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Ecological impacts of pesticides and their mitigation within ipm systems
Chemicals, frequently the main method of pest control in agriculture, have negative effects on natural enemies that also control pests. Mitigation of pesticide impacts depends on increasing the role of natural enemies, reducing chemical application while still controlling pests and maintaining yi...
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The nutritional role of eggs
Eggs are an affordable, accessible and nutrient-dense form of food, and as such make a valuable addition to human diet. This chapter begins by reviewing the nutrient composition of chicken eggs. It then considers the relationship between egg consumption and human health and disease. This includes...
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Instant insights: improving the sustainability of dairy production
This book provides a detailed overview of recent research that considers how modern dairy production can be optimised to reduce its environmental impact and contribute to achieving a more sustainable agriculture.
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Microbial ecosystems as targets for improving pig gut health
To date, our understanding of the organisms which constitute the microbiomes of humans and our domesticated species has been limited by the technologies available to study them. Progress from culture to species-based DNA approaches has allowed us to appreciate the scale of animal microbiomes and ...
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Instant insights: nematode pests in agriculture
This collection features five peer-reviewed literature reviews on nematode pests in agriculture.
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Advances in plant factories
This collection reviews the wealth of research on vertical farms or plant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs). It summarises key research both on improving process efficiency and produce quality of horticultural crops such as fruit and vegetables, ornamentals and herbs.
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Growth and quality of lettuce in vertical farms as affected by red:blue and red:far-red ratios
Light-emitting diodes (LED) are advancing the development of indoor vertical farming due to their varied light spectrum and photon flux density. The substantial energy cost of lighting systems requires improvement. This chapter reviews three major spectra applied to lettuce cultivation in indoor ...
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Sustainable forest management (sfm) of tropical moist forests: the congo basin
The Congo basin covers the second largest expanse of tropical forest on the planet. This chapter discusses the recent history and implementation challenges of sustainable forest management (SFM) across the basin. It shows that while the most modern SFM ideas and concepts have shaped the current f...
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Alternatives to antibiotics in preventing zoonoses and other pathogens in poultry: prebiotics and related compounds
Despite efforts to develop control measures to reduce the contamination of poultry products, food-borne illness remains a major concern to processors and consumers. Various interventions have been applied in both postharvest settings and preharvest live bird production. Prebiotics are compounds t...
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Theory and application of phenotyping in wheat for different target environments
Phenotyping serves both research and breeding purposes. For research, precise and often costly procedures are employed to phenotype strategic traits in order to gain a better understanding of how genotypes adapt to different environments. For breeding, both strategic and screening traits are cons...
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Grazing management for sustainable grazing systems
Grasslands play a key role in soil, water and biodiversity conservation and deliver numerous other ecosystem and cultural services. This chapter defines key terms associated with grassland grazing systems, with a particular emphasis on the meaning of grazing management and sustainable intensifica...
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Dry-seeded and aerobic cultivation of rice
Finding an efficient irrigation strategy that would minimize water consumption in rice cultivation is a key objective in dealing with the potential future competition for and scarcity of water as a resource. Several water-saving techniques have been developed, including dry-seeded rice and aerobi...
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Doubled haploid (dh) production for barley
Current European barley breeding programs predominately rely on doubled haploid (DH) technology delivering several essential advantages, such as accelerated development of homozygous genotypes, early recognition of major recessive traits, enabling to select faster and much more robust, and facili...
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The hessian fly: a destructive pest of wheat and barley
Hessian fly is a global pest of wheat. Traditional control methods for this pest include implementing fly-free planting dates, stubble plow down and use of resistant cultivars. These methods face challenges due to changes in climate and cultural practice. Fly-free dates are no longer useful or ne...
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Research and technology in plant factories with artificial lighting: past, present and future
The past decade has seen rapid improvements in the technology used for plant factories with artificial light (PFALs), and these improvements are expected to continue for the coming years. These technological advancements are both a continuation and a synthesis of technologies that have been under...
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The cellular basis of feed efficiency in poultry muscle: mitochondria and nucleic acid metabolism
Feed is one of the most significant costs involved in animal production, and feed efficiency is therefore a very important genetic trait in animal agriculture. In poultry, a clear link between breast muscle mitochondrial function and feed efficiency has been reported. This chapter provides an ove...
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Instant insights: improving the health and welfare of heifers and calves
The collection discusses best practices for improving the welfare of heifers and calves, as well as the consequences which can arise as a result of these welfare conditions not being met. Chapters consider the use of monitoring technologies as a means of identifying abnormal behaviours which can ...
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Migrant labour in agriculture: ethical issues and challenges
This chapter discusses the key role of migrant workers in agriculture as well as policies regulating their role and conditions of employment. There is a particular focus on the European Union (EU) with the example of Italy to illustrate issues and policies at a national level. The chapter discuss...
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Delivering improved phosphorus acquisition by root systems in pasture and arable crops
Improving low efficiency of phosphorus (P) use in agriculture is an imperative because P is one of the key nutrients underpinning sustainable intensification of food production and the rock-phosphate reserves, from which P fertilisers are made, are finite. This paper describes key soil, root and ...
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State of the global adoption and spread of conservation agriculture
Chapter 2 in volume 1 provided a detailed account of the global adoption and spread of Conservation Agriculture (CA) up to the year 2015/16. This chapter provides an update of the global adoption and spread of CA for the year up to 2018/19. In 2008/09, global CA cropland area was 106.5 M ha sprea...
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Ensuring the genetic diversity of maize and its wild relatives
Genebanks and ex situ collections are essential to conserving maize genetic diversity and enabling global access to those resources. The chapter provides a comprehensive and authoritative review of the key issues facing both in situ and ex situ collections. These issues include better conservatio...
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Advances in temperate grassland science and management
This book reviews the wealth of research addressing the key role grasslands play in animal health, product quality and the sustainability of agriculture as a whole. It discusses ways of optimising grassland composition and management, including regional case studies on grassland management in pra...
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Understanding post-harvest deterioration of mangoes
Post-harvest deterioration in the quality of mangoes is determined in large measure by pre-harvest factors ranging from the cultivar grown to orchard management and harvest practices. This chapter describes the changes related to ripening in mangoes and the pre-harvest, in-harvest and post-harves...
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Airborne and satellite remote sensors for precision agriculture
Remote sensing provides an important source of information to characterize soil and crop variability for both within-season and after-season management despite the availability of numerous ground-based soil and crop sensors. Remote sensing applications in precision agriculture have been steadily ...
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Developments in packaging techniques and their assessment for assuring the safety of fresh produce
The packaging of fruits and vegetables serves several critical functions, including protecting them from damage during transportation and storage, extending their shelf life, preventing contamination from plant disease and foodborne pathogens, and reducing food waste. To safeguard produce from ph...
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Understanding the nutraceutical properties of flavonoids in fruits and vegetables: chemical structure and groups
This chapter reviews the nutraceutical properties of flavonoids in fruits and vegetables, focusing specifically on chemical structure and the different groups flavonoids can be catagorised into. The chapter draws attention to flavones, flavonols, flavanones, flavanonols, isoflavones, neoflavonoid...
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Maintaining the safety of poultry feed products
Natural and artificial contaminants in poultry feed may result in deteriorated feed quality, reduced performance and increased incidence of disease in poultry, ultimately leading to a significant economic loss for producers. Moreover, since poultry are raised to produce meat and eggs for human co...
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Towards sustainable management of fusarium wilt of banana
Since the start of growing bananas in large plantations the industry has been plagued by the introduction of numerous pathogens and none more troublesome than Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB). The introduction of Fusarium race 1 in the Gros Michel plantations in Latin America led to one of the major...
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Sampling and detection of salmonella in eggs
The detection of Salmonella in the edible internal contents of eggshells provides the most incontrovertible and epidemiologically relevant evidence that laying flocks might pose a threat to consumers. Accordingly, dependable tests for Salmonella in eggs remain essential for achieving public healt...
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The nutritional and nutraceutical value of wheat
Wheat is a source of nutrients and phytochemicals with nutraceutical value. These components are unevenly distributed in the different parts of the wheat kernel, and their content in wheat varies widely depending on variety of wheat (V), genotype (G), growing environments (E), year/season (Y) and...
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Advancements in turfgrass for ornamental lawns
This chapter addresses the advancements in turfgrass for ornamental lawns. It first focuses on breeding and selection advances, drawing attention to consumer lawn preferences and the implications this can lead to in terms of contemporary breeding and production, as well as discussing the current ...
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Advances in grasping techniques in agricultural robots
This chapter provides an overview of the state of the art for grasping and manipulation in agricultural settings. It begins with a review of the robotic mechanisms commonly used for manipulation and grasping. The discussion then addresses issues associated with the integration of different techno...
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Grain legumes in integrated crop management systems
This chapter focuses on integrated crop management strategies to increase grain legume production in rainfed, resource-poor farming systems. Generally, grain legumes fail to reach even half of their potential yields in these systems. For rainfed grain legumes the major contributor to the yield ga...
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Developing closed-loop dairy value chains and tools to support decision-makers
Food loss and waste (FLW) is a significant global challenge, and the dairy sector is an important contributor to the problem. There are a number of management options available to utilise dairy FLW in a close-looped system, particularly for developed dairy chains. In this chapter, we identify the...
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From theory to practice: key lessons in the adoption of conservation agriculture in south africa
In 2013 a specialised Conservation Agriculture (CA) programme was launched with the task to formalise and coordinate CA research with grain farmers in South Africa, including smallholders. The key question and challenge this new initiative faced was how to work with these farmers and build on wha...
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Advances in understanding the needs and improving the welfare of transition dairy cows
One of the most challenging time periods in a dairy cow’s life is when she gives birth and transitions into lactation (the ‘transition’ period). This chapter reviews the latest research assessing the welfare of transition cows. The chapter begins by focusing on the biological health of dairy cows...
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Nematode pests of cocoa
Plant-parasitic nematodes cause cocoa yield losses, a sudden death of trees and retardation of seedling growth in nurseries. This chapter explains the hidden nature and the masking effects of these nematodes and how these have led to erroneous control measures. The chapter describes the nematode ...
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Advances in irrigation techniques for rice cultivation
Rice land receives 35–45% of all the world’s irrigation water. In view of growing concerns about future water scarcity, achieving water savings in irrigated rice production has become a key research challenge. This chapter considers the key techniques for improving rice water productivity through...
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Instant insights: nutritional and health benefits of beverage crops
This collection provides a considered exploration of the nutritional and health benefits of key beverage crops, focussing primarily on tea and coffee. Chapters explore their potential in preventing the onset of chronic diseases, such as cancer and diabetes, as well as the analytical techniques av...
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Instant insights: environmental impact of livestock production
This collection features five peer-reviewed literature reviews on the environmental impact of livestock production.
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The nutritional and nutraceutical value of walnut
Walnut fruit is rich in vitamins, carbohydrates, minerals, proteins and unsaturated fats which promote human health. Walnut kernels also contain a very high amount of serotonin which is a neurotransmitter involved in regulating moods, feelings of happiness, sleep, anxiety and blood pressure. Waln...
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Understanding chicken learning and cognition and implications for improved management
The overview of research on the learning and cognitive abilities of chickens provided here reveals some complex cognitive processes which often surprises people not familiar with chicken behaviour. As a precocial species, domestic chicks quickly learn from the individuals and environment around t...
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Progress in understanding and managing insect pests affecting sugarcane
This chapter describes major achievements in pest management in sugarcane agroecosystems based on applied research conducted in different countries. The focus of the chapter is on two major groups of pests: stalk borers (Lepidoptera) and white grubs (Coleoptera). Chapter sections address determin...
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Understanding the relationship between the microbiome and the structure and function of the pig gastrointestinal tract
The gut epithelium acts as a barrier to the gut environment. The integrity of the epithelial structure and function is thus critical for microbiome-host interaction. The gut microbiome can regulate the utilization and synthesis of mucin, the expressions of the intercellular junction complex, and ...
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Identifying and managing plant health risks for key african crops: legumes
The yield potential of cowpea and soybean is severely constrained by several biotic stresses, negatively impacting on the livelihoods of farming communities. Resistant germplasm is often the first line of defence against plant pathogens inducing foliar diseases like Asian soybean rust, but needs ...
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Improving nutrient management in the cultivation of ornamental plants in greenhouse, container and field production
This chapter reviews nutrient management in different production systems for ornamentals. Proper nutrition in containerized and field grown plants is essential for maximized growth and profitability. Macro- and micro-nutrients along with substrate or soil amendments ensure that plants remain hea...
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On-farm implementation of integrated weed management
IWM is a part of integrated pest management (IPM) and adoption of IWM is an important driver for IPM. Within the project IWMPRAISE we developed a novel framework for integrating and implementing existing and novel approaches to IWM. Understanding the drivers of decision making by farmers are esse...
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Seaweed extracts as plant biostimulants in agriculture
Biostimulants improve growth of plants by enhancing nutrient uptake efficiency. This chapter presents classification and legal aspects of biostimulants in terms of registration. Seaweed extracts improve abiotic stress tolerance of horticultural and agronomic crops. The mechanism of seeweed extrac...
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