Pistacia vera L. (pistachio) has the only commercially important edible nuts in the genus, and wild species are used for rootstock. Breeding in pistachio is very slow, time-consuming and expensive due to very long juvenile period and the plant’s dioecious character. This chapter describes the objectives of pistachio breeding, the genetic resources available and the importance of cytogenetics to this field. The chapter then examines the use of molecular markers, genome and transcriptome sequencing, and the role of micropropagation and breeding achievements in the area of pistachio cultivation. Finally, the chapter looks ahead to future research trends in this area and suggests further reading.