This chapter describes a holistic approach to integrated pest management (IPM) using knowledge of the natural regulation of herbivore and weed populations and of natural succession in agricultural wetlands. It draws attention to the drivers of change in rice production systems, the forms that future rice production systems will take and anticipated pest problems. The chapter indicates the need for increased attention to understanding rice ecosystems in a holistic manner to ensure the economic and environmental sustainability of modern rice production systems. The chapter shows that knowledge of rice ecosystems, combined with a range of available technologies, can enhance ecosystem functioning, ensure efficient extension pathways and thereby increase the success of IPM.