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Fiber-associated wheat lignans and colorectal cancer prevention
Wheat, as a staple food, has been largely consumed worldwide. In addition to nutritional values, whole grain including fiber-enriched wheat bran has been reported to provide many nutraceuticals such as wheat lignans. This chapter reviews recent epidemiological and animal data on wheat lignans and...
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Natural capital accounting and biodiversity in the italian winemaking industry
Biodiversity is a key resource for our planet’s natural systems. This chapter analyses the Italian context by exploring the relationship between biodiversity and the winemaking sector. This chapter first introduces the Italian winemaking sector. It then discusses how biodiversity is defined in th...
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Advances in digital soil mapping to assess baseline levels and carbon sequestration at the landscape scale
Mapping soil carbon, both organic and inorganic carbon, is gaining a lot of attention and interest, as it can be a substantial source and sink for climate change mitigation, food security and ecosystem services. Digital soil mapping and modeling spatiotemporal variations or changes are helpful to...
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The use of dietary fibre to optimize microbial gut function in pigs, with particular consideration of dietary cereal grains and legumes
This chapter examines interactions of dietary fibre components of pig diets with GIT microbiota, emphasizing cereals and legumes fed to pigs. Carbohydrate composition of these feedstuffs are described, and their relationship to metabolic activity of the porcine intestinal microbiota and interacti...
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Advances in understanding the environmental effects of phosphorus fertilization
Agriculture has dramatically increased the efficiency of grain and protein production for the world’s growing population for a given unit of land area. In most cases, this increase has been achieved through crop and animal breeding, increased use of fertilizers, while using less land area. With i...
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Assessing the potential economic impact of invasive plant pests
Economic impact assessments are performed as part of a pest risk analysis to determine whether the introduction of a plant pest will result in unacceptable economic consequences. This often triggers phytosanitary measures to reduce the economic risk to an acceptable level. Appropriate techniques ...
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Advances in traceability systems in agri-food supply chains
Failure to deliver safe and high-quality food reduces consumer confidence in the food industry and results in costly food crises, foodborne illnesses and disruption to food supply chains. Recent advances in traceability systems, and associated identification and communication technologies hold th...
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Diseases affecting oil palm
The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is one of the world’s major sources of edible oil and a precursor of biodiesel fuel. This chapter reviews the oil palm diseases which act as a major production constraint in West Africa, South East Asia and South and Central America. The chapter also describ...
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Epidemiology and management of apple scab
Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) is the most important apple disease worldwide. This fungus can infect both leaves and fruit under conducive conditions; tissues become increasingly resistant to V. inaequalis as they age. Although there are major resistance genes identified against V. inaequalis, ...
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The use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) to improve root function and crop nutrient use efficiency
Bacteria that colonize plant roots and promote plant growth and development, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can contribute to more sustainable intensification of agriculture while minimizing detrimental impacts associated with excessive fertilization. In this chapter we review recent...
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Challenges and initiatives in reducing food losses and waste: latin america and the caribbean
The Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) Region is heterogenous in terms of socio-economic conditions and production systems, and is responsible for a significant amount of global food supplies. There is significant interest in addressing food loss and waste (FLW) as part of the region’s strateg...
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Advances in post-harvest detection and control of fungal contamination of cereals
This chapter examines the relationship between cereal grains during storage and approaches which have been used to minimise fungal spoilage and mycotoxin contamination. The role of abiotic factors such as water availability and temperature and their interactions on ecology of spoilage and mycotox...
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On-farm biomass technologies for heat and power
Biomass in its various forms, has long been combusted to provide useful heat on farms. Applications include heating of water, crop drying, animal housing, and heated greenhouses for protected vegetable and flower production. Biomass resources are often available on the farm including from crop re...
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Pathogens affecting table eggs
The rise in consumption of infertile hen eggs, together with the simultaneous rise in egg-related foodborne pathogen outbreaks, indicates the importance of understanding the microflora on the eggshell and within the egg contents. Pathogenic microorganisms in a number of ways can contaminate eggs,...
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Integrated disease management of barley
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an ecosystem approach to crop production and protection that combines different management strategies and practices to grow healthy crops and minimize the use of pesticides. This chapter looks at how IPM can be applied to barley production, considering the diff...
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Key issues facing genebanks in preserving crop genetic diversity ex situ: overview of the range of challenges
This chapter reviews the key issues and challenges facing genebanks in preserving crop genetic diversity ex situ. Local crop genetic diversity is challenged with changes in land use, urbanization, land degradation, changes in agricultural practises, availability of improved varieties, changes in ...
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Plant influences on soil organic carbon dynamics
Plants play a central role in governing soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics, as a direct contributor, a mediator and fuel for microbial processing, and a regulator of soil physiochemical processes. The above processes may occur independently or interactively, sometimes inducing counteracting effec...
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Insect pests and integrated pest management techniques in grain legume cultivation
Cowpea is a major staple legume food crop grown and consumed in the dry savanna regions of sub-Saharan West Africa. Cowpea provides much-needed income to both farmers and traders; cowpea grain is also a major source of protein for the growing human populations, particularly, women, infants and ch...
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The circular economy and sustainable soybean farming in brazil: an integrated approach
This chapter provides an overview of a circular economy system combined with principles from the International Integrated Reporting Council’s integrated reporting framework. The model proposes that the circular economy and the principles of integrated thinking must be considered at the national l...
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Advances in understanding canopy development in forest trees
This chapter introduces the reader to physiological processes at the leaf, crown, and canopy level. It details the importance of light and water to these processes, then outlines the patterns that foliage at the three levels assume in order to maximize carbon uptake and tree performance. Summarie...
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Advances in understanding the biology and epidemiology of rust diseases of cereals
Rust fungi (order: Pucciniales) constitute the largest group of plant parasitic fungi and include many species of agricultural importance. This includes the three wheat rust fungi (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici and Puccinia triticina) that have posed a thre...
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Using data to assess the impact of agriculture on pollinators and pollinator services
Nature and agriculture are dependent on pollinators and the ecosystem services they provide. Using land for the production of food, feed and energy inevitably has an impact on other organisms. Without good data about production methods as well as abundance, diversity and health status of pollinat...
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Advances in understanding plant root response to nematode attack
Plant parasitic nematodes are damaging pests on all crops grown across the world. They exploit plants using a range of strategies, ranging from simple browsing ectoparasitism to highly complex biotrophic endoparasites. Some nematodes induce the formation of complex feeding structures in the roo...
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Advances in statistical methods to handle large data sets for gwas in crop breeding
One of the most important statistical methods of handling large data sets for genome-wide association mapping (GWAS) is quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis. Two approaches to QTL analysis are linkage analysis (LA) and linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping. Even though association and linkage map...
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Achieving sustainable production of milk volume 2
Safety remains a key issue for the dairy industry. This book reviews current research on understanding and managing pathogens in dairy farms. It also discusses more recent concerns about the environmental impact of dairy farming and ways it can be made more sustainable, including in developing co...
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Methods for detecting pathogens in the beef food chain: an overview
The main food-borne pathogens of concern in the beef chain are Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Salmonella; other pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter spp. may also be present. Furthermore, the occurrence and development of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) p...
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Design and management of globally-networked plant factories: commercial application and future opportunities
Plant production in plant factories with artificial lighting (PFAL) can be done continuously for similar crops regardless of location and climate, allowing interconnectivity of production worldwide. A combination of a PFAL modular system with data acquisition and analysis tools has the potential ...
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Scope of collecting wild musa species germplasm
The value of Crop Wild Relatives as sources of new genes that can help secure crop production is increasingly recognized. In banana (Musa spp.), past collecting and conservation efforts focused mainly on the two direct ancestors of cultivated bananas, M. acuminata Colla and M. balbisiana Colla. H...
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Advances in bioprotectants for plant disease control in horticulture
Microbial bioprotectants and natural substances have been increasingly available and implemented for disease management in horticultural crops. This chapter presents the status of registered products and their current insufficiency to fulfill farmers’ needs for disease control solutions. It hig...
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Colonization and establishment of the rumen microbiota – opportunities to influence productivity and methane emissions
This chapter reviews current information in the establishment of the microbiota in the rumen and posterior intestinal tract in young ruminants, as well as its modulation for promoting health and favouring desirable phenotypes. The chapter also provides case studies of early-life strategies for bo...
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Beak trimming of laying hens: welfare costs and benefits
Beak trimming is a procedure routinely applied in the egg industry to prevent feather pecking and cannibalism. The traditional method of trimming by application of a hot blade (HB) has been superseded by infrared (IR) beak trimming. Both methods are associated with acute pain, but there is eviden...
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Nutritional strategies to boost immune function in pigs
Our understanding of porcine nutrition and immunity has increased dramatically over the last two decades. For the vast majority of nutrients, researchers attempted to demonstrate the potential to improve immunity in pigs. The use of lipopolysaccharide to stimulate the immune system often was used...
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Advances and challenges in cherry breeding
Cherry breeding is currently carried out in many countries, by public and private programmes, and sweet cherry cultivars are continuously being released. However, classification into clear-cut groups of existing cultivars is difficult, because there is a vast continuum of morphological diversity ...
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Advances in crop modelling for a sustainable agriculture
Crop modelling has huge potential to improve decision making in farming. This collection reviews advances in next-generation models focused on user needs at the whole farm system and landscape scale.
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Advances in using proximal spectroscopic sensors to assess soil health
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is a method that has been successfully used to estimate soil organic carbon, organic matter, and numerous other properties related to soil health. In this chapter, we introduce the concept of soil health and the need for sensor-based soil health measurements. We t...
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Developments in automated systems for monitoring livestock health: lameness
Lameness is a key issue for commercially managed livestock species such as dairy cattle. Lameness can lead to significant economic impacts for farmers and to ongoing health and welfare problems for animals. However, lameness detection remains a difficult and time-consuming task and there is a nee...
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Advances in screening/analysis of phytochemical compounds in fruits and vegetables
Phytochemical compounds have been associated with possible beneficial health effects. Therefore, many studies have been conducted in order to identify and quantify these compounds of interest. Given the characteristics of different methods, it is critical to choose the suitable one to attain high...
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Measuring methane emissions from livestock
This chapter looks at the key techniques used for measurement of CH4 and other gas emissions from livestock production, ranging from individual animal measurements to herd scale measurements for grazing animals and whole farm emissions such as feedlots. Individual animal measurement techniques di...
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Sequencing and assembly of the wheat genome
The genome sequence is an essential prerequisite for defining the complete gene catalogue of an organism, and it provides a framework for identifying and understanding the function of variants associated with phenotypic traits of interest. For wheat, these traits include disease resistance, crop ...
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Zoonoses affecting poultry: the case of salmonella
Salmonella is a major causative organism of gastroenteritis in humans worldwide, and most cases are caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked poultry products. In response to public concern, many countries have introduced survey and control programmes for Salmonella in poultry. However, it ...
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Advances in breeding of pistachio
Pistacia vera L. (pistachio) has the only commercially important edible nuts in the genus, and wild species are used for rootstock. Breeding in pistachio is very slow, time-consuming and expensive due to very long juvenile period and the plant’s dioecious character. This chapter describes the obj...
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Tan spot disease under the lenses of plant pathologists
Necrotrophic plant pathogens pose an important threat to crop production, and many fungi in the Pleosporales have caused the sudden emergence of major epidemics on cereal crops. Tan spot of wheat, caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, is one example, and since its emergence in the 1970s, scient...
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Conservation agriculture in eastern and southern africa
Conservation Agriculture (CA) works, by building the soil health basis for climate-proofing agriculture. As a low cost innovation that smallholders in Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) can access and relate with, CA empowers smallholders to produce a surplus at minimal cost, which subsequently en...
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Advances in postharvest sanitizing regimes for horticultural produce
Fresh and fresh cut fruits and vegetables are occasionally contaminated with foodborne pathogens, which has led to numerous recalls and outbreaks of foodborne illness, affecting consumer confidence. Leafy greens are more difficult to decontaminate from foodborne pathogens than other types of fres...
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Transport and lairage of pigs
Defects in meat quality cost the swine industry millions of dollars each year. Reduction in stress prior to slaughter can help alleviate these costs. This chapter describes the main events that may contribute to pre-slaughter stress and their impacts on animal welfare and pork quality, from on-fa...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of temperate zone tree fruits and berries volume 1
Volume 1 in this collection summarises the wealth of research addressing the challenges facing temperate fruit cultivation, from breeding improved varieties to better crop management and protection methods
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Soil sampling for soil health assessment
A successful soil health study or project requires thorough planning. Accurate results in soil health assessment can be difficult to obtain due to complications from spatial, temporal and managerial variability. A well-planned soil health sampling design will ensure that the resulting data are re...
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Agroforestry as a solution for multiple climate change challenges in africa
With appropriate management, agroforestry helps maintain ecosystem services for food, fiber, wood and biodiversity along with the expansion of bioenergy. This chapter consolidates various data on the role of trees for mitigation and adaptation, including the development of novel bioenergy solutio...
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Efficient water management and irrigation on farms
The way forward for irrigated agriculture in a warming and water-constrained world lies in integrated policy development and practice, including ‘sustainable intensification’, that considers the ‘food-water-energy nexus’. Such policy should incorporate both climate adaptation and climate mitigati...
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Biodiversity considerations in the marine aquaculture and fisheries industries
The marine aquaculture and fisheries industries play an important role in global food security and nutrition. However, the natural (aquatic) resources are subjected to over-exploitation. The marine ecosystem also faces significant biodiversity threats that impact the long-term viability and susta...
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Key issues in the welfare of dairy cattle
Concerns about dairy cattle welfare are widespread. Cattle welfare is influenced by various circumstances and conditions, which are related to and dependent on each other. Confinement, restricted movements, high milk yield, disrupted social structures, painful and frightening management procedure...
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Breeding cassava to meet consumer preferences for product quality
New, high-yielding varieties have transformed cassava from a low-yielding, famine-reserve crop to a high-yielding cash crop for both rural and urban consumers in Africa. The opportunity provided by this high yield in terms of lower production cost per hectare has made cassava a potential crop for...
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Modelling crop growth and yield in palm oil cultivation
Since the development of the first semi-mechanistic oil palm model, OPSIM, the development of new oil palm models has increased in frequency, aiming to take into account aspects of oil palm physiology and the physical processes and causal relationships between the environment and the crop. This c...
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Smallholder integrated organic farming: how can it work in the tropics?
Organic animal farming in the tropics varies considerably across countries and regions, and comprises many different types of systems with significant variation in the degree to which animals are integrated into the systems. The chapter focuses on the issues associated with keeping animals on org...
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The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in tea cultivation
Continuous application of chemical fertilizers in tea gardens may increase production, but it adversely affects the quality of tea. There is therefore growing interest in rhizosphere associates of tea, including symbionts such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). These colonize tea plant roots ...
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Understanding the genetics of c₃ photosynthesis in crop plants
Understanding the genetics of C3 photosynthesis, particularly its regulation, is essential to undertake photosynthetic improvement. The expression of the photosynthesis-associated genes is regulated at different levels (transcriptional, post-transcriptional, post-translational), but very little i...
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Non-invasive field phenotyping of cereal development
High throughput field phenotyping (HTFP) allows the selection of crops with unprecedented precision, and plays an important role to understand genotype-by-environment interaction. This chapter describes carrier systems for non-invasive field phenotyping, outlines the principles of envirotyping, a...
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Genetic modification of bananas: the long road to farmers’ fields
The great challenge for bananas into the future is to develop cultivars with multiple disease resistances, stress tolerance and enhanced fruit quality. The two major development strategies are conventional breeding which will deliver new cultivars and genetic modification which will deliver curre...
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Pesticide residues in tea: challenges in detection and control
Tea growers require pesticides to prevent crop loss due to pest attacks, which are aggravated by climate change. As pesticides invariably leave residues, it is of utmost importance that samples of traded tea are monitored to ensure compliance to food safety standards. This chapter reviews researc...
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Precision tillage systems
The commercial development of information-intensive precision agriculture technologies has given rise to a number of applications aimed at improving agricultural production through site-specific management, including precision tillage. This chapter describes developments in on-the-go soil strengt...
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Fertigation techniques for efficient water and nutrient use in agriculture
Irrigated agriculture constitutes about 20% of the total cultivated land in the world, has much higher crop productivity compared to rainfed agriculture and contributes significantly to meeting the challenge of feeding the world. However, water resources are very limited, especially in the arid a...
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Instant insights: alternatives to antibiotics in pig production
This collection features four peer-reviewed reviews on alternatives to antibiotics in pig production.
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Agroforestry for hardwood timber production
Managing hardwood trees for high-quality sawlogs within the agroforestry practices of alley cropping, silvopasture, forested riparian buffers and upland (windbreaks) buffers means intensively managing relatively wide-spaced trees and a ground cover as a companion crop on the same unit of land. Th...
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Improving water productivity in rainfed agriculture: challenges and opportunities for small-scale farmers in dry lands
There is growing global recognition of the need to improve agricultural water management if we are to achieve sustainable food production systems which ensure future food security whilst maintaining ecosystem services, strengthening capacity for adaptation to climate change and averting degradati...
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Advances in the use of thermography in crop phenotyping
Thermography is a powerful crop phenotyping tool because it enables contactless temperature measurement of the plant or crop canopy. The plant canopy temperature (CT) reflects transpiration and this can be related to yield, as shown in numerous studies on wheat. There are various CT sensing metho...
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Caseins and casein micelles
Caseins play a central role in the dairy sector, as it is their controlled coagulation that allows the conversion of milk into cheese, yoghurt and caseinates, but also the creation of high-quality co-products from whey. Understanding caseins, their association into casein micelles and the propert...
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Analysing sensory and processing quality of cocoa
Flavour is a critical facet of cocoa quality, impacting to a large extent the value and end use of traded cocoa beans. This chapter provides a road map towards bridging the knowledge gap that currently exists between industry and cocoa producers by defining approaches for analysing sensory and pr...
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Microbiological safety of vegetable produce: the impact of pre- and post-harvest practices
Over the last decade, fresh fruits and vegetables have been linked to at least a dozen major outbreaks of foodborne illness in North America and Europe. It is becoming clear that sanitation alone will not alleviate the problem of human pathogens in produce, and a systems approach is needed to des...
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Managing irrigation for soil health in arid and semi-arid regions
Irrigated arid and semi-arid regions of the world account for more than 40% of the global crop production. Managing soil health while simultaneously increasing water use efficiency in these areas is challenging, but critical to future global food security. This chapter describes production practi...
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Developing effective phytosanitary measures to prevent the introduction of invasive insect pests
This chapter aims to provide a definition of phytosanitary measures, why they are needed, how standards for phytosanitary measures developed through international cooperation and how they relate to international agreements. It aims to explain how policy decision making and the management of invas...
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Advances in guava breeding
This chapter discusses advances in breeding of guava. It reviews the floral biology of the fruit and highlights the major problems facing the guava industry worldwide. It goes on to discuss the various methods for improving guava production such as heritability, the introduction of new cultivars,...
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Developments in rapid detection/high throughput screening techniques for identifying pathogens in food
For reasons of food safety and quality assurance, rapid identification of pathogens causing spoilage and infections in food matrices is essential. Conventional approaches include enrichment of microbial pathogens in a range of non-selective and pathogen-specific selective media, followed by bioch...
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Mango cultivation in greenhouses
Mangoes are grown throughout South East Asia and in around one hundred countries all over the tropical and subtropical belt. In Japan, as well as in Spain and Portugal, they are cultivated in greenhouses and specific techniques are used to maximise the production and quality and to ensure efficie...
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Advances in identifying stripe rust resistance genes in cereals
Stripe rust is one of the most serious wheat diseases of the world, usually resulting in massive loss of grain production. The most effective and environmentally friendly way to control the spread of stripe rust is to plant wheat varieties that carry stripe rust resistance genes. The identificati...
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Pesticides and agriculture
Pesticides have played a critical but sometimes controversial role in the development of agriculture. This book provides an authoritative account of the development of the modern pesticides industry in the context of broader developments in global agriculture.
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Viruses affecting potatoes
The impact of viruses on potato production can be devastating in many areas worldwide. Breeding for agronomic and resistance traits, knowledge of virus species and their epidemiology, together with the development of accurate diagnostic methods have been essential for the development of crop mana...
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Advances in fruit genetics
Sustainability of fruit production worldwide is heavily dependent on advances in fruit genetics. Changing environments, innovative production systems, increased pest and pathogen pressure and fluctuating consumer preferences are forcing fruit producers to adjust at a higher pace than ever before....
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Advances in genetic modification of tea
Due to its botanical characteristics, genetic improvement of tea is slow. Its high gestation period, the difficulty of producing homozygous lines, and the non-availability of mutant genotypes and a mapping population are all hindrances to development. This chapter describes and evaluates the pote...
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Understanding the contribution of milk constituents to the texture of dairy products: liquid milk products
This chapter discusses understanding the contribution of milk constituents to the texture of dairy products, specifically focusing on liquid milk products. It starts by examining the viscosity of milk, reviewing flow behaviour models and the effect of milk composition and temperature on milk visc...
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Advances in understanding reproductive development in fruit-bearing plants
In recent years, a physiological understanding of the reproductive development process in fruit trees has accumulated through numerous molecular and genetic studies. Although the physiological traits of perennial or woody fruit trees often hinder studies of the mechanisms driving their reproducti...
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Understanding and exploiting the genetics of plant root traits
This chapter illustrates how genomics and other -omics approaches coupled with new-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms have been deployed to dissect the genetic make-up of RSA traits and better understand their functions, particularly under environmentally constrained conditions that commonly o...
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Aquaponics: challenges and opportunities for commercial application
Aquaculture is the production, under controlled conditions, of freshwater or saltwater aquatic organisms for human consumption and non-food use. Worldwide aquaculture has increased remarkably in the last decades and now accounts for approximately half of the total production of aquatic animals. T...
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Fescue aphid (metopolophium festucae)
The Fescue aphid or Grass aphid, Metopolophium festucae, is a pest of forage grasses, wheat, and other small grains in its native range in the United Kingdom and parts of Europe. It is an adventive pest in the Pacific Northwest, USA, several countries in South America, and in New Zealand. Infesta...
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Assessing the sustainability of organic egg production
Organic food production has increased in popularity in the last few decades, although it still remains a small portion of global food production. As questions arise about the sustainability of conventional egg production systems with regard to environmental protection and animal welfare, there ha...
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Probiotics, prebiotics and other feed additives to improve gut function and immunity in poultry
Poultry producers have been cautious in the application of probiotics, due to mixed experiences of their effectiveness and lack of knowledge regarding the scientific basis for their modes of action. Prebiotics have been more readily accepted because they can be added without any significant chang...
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Bacteriophages to control plant diseases
Crop yield loss due to bacterial plant pathogens need to be reduced to increase global food production demand. Currently available disease management strategies involving copper-based bactericides and antibiotics are losing efficacy due to development of resistance in bacteria. There is long fami...
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Neuropsychology of consumer food choice
The neuropsychology of food consumption is a vast subject. This chapter concentrates on how value is established at the neurophysiological level and how it is related to behaviour. This is especially pertinent to the analysis of consumer choice, which refers here to being faced with two or more o...
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Advances in marker-assisted breeding of sugarcane
Sugarcane breeding has until very recently been based solely on phenotype, and marker-assisted breeding of sugarcane remains in its infancy compared with that of row crops such as maize and soybean. A major reason for this is the complex genetics of sugarcane. This chapter reviews the uses of DNA...
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Advances in using proximal ground penetrating radar sensors to assess soil health
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) can be used for a variety of agricultural applications. This chapter summarizes the GPR background needed to apply this technique to agriculture, including a review of basic principles, data acquisition, and data processing methods. Recent advances in each of these ...
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Tracking the development of fungicide resistance
This chapter focuses on tracking the development of fungicide resistance. It starts by first providing an overview of the key objectives and requirements in tracking fungicide resistance. The chapter then moves on to review phenotyping tracking of fungicide resistance, which is followed by a disc...
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Value chain approaches to mechanization in cassava cultivation and harvesting in africa
Cassava is a basic staple food in sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. However, despite the use of improved varieties in some areas, yield levels have remained low due to inefficient production systems. Cassava production in SSA is mainly through manual labour, which is time consuming and ineffic...
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Precision weed management systems
Weed populations in arable fields are often spatially and temporally heterogeneous, and high-density weed patches require intensive weed management. In areas with no or few weeds, input for weed control can be reduced. This chapter describes manual and geographic information system–based weed map...
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Phytoplasma diseases of banana plants
Phytoplasmas are obligatory bacteria associated with diseases in over 1,000 plant species, which live in phloem tissues and are transmitted between plants by sap-sucking insects. Phytoplasmas have been recorded from banana plants in different parts of the world, but they are still considered a pa...
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Effects of climate change on agricultural soils
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have increased considerably. In 2017, the atmospheric concentrations of CO2, N2O and CH4 had risen to 406 ppm, 330 ppb and 1859 ppb, respectively. Such high increases in GHGs have led to destructive and irreversible impacts on soil processes. The impacts range from ...
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Advances in understanding iron cycling in soils, uptake/use by plants and ways of optimising iron-use efficiency in crop production
About 1.6 billion people worldwide suffer from anaemia caused by iron (Fe) deficiency. In plants, Fe is involved in photosynthesis, respiration and activation of enzymes. Low iron availability exists in calcareous and aerobic soil because most Fe is present in the fixed or oxidized form. The crit...
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Food losses during production of agricultural commodities
Preharvest quantitative and qualitative losses during the production of agricultural commodities are very significant, though less discussed than postharvest food losses and waste. This chapter explores the various causes of preharvest losses, estimates of their impact and measures to reduce them...
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Ensuring the genetic diversity of tomatoes
This book chapter describes key issues regarding genetic diversity of tomatoes, including taxonomy and mating system. Figures on global ex situ conservation of tomato germplasm are provided and the world’s largest collection in the public domain, held by AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center, is des...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of soybeans volume 2
The second volume in this two-volume collection focusses on ways of improving the management of pests and diseases of soybean. It also reviews research on improving the nutritional value and shelf-life of soybeans as well as its uses in animal feed and biodiesel.
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Intercropping and crop rotations in cassava cultivation: a production systems approach
Cassava does not have a specific and determined maturity period and it can therefore be harvested over a range of ages, depending on cropping system and socio-economic conditions. This chapter reviews current knowledge on mixed cropping systems (both intercropping and crop rotations) in which cas...
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Benefits of conservation agriculture to farmers and society
Conservation Agriculture (CA) describes farming systems where the soil is not tilled, crop residues remain on the soil surface, and crop rotation is practised. CA emulates as closely as possible natural vegetation systems. This chapter presents the benefits of CA to farmers and society. The first...
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