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What is agricultural ethics and why does it matter?
This chapter begins by first providing an overview of the key concepts of ethics and common morality, then moves on to review common morality in agriculture and food systems. The chapter also highlights some of the topics involved agricultural ethics, before reviewing the various social science r...
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Viruses as vectors for the delivery of gene-editing reagents
A significant challenge for plant gene editing is the delivery of editing reagents to germline or regenerable cells to recover heritable genetic modifications. Reagent delivery using biolistics or Agrobacterium is only possible with a limited range of species and genotypes, and inefficient editin...
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Using machine learning to identify and diagnose crop diseases
Crop diseases can cause major yield losses and the ability to detect and identify them in their early stages is important for disease control. Machine learning methods, in particular deep learning, have shown promise in classifying multiple diseases across many different crop types. In this chapt...
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Use of tannins as dietary supplements in dairy cattle nutrition
This chapter focuses on the use of tannins as dietary supplements in dairy cattle nutrition. It begins by first identifying sources of tannins for supplementation, focusing specifically on the tropics and temperate climates. It then moves on to discuss the effects of tannins in dairy cows, such a...
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Use of pseudomonas spp. as bacterial biocontrol agents to control plant diseases
Most Pseudomonas biocontrol strains are associated with the rhizosphere of plants, where they control soil pathogens by antibiosis or competition, and leaf pathogens via induced systemic resistance. Genome mining and the division of the vastly heterogeneous genus Pseudomonas in phylogenomic (sub)...
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Understanding the value of and reasoning behind farmer adoption of carbon centric practices
Understanding how to promote farmers’ use of carbon (C) centric practices known to increase soil C sequestration is needed to design information systems and orient policy, investment and environmental markets. Farmers undertake individual and collective actions using techniques that have varied o...
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Understanding the effects of humidity/ air composition on embryo and post-hatch chick development
Incubational conditions influence embryo growth and viability, which subsequently affect egg hatchability. Along with temperature, environmental factors in the incubator that are of primary importance for optimum hatchability and chick quality include humidity and vital gas (carbon dioxide (CO2) ...
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Understanding plant-pathogen interactions in septoria tritici blotch infection of cereals
Zymoseptoria is a major fungal pathogen of wheat, responsible for the Septoria Tritici Blotch (STB) disease. Recently, STB has been the subject of intensive molecular studies. Notably, massive transcriptomic analyses have helped to explore this particular bi-phasic (asymptomatic/necrotrophic) inf...
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Towards an early warning system for wheat blast: epidemiological basis and model development
Wheat blast is caused by the fungus Pyricularia oryzae Triticum pathotype (PoT). Significantly damaging wheat blast epidemics are sporadic and limited to tropical wheat growing areas in South America. Unexpectedly, wheat blast was reported in Bangladesh and Zambia in 2016 and 2020, respectively. ...
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Tools for pest and disease management by stakeholders: a case study on plantwise
This chapter presents Plantwise as an innovative process for pest management in small holder crop production systems. The tools and applications developed under Plantwise constitute innovations that have potential to contribute to broad aspects of pest management. They can be easily repurposed to...
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Talking points on the cultural politics of cultured meat
Cultured meat is a technology that seeks to change the world for the better, by making meat products with a much lower burden on the environment, our health, and animals, compared to conventional meat production. However, any intervention that may cause significant changes to our planet and socie...
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Surveillance on swine farms using antemortem specimens
In the recent past, disease control on swine farms was based on vaccination or intentional exposure to pathogens to stimulate immunity and protect against clinical disease. This one-dimensional strategy became increasingly inadequate as farms increased in size and as pathogens resistant to immune...
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Strategies for crispr/cas9-mediated genome editing: from delivery to production of modified plants
Despite the conspicuous and rapid development of genome editing tools, implementing this technology in plants often remains constrained by our inability to regenerate fertile genome-modified plants. Finding a viable combination of delivery method, genome editing reagents, and plant regeneration s...
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Sampling and statistics in assessment of fresh produce
New measurement technologies are facilitating new approaches to the improvement of safety and quality in agri-food supply chains. However, measurement uncertainty and choice of sampling strategy can influence the outcomes of assessment programmes. This chapter provides a sampler of calculations ...
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Role of bioprotectants for disease control in integrated crop protection approaches
Bioprotectants have the potential to replace chemical pesticides in agricultural cropping systems and crop protection approaches. Development of new bioprotectants in combination with more restricted use of chemical crop protection will result in their much stronger market position in the future....
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Relaxing non-photochemical quenching (npq) to improve photosynthesis in crops
Sunlight intercepted by crop plants drives photosynthesis and growth. However, the light-harvesting antenna complexes that capture light energy for photosynthesis can also absorb too much light, which enhances the formation for reactive oxygen species and can result in damage to photosynthetic re...
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Quantifying captures from insect pest trap networks
In this chapter a high-level overview of the goals of trap networks, some examples and details for tephritid fruit flies, and then a detailed description of the TrapGrid model are given. TrapGrid can be used to quantify the probability of capturing insects instantaneously or over time using a fun...
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Progress in precise and predictable genome editing in plants with base editing
Base editors are gene editing tools that allow targeted nucleic acid conversions, most commonly C>T and A>G, through pairing of deamination domains with impaired nucleases. Multiple deaminase domains and architectures have been demonstrated in planta across a wide array of species, with bot...
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Origins and drivers of crop phenotyping
Plant phenotyping has seen rapid recent development in methods and technologies. This chapter outlines how plant phenotyping has developed over recent decades, driven by factors such as advances in optical sensors, image analysis and automation as well as multidisciplinary cooperation in establis...
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Nutritional and anti-methanogenic potentials of macroalgae for ruminants
The livestock production sector is facing challenges to find alternative feed resources and nutritional strategies to mitigate enteric methane (CH4) emissions from ruminants. Recently, marine macroalgae have emerged as potential anti-methanogenic feed ingredients due to their ability to suppress ...
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Molecular evolution and mechanisms of fungicide resistance in plant pathogenic fungi
Since the introduction in the late 1960s of systemic fungicides with modes of action involving inhibition of single target sites, resistance to many of these products has evolved in populations of fungal pathogens. Many important pathogens have developed reduced sensitivity to many of the major c...
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New technologies to improve the ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources
Access to plant genetic resources is fundamental to the development of more resilient and nutritious crops. The efficient and effective conservation of plant genetic resources is therefore key to ensuring global food security. There are more than 1750 genebanks around the world, storing various t...
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