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Integrated pest management for sustainable rice cultivation: a holistic approach
This chapter describes a holistic approach to integrated pest management (IPM) using knowledge of the natural regulation of herbivore and weed populations and of natural succession in agricultural wetlands. It draws attention to the drivers of change in rice production systems, the forms that fut...
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Research trends in oil palm cultivation
Since its establishment as a commercial crop in Malaysia in 1917, palm oil has become the most important vegetable oil traded in the world. Its standing in the world market is attributed to the oil’s versatile applications, stable supply and affordability. With the estimated global world populati...
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Measuring wheat quality
Wheat quality depends on the genetic make-up of a particular wheat sample. The environment in which it is grown then influences this quality potential. This chapter describes the effects of protein and starch on wheat quality, and the way these components give rise to wheat properties considered...
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The palm oil market: growth and trends
For many years, palm oil has proved to be the most productive, highest yielding oil crops, with a yield 4 to 10 times higher than any other vegetable oil, a factor that has helped palm oil become the most consumed vegetable oil in the world. This chapter provides an overview of oil palm cultivati...
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Regulatory frameworks and standards for agricultural robotics in the european union
Agricultural robotics is profoundly shaped by existing regulation, in particular relating to product safety certification, civil liability, and data access and usage. The chapter provides an overview of said topics, taking into account existing proposal for future regulation, namely the so-called...
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Environmental and genetic effects on coffee seed biochemical composition and quality
Reserve compounds that accumulate in coffee seeds contribute to a large extent– directly or through roasting-induced chemical reactions – to the broad spectrum of aromas and flavours of the coffee cup. Coffee seed reserves are mainly composed of cell wall polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, sucros...
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Advances in soft grasping in agriculture
Robotics and automation face several challenges in agriculture due to the high variability of products, task complexity, crop quality requirement, and dense vegetation. Such a set of challenges demands a more versatile and safe robotic system. Soft robotics is a new yet promising field of researc...
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Nutritional and health effects of coffee
An increasing number of studies have shown that, in spite of its nutritional limitations, coffee is a complex mixture of bioactive substances that may act together to help prevent diseases when consumed in a proper way. This chapter reviews the literature on the nutritional and health-related asp...
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Laying hen nutrition: optimising hen performance and health, bone and eggshell quality
Hen nutrition must address a number of different goals including maximising egg production, maintaining egg quality, extending the laying cycle and ensuring hen health and welfare. This chapter focuses on the dietary influences on eggshell quality and bone health. It looks first at the role of ph...
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Feed supplements for dairy cattle
The manipulation of rumen fermentation to maximize the efficiency of feed utilization and increase ruminant productivity is of great commercial interest. This chapter reviews the beneficial effects sought through manipulating rumen fermentation in dairy cattle. It then considers a wide variety o...
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Sustainable soybean production research and practice: contrasting case studies from three soybean production areas
Good agricultural practices (GAPs) vary within and among production systems. Improved production technology and favourable weather result in increased productivity in many parts of the world, but not everywhere. Our objective here is to address the question of whether we produce soybean sustainab...
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Building continuous productive (peri-)urban landscapes
Increased prominence is being given to the essential role that nature and landscape play in cities by contributing to climate change adaptation and mitigation while advancing biodiversity and enhancing the quality of urban life. Evidence also shows that urban and peri-urban agriculture provide on...
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Integrated pest management (ipm) of nematodes
Limited and fragmented information is available about long-term research efforts that demonstrate the value and impact of integrated pest management to combat nematodes. This particularly applies to major cereal (maize, wheat and rice) and leguminous (peanut, soybean and sunflower) crops on which...
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Nutritional value, health benefits and uses of avocado
Avocado fruit is rich in phytochemicals that have been associated with the prevention of some important diseases. This chapter discusses the important nutritional components of avocado fruit, especially the many important bioactive compounds they contain, as well as the important effects of avoca...
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The use of prebiotics to optimize gut function in pigs
Colonization of the porcine gut microbiota commences after birth; however, this development is interrupted at weaning, rendering the piglet vulnerable to enteric disease. Dietary supplementation of non-digestible oligosaccharides can contribute to the stabilization of gut homeostasis by promotion...
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Fungal diseases affecting potato storage
Fungal and oomycete pathogens responsible for causing potato storage diseases are both numerous and ubiquitous wherever potatoes are grown. These diseases can result in losses of 5–10% during storage, with additional losses caused in the field in subsequent growing seasons for affected seed crops...
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Factors affecting the colour and texture of pig meat
In pork, colour and texture are the two most significant factors influencing consumer perceptions of quality. It is therefore important to understand the many factors that can affect pork colour and texture, because these factors influence purchasing decisions. Furthermore, those in charge of mar...
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Improving organic animal farming
This collection addresses recent research on challenges facing organic animal farming such as more targeted breeding, improved grazing and feed rations, better methods of health and disease management as well as ways of enhancing animal welfare.
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The use of agricultural robots in crop spraying/fertilizer applications
Spraying pesticides is a main element of agriculture worldwide, since 30% to 35% of crop losses can be prevented when harmful insects and diseases are eliminated by applying pesticides. A robotic sprayer can help reduce pesticide application while removing the human operator from the hazardous pe...
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Instant insights: african swine fever
This collection synthesises and reviews the research on key aspects of understanding, tracking and preventing African swine fever. Chapters consider the causes and epidemiology of the disease, identification and surveillance, as well as recent research efforts on developing a vaccine.
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Ecological intensification of banana production systems
Bananas have a bright cropping future – a high diversity of cultivars in taste, aroma and texture, all with recognized health properties and cropping methods offering soil protection, minimal tillage and adaptation to a wide range of climates, even with climate change. However, growers face deman...
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Crop simulation model inter-comparison and improvement
Crop modeling is an integrated discipline of agricultural sciences that contributes to agricultural research, including the areas of agronomic management, precision agriculture, environmental impacts and externalities, input efficiency, managing climate variability and seasonal forecasting, breed...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of grain legumes volume 1
Grain legumes are widely seen as a key food security crop in the developing world. This major two-collection reviews the wealth of recent research on improving cultivation of this major crop. This first volume ranges from plant physiology and breeding through to better cultivation techniques.
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Optimising foot health in dairy cattle
This chapter examines optimising foot health in dairy cattle. The chapter begins by reviewing the importance of lameness then goes on to discuss claw horn disruption. It also reviews aetiopathogensis of white line bruising and lesions, which is then followed by a section on aetiopathogensis and c...
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Use of grassland for bioenergy and biorefining
High-yielding, intensively managed, agriculturally improved grasslands provide biomass with qualities suitable for anaerobic fermentation and biorefining. Biomass from semi-natural grasslands or from landscape conservation areas has higher lignin content. It is suitable for combustion or pyrolysi...
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Optimizing horticulture for urban agriculture
Urban horticulture is attracting increasing attention in both low- and high-income countries. The practice can be needs-driven, i.e., providing and securing food and livelihoods, or based on environmental considerations, social integration, and human wellbeing. This chapter focuses on the potenti...
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Characterisation of fungal communities and functions in agricultural soils
One of the main drivers for the recent interest in utilising fungi has been the development of molecular technologies which allow us to investigate fungal communities in detail. We have made significant steps forward in understanding numbers and functions of fungal communities in soil. If we are ...
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Advances in phenotyping to identify drought-resistance traits in cereal roots
This chapter examines advances in phenotyping to identify drought-resistance traits in cereal roots. The chapter first describes current root phenotyping strategies and challenges, which is then followed by an overview of important root traits to improve drought adaptation, such as root system ar...
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Advances in the development and utilization of fruit tree rootstocks: a case study for apple
In the previous century, apple rootstocks were chosen on the basis of suitability for climate, required degree of vigor, and plant availability. Thus, the rootstock decision in the past was usually quite simple, with only one or two choices available to growers. However, with the proliferation of...
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Advances in developing vaccines for emerging diseases in pigs
The rise of emerging and re-emerging infectious pig diseases is due to various complex factors, including natural processes of natural selection of pathogens, changes in the environment and an increased ability to diagnose new pathogens. These diseases are considered a major threat to the global ...
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Virtue ethics, wendell berry and agriculture
This chapter begins by detailing the major aspects of the virtue ethics tradition, particularly as they are understood by Aristotle. I then turn to Wendell Berry’s thought and argue that Berry embodies well many of the facets of this tradition. I consider three virtues in Berry’s thought: humilit...
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Instant insights: optimising quality attributes in horticultural products
This book provides a detailed overview of the best practices and emerging technologies used to optimise the quality attributes of a range of horticultural products, ranging from tomatoes and mangoes, to cranberries and strawberries.
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Managing replacement and culling in dairy herds
Approximately one third of dairy cows are replaced every year. Replacement of dairy cattle is an important part of the cost of dairy production and an environmental sustainability concern. Primary culling reasons are reduced health and fertility. Reduced welfare often proceeds culling. This chapt...
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Understanding and identifying bacterial disease in swine
Infections with bacterial pathogens have a significant impact on the health, well-being and performance of pigs worldwide. Infections are responsible for antimicrobial use, and therefore, increase the risk for the development of antimicrobial resistance. Some bacterial pathogens in swine are also...
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Insect-transmitted viral diseases infecting tomato crops
Many viruses transmitted by insects cause great damage to tomato crops in the field and in the greenhouse, seriously damaging tomato production in many regions of the globe. Management of insect transmitted tomato viruses is a race between the emergence of new viruses coupled with the proliferati...
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Advances in modelling pathogen behaviour in fresh produce
This chapter examines advances in modelling pathogen behaviour in fresh produce. It begins by first reviewing modelling spoilage of fresh produce, then goes on to discuss modelling pathogen behaviour in fresh produce, focusing specifically on growth modelling and pathogen inactivation. A section ...
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Instant insights: good agricultural practices
This book provides a detailed overview of the development and deployment of good agricultural practices (GAPs) across the agricultural sector and their role in contributing to a sustainable, safe and secure agri-food supply chain.
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Factors affecting the reproductive efficiency of pigs
Solving problems associated with reproductive failure in sow herds can be a challenge. It is critical to meet breeding targets on a routine basis, and to achieve the appropriate farrowing rates and litter sizes. Reproductive failure interferes with the consistent production of pigs, which ultimat...
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Understanding feed and water intake in poultry
Feed and water efficiency are two vital economic and agricultural traits. Selection for phenotypic feed efficiency has tremendously improved livestock productivity over the past 50 years. However, there have been a number of undesirable changes in the regulation of energy homeostasis and probably...
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The proteins of milk
Milk and milk processing have been researched for many years and, today, milk proteins are probably the best characterized of all food proteins. This chapter provides an overview of major and minor milk proteins, the methods used to prepare milk protein fractions in the laboratory and the milk pr...
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Data-driven operations for a productive and sustainable plant factory
Our “808 FACTORY” business has been profitable for eight years since establishment of our first plant factory. Here, we present the business model of the brand that we have been operating. We discuss factory layout and operation management. We review measures of productivity per unit cultivation ...
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Ecosystem services delivered by tropical forests: regulating services of tropical forests for climate and hydrological cycles
Global warming is significantly altering the environmental conditions in which forests grow at a global scale. At the local scale, the impact of global warming on forests depends heavily on current forest type and structure, soil conditions and water availability (Figure 1). Managing forests for ...
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Advances in disease-resistant varieties of soybean
Soybean yields worldwide are reduced by a variety of diseases. Advances in breeding techniques have facilitated the development of soybean cultivars with broader and more durable resistance, but continued reliance on a small number of major resistance genes remains a concern. Introgression of res...
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Supporting smallholder women farmers in potato cultivation
As the importance of potato cultivation among smallholder farmers increases, it is clear that women farmers have a vital role to play in shaping and maximising this growth, safeguarding potatoes as a primary food security crop. The present chapter offers a summary of the current state of potato c...
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Quality defects associated with poultry muscle development: wooden breast
The increasing consumer demand for poultry meat has led to intensive breeding programs to achieve higher growths rate and high breast yields in modern chickens, indirectly resulting in the occurrence of growth-related muscular abnormalities. Among these, wooden breast (WB) is characterized by bul...
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Setting the scene: the continued drive to improve organic animal farming
All the elements of current global development – urbanization, industrialization, population growth, food insecurity, environmental degradation, climate change and other universal issues – call for more equitable and balanced agricultural systems, including new and innovative ways of keeping and ...
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Advances in understanding the nutritional value of lipids in wheat
Lipids are a small component in the wheat grain composition (2-4%) and roughly, two thirds (66%) of them are contained in the germ, 15% are in the bran and particularly in the aleuronic layer, whereas about 20% are distributed in the endosperm, partly within the starch granules. They include a va...
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Official control of poultry processing operations: a european perspective
This chapter is about official control of poultry processing operations from a European perspective. Official control is a cornerstone of food safety, fair trade, animal health and welfare. In poultry processing, official control comprises of ante- and post-mortem inspections of poultry and food ...
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