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Advances in breeding techniques for cereal crops
This collection reviews key advances in cereals breeding. It looks at advances in exploiting genetic diversity, the use of doubled haploids and hybrid breeding. The books also reviews developments in phenotyping, the use of genetic markers and techniques such as genomic selection.
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Theory of genome-wide association for qtl detection
To identify the regions on the genome that influence traits, Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) uses the information of Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) between a QTL and neighboring genetic markers. LD is created by mutations and recombinations, but populations mixture also generates gametic phase ...
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Entomovectoring: using pollinators to spread biocontrol agents
In this chapter, we review the most important factors for successful entomovectoring. Several previous applications of the entomovectoring technology using two commercially used bumblebee species, Bombus terrestris and Bombus impatiens, will be discussed. Finally, we will present a case study foc...
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Instant insights: intercropping
This collection provides a comprehensive overview of the use of intercropping across agriculture, focussing on its use to manage and improve soil health, as well as its use in temperate agroforestry systems to mitigate the sector’s environmental impact.
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Advanced hydroponics design for plant cultivation in cities
The growth of the world urban population altogether with the detrimental effects of climate change and resource scarcity are currently exerting extreme pressure on our food systems. Innovation in vegetable crop production is being driven by plant cultivation technologies that are independent of s...
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Models, sensors and decision support systems in greenhouse cultivation
Model-based decision support and automation in horticulture is accompanied today by the development of Industry 4.0, that is, today’s greenhouses are advanced production systems with the possibility of controlling the indoor climate (and with that, the crop) very accurately with intelligent algor...
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Advances in the understanding of nitrogen (n) uptake by plant roots
Efficient use of nitrogen (N) by plants and particularly crops, is of global importance. In agriculture, high crop yields and protein content depend upon extensive N-inputs, however fertilizer N is costly to the farmer, and overuse can be damaging to the environment. A critical component of optim...
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The potential of somatic embryogenesis for commercial-scale propagation of elite cacao varieties
Plant tissue culture can be used to speed up the development and deployment of genetically improved genotypes. Research conducted by multiple groups for over 25 years has led to the development of protocols for efficient somatic embryogenesis (SE) of cacao. This chapter provides a synthesis of pu...
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Digital tools for assessing soil organic carbon at farm and regional scale
This chapter explores the digital tools for assessing soil organic carbon at farm and regional scale. It first reviews monitoring, reporting and verification frameworks, which is then followed by a discussion of the sampling strategies that can be used for soil organic carbon estimation. A sectio...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of cocoa
Cocoa cultivation faces a number of significant challenges, including stagnating yields, a narrow genetic base, vulnerability to pests and diseases and environmental impact. This volume reviews how research is addressing these challenges in areas such as breeding and agronomy, understanding and m...
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Non-infectious disorders affecting potatoes
There are a wide range of non-infectious disorders that can affect potatoes, generally as a result of imbalances within the plant caused by environmental stresses. Such disorders make tubers unappealing to consumers, and therefore have significant economic consequences. However, non-infectious di...
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Digestion of milk protein and milk fat
Milk is a nutrient-rich and well-balanced food containing high-quality proteins with super-digestibility. The dairy products produced from milk make an important contribution to the total dietary supply of nutrients. However, the digestion and absorption of nutrients not only is based on the high...
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Integrating livestock production into whole-farm system models of mixed crop–livestock systems
Crop-livestock farming systems integrate various biophysical components with farm decision-making. Whole-farm system models help to understand the complexity arising from this integration and are useful tools to explore effects of interventions and to design improved systems. After describing the...
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Leveraging the qtlome to enhance climate change resilience in cereals
Global food security relies on the release of cultivars more resilient to the negative effects of abiotic stress caused by climate change. Attaining this daunting goal will require a substantial increase in selection gain achieved so far with conventional breeding. To this end, the identification...
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Modeling climate change impacts on crop growth and yield formation
The aim of this chapter is to briefly illustrate current practices in modeling crop yield as a response to climate change and what has been learnt so far, especially in terms of multi-model assessment and comparisons. For additional information, readers are directed to the “Where to look for furt...
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The european spruce bark beetle
This book reviews current research on understanding and controlling the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus), one of the most important threats facing forests in Europe and North America.
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Advances in understanding the genetic and environmental factors determining seed longevity
Longevity is defined as the extent to which seeds can remain alive during storage. It is an essential seed trait that serves to bridge the time between seed abscission until germination, and underpins global agriculture and plant species conservation. Over the past decade, the research field in l...
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Predicting the effect of climate change on sugarcane cultivation
Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) can be used to produce ethanol and biomass for energy generation, as part of a climate change mitigation policy. It is also an important crop from a food security perspective, with almost 75% of the world's sugar coming from sugarcane plantations. In this chapter we rev...
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Trends in exploring wheat and barley germplasm for novel disease resistance traits
Wheat and barley are major food crops grown for human consumption worldwide, yet the sustained production of these important cereals continues to be threatened by rapidly evolving fungal pathogens. This chapter highlights recent advancements in phenotyping, genotyping and other breeding technolog...
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Climate risk management in maize cropping systems
Climate variability affects the lives and livelihoods of farmers in many diverse ways, directly it affects farmers levels of food security, income and poverty; indirectly it affects farmers’ behaviours and decisions, as well as prices and markets. On the one hand climate variability it presents f...
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Cereal leaf beetle (oulema melanopus)
The cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus L.), native to Eurasia and introduced to North America, poses significant economic threat to crops of small grains across much of the northern hemisphere. Pest management is challenging because cereal leaf beetle outbreaks are sporadic and remain unpredict...
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Nutritional strategies to reduce emissions from waste in pig production
Emissions of ammonia, odour and greenhouse gases (GHGs) from livestock housing and storage and application of manure are major concerns in the environmental sustainability of pig production. This chapter addresses dietary strategies to reduce these emissions. It examines in detail the relationshi...
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Breast meat abnormalities associated with ischaemic necrosis: dorsal cranial myopathy and deep pectoral myopathy
Deep pectoral myopathy (DPM) and dorsal cranial myopathy (DCM) have been reported at different processing plants worldwide, causing economic losses due to condemnation or downgrading of carcasses. Both myopathies have split fibres and are associated with ischaemic necrosis, which may indicate a p...
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The principles and processes of sorghum breeding
This chapter provides an overview of the basic principles and processes involved in the breeding of sorghum. A number of standard field operations are described, such as crossing, emasculation and harvesting, followed by a discussion of various methods of selection and topcrossing. After describi...
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Instant insights: managing arthropod pests in tree fruit
This collection reviews the available methods for managing arthropod pests affecting global tree fruit production. Chapters consider the use of integrated pest management programmes as a more sustainable control method in the face of increasing pesticide regulatory restrictions and concerns surro...
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The rumen microbiota and its role in dairy cow production and health
Ruminants have a complex microbial community inhabiting their gastrointestinal tract. In particular, rumen microbiota converts lignocellulose material to nutrients and energy, which dictate to the animal’s performance through a host–microbe symbiotic relationship. Owing to their significant role ...
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Achieving sustainable production of eggs volume 1
This collection begins by looking at egg composition and chemistry. This provides a foundation for discussing pathogenic contamination of eggs and methods for its prevention, detection and control. The book concludes by assessing factors affecting egg appearance, shelf-life, nutritional value and...
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Advances in dairy lipid science: physicochemical aspects
The physical properties of milk fat are intrinsically related to its chemical composition. This in turn is linked to animal feeding and to a lesser extent to genetics. Understanding the relation between these factors is utmost important to define the effects of animal feeding strategies on milk f...
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Trickle irrigation systems
Trickle irrigation is the practice of dripping water into soil at very low rates, using outlets placed closed to the plant to ensure targeted application to the root zone. Since the 1950s, trickle irrigation technology has become increasingly advanced and widespread. It is believed that the techn...
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Organic cocoa cultivation
The last two decades have witnessed a dramatically increased demand for organically produced goods. As a crop, cocoa can be grown successfully using organic methods, and demand for organic chocolate has risen in line with the overall growth in the organic market. This chapter offers a summary of ...
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Advances and challenges in sustainable peach production
By adopting precise management techniques, growers can reduce the environmental impact of fruit growing, without sacrificing quality and yields, while maintaining income. This chapter discusses how improvements in sustainable peach production can be achieved by an interaction among quite varied d...
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Proximal soil surveying and monitoring techniques
The understanding of soil fertility is fundamental to agricultural production. However, soils can show great variation both spatially and temporally. This chapter outlines the key challenges faced in monitoring such variation and the solutions that have been developed and further employed to aid ...
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Biodiversity reporting in the fast-food industry
The fast-food industry has a significant impact on global biodiversity. The industry members are well placed to address these impacts through initiatives encouraging no-net-loss/net-gain biodiversity policies. A review of prior academic research identifies the key challenges faced by the fast-foo...
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Integrated weed management in organic cropping systems
Weed management is a key challenge for organic production. Integrated Weed Management (IWM), that is, the combination of different tactics within a long-term management strategy, can keep weed abundance low. However, successful IWM relies on maximum diversification of the cropping system, which i...
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Practical application of integrated pest management to control cabbage root fly in vegetables
In north-western Europe cabbage root fly is considered to be an important pest of Brassica crops. Root fly larvae mainly feed on roots of Brassica vegetable crops causing damage and eventually crop loss. Pest damage consequently results in considerable economic losses for these crops. Due to the...
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Advanced detection technologies for weed scouting
This chapter discusses advanced detection technologies for weed scouting. It starts by highlighting the current techniques that can be used to make optimising herbicide treatments more efficient, such as on-ground and remotely-sensed weed detection. The chapter then goes on to discuss the replace...
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Conservation agriculture in south america
This chapter describes the origins and current status of CA as well as NT and the NTS in Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and Bolivia. These represent the top five CA countries with about 99% of the area under CA cultivation in South America.
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The use of bacterial probiotics and direct-fed microbials as dietary supplements in dairy cow nutrition
Direct-fed microbials (DFM), or probiotics, overall can improve feed digestion and/or fermentation, reduce the risk of rumen acidosis, increase milk production, enhance immunity and gut health, especially reducing calf diarrhea, and reduce mastitis in dairy cattle. The commonly used DFM include s...
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Biodiversity as a prerequisite of sustainable organic farming
Over the last century, the intensification of agriculture with high inputs of synthetic pesticides and fertilisers combined with monocrop specialisation has been detrimental to the diversity of genetic resources of crop varieties and livestock breeds, to the wild flora and fauna species and to th...
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The use of gene-editing techniques in breeding improved ornamentals
The aim of ornamental plant breeding is developing novel cultivars with new and improved traits. Innovation in this field has increased with the advent of precise genome editing. These techniques use nucleases to guide site directed mutagenesis e.g. the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palin...
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Improving welfare assessment indicators and protocols for poultry
There have been considerable advances in welfare assessment in the past decades. This chapter explains some of the terminology related to welfare assessment and why the emphasis is moving towards including indicators of poultry welfare taken on the birds themselves rather than from the environmen...
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Advances in cultured meat technology
This collection reviews current advances in cellular agriculture, focussing primarily on the emerging research in cultured meat technology. The book considers the establishment of regulatory frameworks for cultured meat in the USA and Singapore and highlights the quality and sustainability issues...
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Modelling climate change impacts on livestock production
As other sectors continue to decarbonise, achieving climate change targets is particularly challenging for agriculture. This is primarily the result of livestock production systems (LPS), namely intensive ruminant production systems. LPS account for ~14.5 percent of all anthropogenic GHG emission...
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Advances in development of potato varieties resistant to abiotic stress
Abiotic stresses namely drought, salinity, high or low temperature, submergence, nutrient deficiency and so forth have an impact on potato yields. These suboptimal conditions restrict potato plant performance so that the plants do not reach their full genetic potential. This chapter examines diff...
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Understanding and preventing tail biting in pigs
Tail biting is a behavioural problem of pigs which is associated with welfare detriment for both the perpetrator and victim. It is seen to some extent on most farms worldwide and causes considerable economic loss, leading to widespread adoption of tail docking for risk reduction. Its occurrence ...
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Advances in the genetic modification of oil palm
Transgenic crop modification uses recombinant DNA methods to alter gene expression in order to create new varieties for breeders that may be either difficult or impossible to produce using conventional approaches. Over the past few decades, transgenic methods have been successfully applied to dev...
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Control of rodent pests in rice cultivation
Rodents cause significant damage to rice crops at all stages. The intensity of rice cropping and the level of asynchrony of cropping affects the level of rodent losses. It is important to understand the biology of rodent species causing damage in order to develop appropriate management strategies...
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Developments in the system of rice intensification (sri)
The system of rice intensification (SRI) is a combination of management practices developed in Madagascar some 30 years ago to make the cultivation of irrigated rice more productive. This chapter reviews how the SRI has evolved over the past 15 years as its efficacy has been demonstrated in over...
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