally and are a major source of timber and other ecosystem services. Disturbances caused by native and invasive insects are among the most important mediators of forest mortality. The interacting effects of climate change on insec...
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Advances in stand management and regeneration
Multiaged forests are thought to have the redundant structure to withstand changing disturbance regimes that are expected with the future climatic scenarios. This chapter describes the methods for deciding how to control stand density in multiaged silviculture at both the stand level and the indi...
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Advances in understanding and managing fungal and other diseases of forest trees
Forest diseases are caused by pathogens and they affect all parts of the tree, including roots, stems, and leaves. Forest diseases result in volume losses and decreases in wood quality, which are considered detrimental in stands managed for timber products; however, in the context of a biodiversi...
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Species choice, planting and establishment in temperate and boreal forests: meeting the challenge of global change
Due to global change, there is a need to question most of the practices used to establish forests. This chapter provides discussion of the current issues for most of the key processes of forest establishment and highlights the importance of the choice of genetic material in the establishment of ...
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Developing forestry products: timber
Timber products can include a wide array of socially valued goods originating from diverse tree species, forest types, and ecosystems. Over the past few decades, forest product market development and timber quality have been characterized by several important factors, many of them international i...
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Emerging technologies to develop new forest products
Forest trees occupy a central place among lignocellulosic plants, in terms of both abundance of wood they produce each year and also generating a variety of other biological tissues. This chapter focusses on new processes and new applications of wood polymers, notably uses of lignins. The chapter...
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Developing forestry recreation services
A high percentage of individuals participate in outdoor recreation, and as regions around the world continue to experience population growth there correspondingly will be increased demand for recreation services. Quality in such recreation can be defined as the degree to which recreation opportun...
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Advances in understanding forest ecosystem services: conserving biodiversity
Forest biodiversity is fundamental to ecosystem functioning, facilitating processes such as nutrient cycling, pollination and seed dispersal. A healthy forest provides a range of economic, societal and cultural values and services beyond timber production, including recreation, carbon sequestrati...
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Advances in understanding canopy development in forest trees
This chapter introduces the reader to physiological processes at the leaf, crown, and canopy level. It details the importance of light and water to these processes, then outlines the patterns that foliage at the three levels assume in order to maximize carbon uptake and tree performance. Summarie...
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Sustainable production of temperate and boreal nontimber forest products: examples from north america
Understory plants and fungi are critical to healthy and resilient forest ecosystems, and many of the products they provide are essential to people for sustenance and income. However, nontimber forest products, and the plants and fungi from which they originate, are seldom included in forest manag...
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Advances in monitoring forest growth and health
Information derived from monitoring the status of and trends in forest resources is a critical tool for policymakers, managers, and other environmental decision makers. Advances in forest monitoring technology, particularly in the use of remote sensing, have helped deliver higher quality informat...
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The response of forest trees to abiotic stress
Trees, as long-living organisms, have to face varying growing conditions during their lifetime. This chapter introduces abiotic stress in trees, considering its interaction with biotic stress and examining the links between environmental dynamics and changes in stress. This chapter addresses the ...
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The scope and challenge of sustainable forestry
Forests have managed to sustain themselves for millennia, recovering, reorganizing or migrating in response to innumerable disruptions. Humans have always reaped the benefits of this natural ability of treed ecosystems to renew themselves. Overharvesting of wood for fuel and building materials, h...
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Advances in understanding the role of forests in the carbon cycle
The recognition that increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide are warming the global climate has led to forests being viewed as potential natural ways to reduce carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. Forests’ complex interactions with local and global climates, however, make predi...
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Innovations in forest harvesting technology
Forest harvesting is an essential component of sustainable forestry to ensure the maintenance of forest productivity. Increasing demand for forest product quantity and quality, shifting forest workforce composition and expectations, and rising environmental concerns are driving changes in current...
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Instant insights: sustainable forest management
This collection features five peer-reviewed literature reviews on sustainable forest management.
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Instant insights: ecosystem services delivered by forests
This collection provides a considered overview of the range of ecosystem services delivered by tropical, temperate and boreal forests. Chapters explore the role of forests in storing carbon, improving hydrological cycles and optimising soil health.
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New types of products from tropical wood
This chapter discusses the Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) practices in the tropics and highlights the main wood and biomass resources available. It then elaborates the types of products developed from these resources, both traditional and new products developed. It provides an insight into t...
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Sustainable forest management (sfm) of tropical moist forests: the case of the brazilian amazon
In this chapter we present an overview of forest management practices and regulations in the Brazilian Amazon, followed by a discussion of the benefits and challenges of legal forest management in the region, from private to community-based enterprises. Lastly we summarize the way ahead to ensure...
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Sustainable forest management (sfm) of tropical moist forests: the congo basin
The Congo basin covers the second largest expanse of tropical forest on the planet. This chapter discusses the recent history and implementation challenges of sustainable forest management (SFM) across the basin. It shows that while the most modern SFM ideas and concepts have shaped the current f...
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Defining sustainable forest management (sfm) in the tropics
This chapter discusses definitions of SFM to promote clarity about the avoidable and unavoidable tradeoffs associated with SFM. The chapter reviews about spatial scales for SFM and for the expansion of the scale at which sustainability is considered from stands up to forested landscapes. We revie...
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Amenity and recreation values of tropical forests: an ecosystem services perspective
This chapter discusses the role of ecosystem services (ESS) in enhancing recreational and amenity services of tropical forests. It outlines the relationship between forests, recreation and tourism, including the concepts and issues involved in policy making. This chapter discusses the challenges ...
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Improving operating standards in sustainable forest management of tropical forests in africa
Forests in Africa, if managed sustainably, are important for providing livelihood support to millions of people by delivering environmental, economic and social values. However, high deforestation and forest degradation, undefined policies on land and forest tenure, and associated benefit sharing...
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National governance and tropical forests: key challenges
This chapter reviews the status and trends of tropical forest governance, how it is manifested in sustainable forest management (SFM), and what can improve it. The chapter starts by drawing attention to the development ambitions which provide a context for efforts to preserve or sustainably manag...
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Sustainable management of african dry forests
Dry forests constitute the bulk of the African tropical forests. They support a wealth of human, animal and plant life. They are important to climate change mitigation and adaptation, and support virtually all sectors of economies. This chapter discusses the characteristics and distribution of dr...
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