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Forest landscape restoration (flr) of tropical forests
This chapter reviews the restoration of tropical forests, focusing specifically on forest landscape restoration (FLR). It begins by addressing the importance on implementing forest landscape restoration and provides an overview of different guides and tools for FLR. It also provides two case stud...
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Advances in physical control methods in ipm
The evidence is mounting for pesticide failures on many fronts, including environmental contamination and pest resistance to chemical products. As an alternative, physical management methods are environmentally friendly, are not subject to the development of resistance, leave no residues and requ...
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Processing rice straw and husks as co-products
This chapter focuses on by-product processing and management in the rice sector. The first section reviews rice residue availability. The following sections describe rice residue processing technologies, including on-field and off-field options. On-field processing focuses mainly on composting an...
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Advances in understanding the nutraceutical properties of phenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables
This chapter reviews the range of phenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables. It assesses the effects on phenolic content of factors such as cultivar, stage of growth (ripening), cultivation practices such as use of bio-effectors, and post-harvest stages such as mechanical and thermal processing...
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Instant insights: crop rotations
This collection features five peer-reviewed literature reviews on crop rotations in agriculture.
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Understanding and preventing seafood loss and waste
Food loss and waste causes environmental pollution, food insecurity, health problems and substantial economic losses. Seafood products provide excellent sources of high quality proteins, essential amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals, and generate large quantities of by-products not in...
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Sustainable intensification in agriculture: ethical issues
Research scientists predict to feed the growing population an increase in agricultural yields at a lower environmental footprint, what some call ‘sustainable intensification’, is required. Yet, some argue that sustainable intensification fails to address systemic social, economic, or environmenta...
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Beef carcass inspection systems
This chapter provides an overview of the purposes and importance of meat inspection programmes in addressing hazards to both human and animal health. Subsequent sections cover the design, implementation and results of ante- and post-mortem inspection, and provide a review of some important proced...
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Persistence and yield stability of temperate grassland legumes for sustainable animal production
Forage legumes are essential for sustainable production systems, but their positive environmental and economic effects cannot be realized unless they also show persistence and yield stability. These are complex traits which depend on the interaction of different biotic and abiotic environmental f...
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Uses and health benefits of chestnuts
Production and consumption of chestnut has shown a steady increase in recent years, driven by both increased consumer awareness about food composition and the health benefits of a nut-rich diet. This chapter provides an overview of the uses and health benefits of chestnuts (Castanea spp.). Starti...
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Introducing new technologies and market strategies for sorghum producers in developing countries: the sahel case
Sorghum producers are faced with the simultaneous problems of low yields, difficult access to inputs, and are at the bottom of the marketing chain hence the lowest prices received. So a yield increasing strategy needs to confront all of these constraints. This chapter reports on the field researc...
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Artisanal mills and local production of palm oil by smallholders
In Africa, there are two oil palm supply chains. The first goes through industrial mills, from industrial plantations and surrounding smallholdings to a formal market of commercial oils complying with international quality standards, while the second goes through small-scale mills or traditional ...
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Advances in seed priming techniques
Seed priming is a technique involving seed hydration and drying which aims to increase germination speed and to synchronize germination to ensure a more uniform crop stand and yield. This chapter focusses on recent developments in priming from the point of view of the seed industry. It assesses t...
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Understanding gut function in poultry: the role of commensals, metabolites, inflammation and dysbiosis in intestinal immune function and dysfunction
Study of the importance of the microbiome to health and susceptibility to diseases has become a leading area of research in poultry science in recent years. The microbiota is emerging as a fundamental force influencing diverse aspects of avian physiology. This chapter examines intestinal immunity...
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Advances in the use of robotics in greenhouse cultivation
This chapter discusses the role of robotics in greenhouse cultivation, starting with key challenges. Current technology is then presented, grouped by the main tasks executed by the robots. The selective harvesting of major greenhouse crops (e.g. tomato, cucumber, sweet pepper, strawberries and fl...
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Advances in arabica coffee breeding: developing and selecting the right varieties
This chapter presents the main components and achievements of the world effort for breeding Arabica coffee and the perspectives for present and future initiatives.
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Fair-trade coffee: how fair is fair?
An important aspect of sustainability that needs discussion is a fair income for producers and laborers involved in agriculture. This chapter discusses what ‘fair’ means and the approach used by some major Voluntary Sustainability Standards to calculate ‘fair’ prices for producers. This is follow...
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Safety management and pathogen monitoring in poultry slaughterhouse operations: the case of the united states
Preventing foodborne illnesses in a cost-effective way is an important challenge for the poultry industry. This chapter begins by reviewing the common foodborne pathogens associated with poultry. We then discuss processing operations from live transportation of birds, to slaughter, to post-chill ...
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Advances in pest- and disease-resistant cocoa varieties
Plant-parasitic nematodes cause cocoa yield losses, a sudden death of trees and retardation of seedling growth in nurseries. This chapter explains the hidden nature and the masking effects of these nematodes and how these have led to erroneous control measures. The chapter describes the nematode ...
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Financial services for smallholders
Financing for smallholder farmers starts with the question of what does a smallholder need to improve their income and ends with financing as one of the solutions that help achieve this goal. The chapter outlines some basic concepts and then outlines a set of various loan products that may fit a ...
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Potato production and breeding in china
China is the largest potato producer in the world, accounting for a quarter of total global production. The potato has become the fourth most important food crop in China, following corn, rice and wheat. The development of the potato industry has significantly helped to alleviate poverty, improve...
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Critical issues in plant health: 50 years of research in african agriculture
This collection summarises 50 years of research on plant health by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) to improve the health of crops in Africa. It will be a standard reference on improving the management of pests and diseases in developing countries.
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Advances in quantitative microbiological risk assessment for pathogens in fresh produce
Managing the microbiological safety of fresh produce is a complicated task. Quantitative microbial risk assessments are being used increasingly as an aid to risk management by federal agencies, food industry professionals and academic researchers. This chapter takes a microorganism and historical...
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Post-harvest management of sorghum
Sorghum is an important cereal, especially in the developing world where it is a major food source in regions where other cereal crops would not withstand the harsh conditions. After summarising sorghum’s nutritional status and world production figures, this chapter presents post-harvest operatio...
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Improving safe consumer handling of fresh produce
This chapter focuses on improving safe confumser handling of fresh produce. It begins by first discussing consumer produce consumption, drawing specific attention to the consumption of high risk produce items. The chapter then moves on to review pathogens isolated from produce samples, which is f...
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Planning and sowing grasslands
To be truly sustainable, forage-livestock systems must be well matched to the soils, geophysical and climate factors, and expected level of management available. This chapter provides an overview of the pasture renovation or establishment process, including a comprehensive planning process, selec...
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The use of supplements to mitigate enteric methane emission in dairy cattle
This chapter explores the use of supplements to mitigate enteric methane emission in dairy cattle. It begins by highlighting two dietary approaches that can decrease enteric CH4 emission, the first being the improvement of forage quality and the second being the inclusion of concentrate feeds in ...
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Optimising the health of weaned piglets
The weaning period is a very stressful event for the piglet that can impact the health, welfare and performance. This period of transition is characterized by the adaptation of newly weaned piglets to their new environment, diet, changing in their immunological status and pathogens circulation th...
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Understanding and minimising fungicide resistance
This collection reviews the wealth of research on understanding the development of fungicide resistance and preventative measures to limit the problem and its impact on effective control of crop diseases.
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Achieving sustainable production of pig meat volume 1
Pig meat is the most widely-consumed meat in the world. This volume addresses some of the key challenges facing pig farming such as the continuing threat from zoonoses, ways of maintaining and improving meat quality as well as making pig production more sustainable.
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Achieving sustainable management of tropical forests: overview and conclusions
This chapter summarises the key findings from the chapters written by subject specialists from around the world for Achieving sustainable management of tropical forests, providing a synopsis of current knowledge and thinking about different aspects of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) to help t...
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Sorghum breeding for biotic stress tolerance
Sorghum breeding is poised to take advantage of remarkable advances in genomics and molecular technologies. Thus, while classical breeding methods have been successful in identifying and incorporating resistance to biotic stresses, this chapter will feature the use of the new tools and technologi...
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Organic beef farming: key characteristics, opportunities, advantages, and challenges
This chapter offers an overview of the current status of organic beef production systems and emphasizes the need for more data to better characterize this farm system. It also offers an overview of the course of farm conversion, together with the available resources and options to determine the c...
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Scaling cell production sustainably in cultured meat product development
Cultured meat is an emerging novel food with potential to address many of the shortcomings of meat produced through intensified animal farming. To date, only one cultured meat product has received regulatory approval for commercialisation in Singapore. However these are still available on an orde...
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Key ethical issues in livestock farming
This chapter assumed the practical application of animal ethics in agriculture as necessary for animal ethics and for those who work with animals in agriculture. It is intended to provide an overview of the main areas of ethical concern stemming from the use of animals as livestock. The first sec...
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Advances in turfgrass for athletic fields and sports pitches
This chapter examines advances in turfgrass breeding and genetics for the purpose of athletic fields and sports pitches. The chapter first discusses the most appropriate types of species and cultivar for this, focusing on how improvements can be made to both warm-season and cool-season turfgrass....
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Supporting smallholders in maize cultivation: using an agricultural innovation systems approach
An innovation system can be defined as a network of organizations, enterprises and individuals focused on bringing new products, new processes and new forms of organization into use, together with the institutions and policies that affect their behaviour and performance. In this chapter, we prese...
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Frontiers in agri-food supply chains
This collection reviews differing types of agri-food supply chain around the world and the challenges they face in ensuring a safe, efficient and environmentally-sustainable supply of food to customers. It assesses tools and techniques for analysing and improving supply chains as well as differin...
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Instant insights: optimising pig nutrition
This collection considers the different approaches and methods which can be implemented to optimise pig nutrition. Chapters discuss the nutritional requirements of pigs and review the use of dietary supplements to support gut function and animal health.
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Assessing and modelling the costs of on-farm distributed renewable energy systems
This chapter describes the most relevant costs assessment methodologies and the state-of-the-art research lines regarding the cost of on-farm distributed renewable energy systems (on-farm DG-RES). The analysis of the costs of on-farm DG-RES can be looked at from the perspective of “private” or “p...
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Climate change and cocoa cultivation
Climate change has been projected to impact cocoa production unless cultivation practices are adapted. Guiding effective adaptation is a challenging task because of the high model uncertainty for precipitation which is a vital consideration for cocoa producers. We focus on identifying preconditio...
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Solar energy conversion, oxygen evolution and carbon assimilation in cyanobacteria and eukaryotic microalgae
This chapter focuses on the solar energy conversion in light harvesting and light-driven electron transport for production of reducing power for CO2 fixation in prokaryotic cyanobacteria and eukaryotic microalgae.
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Optimizing pest management in fruit cultivation
Tree fruit growers in temperate regions have faced challenges in managing the complex of arthropod pests present in these systems because of increasing pesticide regulatory restrictions, public concerns about food safety and environmental quality, and resistance to older pesticides by key pests. ...
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Proximal crop sensing
Today’s farmers are increasingly reliant on sensors for their farming operations. This chapter addresses the use of proximal sensors to evaluate a crop during the growing season. After briefly discussing the importance of sensors in modern farming and the crop properties which are of interest, we...
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Bacterial diseases affecting potatoes
Bacterial pathogens continue to pose a significant threat to potato production through in-field yield losses, storage rots and reduced marketability. Ralstonia solanacearum alone is estimated to cause US$1 billion losses worldwide. In this chapter we review current knowledge on principal bacteria...
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Developments in diagnostic techniques for cereal pathogens
Cereal pests and diseases can significantly reduce potential crop yields. Correct and timely identification in-field is key to their control. This chapter summarizes and evaluates some of the many available methods for detection of pests and diseases, ranging from classical methods of plant patho...
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Conserving and characterizing the genetic diversity of grain legumes
An increase in the production and marketing of grain legumes would help to diversify diets and improve human nutrition, as well as contributing to the sustainability of cropping systems and long- term soil health. However, the projected impacts of climate change and the current local adaptation ...
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Integrated pest management and biological pest control strategies in mango cultivation
Integrated pest management (IPM) is the compatible use of various methods to control pests; methods include biological control, cultural control and chemical control. Chemical control should be used as a last resort and should be restricted to selective and less disruptive insecticides. This chap...
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