High-pressure materials science is a fast-developing field in materials and condensed matter physics. Subjecting materials to high pressures can create new, fundamentally different materials with new properties. For example, pure hydrogen becomes metallic, and carbon rings are replaced by diamond-like structures. Physical and chemical changes can then be exploited for a variety of applications. Wei, presents the fundamental concepts from the field and how these can be applied to create exotic materials under high-pressure. Theoretical and experimental aspects of high-pressure materials science, including practical techniques, experimental results, and applications to materials design and synthesis are also covered. A range of techniques and materials are explained, including recent discoveries, creating a collection of techniques and results from experimental and theoretical perspectives.