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Modifying mesophyll conductance to optimise photosynthesis in crops
Mesophyll conductance (gm), the ease with which carbon dioxide can diffuse into and through plant cells, is a promising target for improving photosynthetic rates in plants. Barriers including cell walls, membranes, liquid phases and the anatomy and orientation of the cells and their subcellular o...
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Mechanisms of soil organic carbon sequestration and implications for management
Organic carbon sequestration is delineated from the different mechanisms underlying the storage of organic matter in mineral soils. The scene is set with definitions of the major terms within the complex of organic matter formation in soils, followed by describing the types of organic matter ente...
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Managing housing and stocking density to optimize health, welfare and production in pig herds
This chapter describes major husbandry- and management-related factors affecting health, welfare and production efficiency in different swine husbandry systems. Given the current transformation in pig production, there are several conflicting goals which need to be addressed during design and ada...
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Managing grasslands to optimize soil carbon sequestration
In this chapter, we will discuss the effect of different grassland management practices on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. This includes comparison of grasslands with arable croplands, the role of N fertilization, and grazing strategies. Special emphasi...
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Management of organic soils to reduce soil organic carbon losses
Organic soils of intact peatlands store 1/4 of the global soil organic carbon (SOC). Despite being an important source of methane (CH4), they are climate coolers because they continuously accumulate new organic carbon. However, when these organic soils are drained for agriculture, the resulting a...
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Life cycle assessment of indoor vertical farms
Indoor vertical farms (IVF) have expanded rapidly in recent years as an approach to secure resilient food provisioning in urban areas. Sustainability is often promoted by IVFs, focusing primarily on farm-level metrics and information about work with packaging. However, there are few assessments o...
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Integrated weed management in grasslands
This chapter describes the current status of IWM for grasslands. Its focus is on management practices available to influence transitions in a weed’s life cycle: from the soil seed bank to seedling establishment, from the seedling stage to the mature plant, and from the mature plant to the soil se...
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In ovo vaccination of chicken eggs
This chapter reviews in ovo vaccination of chicken eggs. It first discusses the history and evolution of in ovo vaccination, then goes on to highlight the various interacting factors of in ovo vaccination success. A section on additional interactions and considerations are also provided, focusing...
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Improving the global exchange of germplasm for crop breeding
Different norms, rules and practices organize the exchange of germplasm to address broader global challenges such as advancement of science and innovation, food security, sustainable agriculture or global equity. Some of these institutions are now embedded in various treaties and national regulat...
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Improving data flow and integration in models assessing the impact of climate change on agriculture
This chapter examines improving data flow and integration in models assessing the impact of climate change on agriculture. It starts by first describing model-data integration, focusing on multi-criteria calebration of mechanistic agro-ecosystem models. The chapter moves on to review informing sp...
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Improving biodiversity in agricultural grassland systems
Biodiversity conservation is a rapidly advancing research area in sustainable grassland management. This chapter explores evidence-based approaches to enhance biodiversity on agricultural grasslands. The biodiversity value of these grasslands varies widely, primarily influenced by production-driv...
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Identifying and exploiting genes controlling root system architecture for improving drought tolerance in cereals
In water-limited environments, productivity is directly related to crop evapotranspiration: increased grain yield requires increased inputs of water, whether through rainfall, irrigation or removal of stored soil moisture. The supply of water to the shoot depends on the growth, development and fu...
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Genetic factors affecting the composition and quality of cow’s milk
This chapter reviews the genetic factors affecting the composition and quality of cow's milk. It starts by discussing how different breeds of cattle can affect the composition of milk. The chapter then goes on to examine milk proteins, genetic variants and post-translational modifications. It the...
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Environmental impacts of seaweed cultivation: kelp farming and preservation
This chapter provides an overview of the environmental impacts of the supply chain for preserved seaweed. The supply chain includes the hatchery, marine infrastructure, deployment of juveniles and monitoring during cultivation (grow-out of seaweed), harvest, transport back to shore and preservati...
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Developments in the use of hermetic bags for grain storage
Smallholder farmers’ interest in hermetic bags has been driven by the need to reduce grain storage losses due to insect pests and challenges (inefficacy) of current storage methods. Hermetic bags commercially available for grain storage include single-, double- and triple-layer plastic bags. For ...
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Developments in proximal crop sensing for precision agriculture
This chapter presents an overview of proximal sensing techniques used in practical precision agriculture, with the overall aim of contributing to more sustainable crop production. To provide perspective on the usefulness of crop sensors, the chapter starts with an example of why site-specific cro...
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Development and scale-up of bioprotectants to keep staple foods safe from aflatoxin contamination in africa
Aflatoxins pose a significant public health risk, decrease productivity and profitability and hamper trade. To minimize aflatoxin contamination a biocontrol technology based on atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus that do not produce aflatoxin is used widely in the United States. The technolo...
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Cultured meat technology: an overview
This chapter provides an overview of current cultured meat technology. It starts by first discussing the limitations of conventional food systems, focusing on the environmental, social and economic impacts these systems can have. The chapter moves on to provide a rationale for a transition to cel...
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Creating frameworks to foster soil carbon sequestration
Restorative land management has potential to remove atmospheric carbon dioxide and store carbon in stable forms in soils contributing to climate change mitigation, healthier soils and food security supporting Paris Agreement targets and Sustainable Development Goals. We examine the evidence for a...
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Creating an infrastructure for cultured meat
Mass producing animal protein damages global ecosystems. To mitigate the environmental impacts of factory farming, one proposed alternative is producing animal protein using cultured meat technologies. Research in this field is rapidly evolving and requires the concurrent development of an infras...
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Contribution of animal breeding to reducing the environmental impact of livestock production
Animal production is responsible for 14.5% of total anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Approximately half of these emissions originate directly from animal production, whereas the other half comes from feed production. Animal breeding aims at improving animal production and efficient u...
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Considerations with water for turfgrass in arid environments
Golf course managers in arid environments must manage every drop of water like it is their last. Water restrictions continue to tighten and water costs are increasing exponentially in many areas. While superintendents in arid environments utilize onsite weather data to schedule irrigation, curren...
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