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Ensuring biodiversity in dairy farming
Dairy farming may affect the biodiversity of microbial species, grass or pasture species, soil, native vegetation, and other flora and fauna on the farm itself. It can also affect aquatic, downstream estuarine and coastal biodiversity because of the nutrients, pesticides and sediments transported...
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Commercial poultry production and gut function: a historical perspective
In the United States, in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, poultry production was only a side operation for many farmers; however, by the 1930s a commercial poultry industry began to flourish. Certainly, today’s poultry industry would never have developed without the many advances tha...
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The emergence of cassava as a global crop
This chapter outlines current knowledge about cassava’s origin in Amazonia and summarizes the history of its introduction and diffusion in the Old World. The chapter examines the evolution of the traits that led to its success, focusing on two aspects under-appreciated by cassava breeders, extens...
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Developing pest- and disease-resistant cultivars of grain legumes
Average yields of most grain legumes are still relatively low due to limited adaptability of available cultivars to a broad range of environmental conditions, and susceptibility to pests and diseases. This chapter explores current knowledge of pest- and disease-resistant cultivars of a variety of...
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Advances in understanding the characteristics and epidemiology of african swine fever
This chapter reviews recent research on the causes and epidemiology of African swine fever (ASF). It discusses the causative agent for ASF, its origins in Africa to its spread into other regions of the world. It looks at the distribution of genotype I and II strains. After summarizing clinical in...
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Advances in understanding sources of pathogenic contamination of fresh produce: soil and soil amendments
Biological soil amendments of animal origin (BSAAO) are essential in contemporary agricultural production to increase crop yield and enrich soil health. BSAAOs may introduce or extend the survival of microbial pathogens that may be transferred to crops. Climate and weather along with amendment ty...
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Instant insights: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
This collection features four peer-reviewed literature reviews on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agriculture.
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Conservation tillage in organic farming
Conservation tillage in organic farming combines the principles of organic farming with the benefits of soil erosion control achieved by the conversion from ploughing to either reduced tillage or no-tillage/direct-seeding. This chapter reviews more than two decades of on-station and on-farm resea...
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Instant insights: life cycle assessment (lca) of crops
This collection features five peer-reviewed literature reviews on life cycle assessment (LCA) of crops.
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Advances in monitoring forest growth and health
Information derived from monitoring the status of and trends in forest resources is a critical tool for policymakers, managers, and other environmental decision makers. Advances in forest monitoring technology, particularly in the use of remote sensing, have helped deliver higher quality informat...
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Good planting and cultivation practices in sugarcane production
Plant crop establishment provides an opportunity to ensure that best management practices (BMPs) are identified and implemented or continued on-farm. If it is not done well, the ensuing crop could be negatively affected. This chapter focusses on a philosophy of BMP associated with sugarcane farmi...
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Making integrated pest management (ipm) work in sub-saharan africa
Losses to biotic threats remain among the most important factors affecting crop productivity in the predominantly complex smallholder systems of sub-Saharan Africa. The unavoidable intensification of crop production will further exacerbate pest problems, and pest management needs to respond accor...
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Understanding gut microbiota in poultry
Research has shown that gut microbiota; the bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi and viruses that reside within the gastrointestinal tract, has a profound effect on the health and productivity of poultry. This chapter outlines what is known about the establishment and development of the gut microbi...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of tropical fruits
This collection reviews current advances in the breeding and cultivation of key tropical and subtropical fruits. Part 1 discusses citrus fruits whilst Parts 2 and 3 cover soft, stone and other fruits.
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Seaweed as a potential protein supplement in animal feeds
With increasing demand for meat and dairy products but limited capacity for expanding crop production, there is need for alternative feed sources. Careful selection of seaweed species based on nutrient content and profiles could allow successful use of seaweed as an alternative protein supplement...
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The influence of gut microbiome on developing immune and metabolic systems in the young pig
The immune and metabolic systems of young piglets develop after birth, and the rate and type of development are strongly associated with the rate and type of colonisation of the intestine with bacteria. This chapter describes the enteric and mucosal immune systems of pigs and presents evidence fr...
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Preventing bacterial diseases in dairy cattle
A paradigm shift in the management of bacterial diseases of food animals is needed; a shift from pharmacologic interventions to disease risk identification and mitigation. The interaction between disease and its risk factors follows the disease triangle, a conceptual model that incorporates host,...
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Managing laying hen flocks with intact beaks
Worldwide, the majority of laying hens are beak trimmed to prevent injurious pecking. However, a ban on beak treatments has come into force in some countries, while others are discussing instituting such a ban. European legislation also prohibits beak treatment of organic flocks. When beak trimmi...
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Genome-wide association studies (gwas) in barley
In recent years, the limiting factors for Genome-wide Association Studies (GWAS) in barley have shifted from the number of markers to the number of individuals, and to the deepness of phenotyping, particularly in field experiments of required size. Recent advances in methodology provide an increa...
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Achieving sustainable turfgrass management
This collection summarises and reviews the wealth of recent research addressing key challenges facing the turfgrass industry, including the need to reduce its carbon footprint and contribution to climate change.
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Setting environmental targets for dairy farming
Environmental targets for dairy farming are necessary to help ensure that milk is produced in a sustainable way. However, setting such targets is not an easy task due to the variety of both dairy farming systems and methods for assessing environmental impacts. The IDF and FAO have undertaken impo...
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Modelling and decision support systems in precision agriculture
Decision support systems (DSSs) are computerized systems, including models and databases, for decision-making purposes. In a precision agriculture (PA) framework, spatial and temporal requirements for DSSs are of particular importance but dealing with uncertainties and human aspects leading to ad...
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Advances in disease-resistant wheat varieties
The strategies used in breeding disease-resistant wheat are informed by the importance and frequency of the disease, availability of resistant germplasm, genetics of resistance and means of selecting for resistance. Gene mapping to identify regions of the genome controlling important traits has b...
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Incentivizing sustainable production practices: improving and scaling extension, certification, carbon markets and other incentive systems
In the absence of subsidies and secure land ownership, farmers often have weak incentives to adopt sustainable production practices. Potential means to change that include improved extension services, certification schemes, access to finance, and results-based payments (e.g. for carbon offset cre...
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Agroforestry for sustainable agriculture
This volume reviews the latest research on the role and implementation of main types of agroforestry, the ecosystem services that agroforestry can deliver and techniques for optimising agroforestry practice.
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Instant insights: plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria
This collection features four peer-reviewed literature reviews on plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in agriculture.
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Animal and on-farm factors affecting sheep and lamb meat quality
Ensuring meat quality is key returning value from sheep production around the world. Meat quality attributes inform customers’ purchasing decisions and define the eating experience of the consumer. Meat quality incorporates appearance traits such as the meat or fat colour and palatability charact...
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Nematode pests of potatoes
Potatoes are particularly susceptible to attack from nematodes, with around 70 species from 24 genera several different reported. Nematodes reduce the value of the harvested crop by affecting yield, tuber size and marketability or indirectly through the transmission of viruses. After introducing ...
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Advances in understanding mechanisms of porcine viral disease transmission/epidemiology
The stability, productivity, sustainability and profitability of the global swine industry depend upon many factors and conditions, including infectious diseases. These diseases have a significant impact on animal health worldwide, and in some instances upon human health due to their zoonotic imp...
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Climate change and agriculture
Climate change is the biggest challenge agriculture faces. Part 1 of this collection reviews current research on the impacts of climate change on agriculture. Part 2 assesses what we know about the contribution of agriculture to climate change, whilst Part 3 surveys mitigation strategies to achie...
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Instant insights: viral diseases affecting pigs
This collection features four peer-reviewed reviews on viral diseases affecting pigs.
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Advances in soilless cultivation of tomatoes and other fruit vegetables
Fruit vegetables are a rich nutritive source for the human diet and highly appreciated for their taste. Tomato, sweet pepper or cucumber crops have specific growth requirements linked to their physiology and their architecture (plant bearing fruits). Soilless culture system (SCS) are characterize...
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Welfare issues in poultry housing and management: broilers
More than 60 billion of broilers are reared and slaughtered for meat production yearly. The majority of broilers worldwide is housed indoors in floor systems and is of a fast-growing breed. Welfare problems have been associated with their efficient growth, the rearing environment and flock manage...
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Genetic modification of grain legumes
Grain legumes constitute a number of important oilseeds and food crops of the world. Most of these grow predominantly in the low-input production systems in the developing countries of Asia and Africa and are subject to several production constraints. This chapter addresses progress in and prospe...
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Peptides as novel biopesticides
Venom peptides are small toxic proteins originated from animal venoms. They have attracted great interest as a route to develop the next generation of novel, effective and safe biopesticides. This chapter reviews the characteristics and discovery of a range of venom peptides. It shows how inhibit...
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Instant insights: organic soil amendments
This book provides a comprehensive overview of the range of organic soil amendments used throughout agriculture to improve soil health, including animal manure, compost and biofertilisers. Chapters also consider the environmental impact of their use and the tools used to optimise their efficiency
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Deficit irrigation and site-specific irrigation scheduling techniques to minimize water use
Today, more than ever, efficient use of water by the agricultural sector is critical to sustaining national and global food security in both irrigated and rainfed regions. Implementing deficit irrigation (DI) strategies and site-specific irrigation management can improve crop water productivity w...
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Plant growth-promoting bacteria (pgpbs) as biocontrol agents against invertebrate pests
Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPBs) represent an important resource for agricultural crops, providing several benefits to the plant such as optimizing the use of environmental resources, improving plant health and resistance to biotic and abiotic factors, and directly acting against plant pat...
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Developing decision support systems (dss) for farm soil and crop management
This chapter provides a review of decision support systems (DSS) in agriculture and addresses several key questions about them. Why are they important, and why are they necessary for the future? What kind of systems currently exist? Different aspects of agricultural DSS design, implementation and...
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Organic agriculture and agroecology in latin america
This chapter provides an account of the development and current status of agroecology and organic agriculture in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). It highlights the main contributions made by LAC farmers, practitioners, researchers and value chain actors to the worldwide growth of agroecolog...
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Advances in sequence technologies for generating poultry gut microbiome data
The important role of the microbiome in the immune system, nutrient digestion, and disease diagnosis and prevention has been well documented in both humans and animals. In poultry, the microbiome community changes between different organs, and the perturbation of gut microbiota can lead to intest...
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Advances in irrigation management and technology in potato cultivation: experiences from a humid climate
For many farmers, irrigation is an essential component of potato production, serving to maximise yields and meet quality assurance targets for retailers and consumers. In recent years, rising costs for labour and energy (pumping) have led to considerable attention being given to improving on-farm...
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Advances in sensor technology for sustainable crop production
This collection reviews key advances in sensor technology, including developments in proximal and remote sensing techniques to measure and monitor crop health, weeds and diseases.
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Improving organic crop cultivation
Organic crop cultivation needs to improve yields if it is to expand its share of agricultural production. This collection reviews ways of addressing this challenge, from developing better varieties to ways of improving crop nutrition and pest control.
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Evaluating and improving rootstocks for apple cultivation
The foundations of a productive and healthy orchard are the rootstocks that provide anchorage, water and nutrients essential to the above-ground portions of the trees. Utilization of composite trees has increased the efficiency of breeding productive apple trees by dividing the selection of scion...
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Challenges and initiatives in reducing food losses and waste: united states
About a third of food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted from farm to fork. It is estimated that the average American household spends $1500 a year or more on food they never eat. This chapter highlights primary data that the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) has collected in production-lev...
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Improving wheat production in the central and west asia and north africa (cwana) region
Wheat is the principal staple food in most countries of the Central and West Asia and North Africa (CWANA) region, accounting for 45% of the region’s per capita calorie intake with an average wheat consumption of about 200 kg/capita/year. Wheat production in the region has increased both horizont...
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Best management practices for pollinator protection in us apple production
This chapter describes a set of pollinator best management practices (BMPs) for US apple production. The primary goal is to provide guidance for growers, crop consultants and regulators on pollinator protection in apple orchards. This guidance considers practical production needs. In the long ter...
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