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Harnessing ecosystem services with conservation agriculture
This chapter presents the relationship between Conservation Agriculture (CA) and ecosystem services. Ecosystem services comprise resources and processes supplied by nature that benefit farmers and societies. Services that benefit farmers operate in production fields and those that benefit societi...
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Poultry meat quality: an overview
Meat quality is a complex issue, with different requirements from consumers and processors. Consumption quality is based on an assessment of subjective sensory qualities, nutritive value and assurance that animal welfare issues have been respected. In contrast, processing quality is mainly based ...
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Advances in feeding grass silage
Grass silage is the main forage source during indoor feeding periods in many temperate regions. The digestibility and energy concentration of silage are mainly determined by the maturity at harvest, but changes in carbohydrate and nitrogen fractions during fermentation process can markedly modify...
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Optimising fertiliser use to maintain soil health
Maintaining the health of soils, and therefore their capacity to carry out the ecosystem functions necessary for sustainable food production, is a complex and evolving area of science. This chapter examines management of mineral fertilisers and organic manures in relation to its effects on soil h...
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Instant insights: bacterial diseases affecting pigs
This collection features four peer-reviewed literature reviews on bacterial diseases affecting pigs.
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Advances in wheat breeding techniques
Wheat production must be increased to meet growing demand, making it critical to increase the rate of genetic gain in wheat breeding. This chapter reviews the suit of core breeding methodologies currently applied, including methods proposed and employed for their advancement. It also discusses te...
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Sugarcane genome sequencing and genetic mapping
Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is one of the most important crops for producing sugar and bioethanol, and breeding for superior sugarcane cultivars would benefit significantly from available genetic and genomic resources. This chapter explains the difficulties of sequencing and mapping the genome of ...
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Health-promoting effects of glucosinolates and their breakdown products
Glucosinolates (GLs) are a large group of secondary metabolites which are found in cruciferous plants such as broccoli, cabbage, and kale and contain nutritional and physiological active properties. Several factors affect composition levels of glucosinolates such as storage conditions, methods of...
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Improving operating standards in sustainable forest management of tropical forests in africa
Forests in Africa, if managed sustainably, are important for providing livelihood support to millions of people by delivering environmental, economic and social values. However, high deforestation and forest degradation, undefined policies on land and forest tenure, and associated benefit sharing...
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Advances in insect pest monitoring using pest population growth and geospatial data for pest risk assessment
Insect pest monitoring serves to evaluate pest severity over time and space. Special attention is given to acquiring and estimating pest population levels and affiliated variables that may influence trajectory of pest severity within and across crops and other habitat. The chapter reviews approac...
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Advances in liquid- and solid-medium soilless culture systems
There are two types of soilless cultivation. Liquid systems are the growing of plants in the nutrient solution or under the mist of nutrient solution without a solid substrate. Solid-medium systems use inorganic, or organic materials for the plant roots. The chapter reviews a number of liquid sys...
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Cover crops for soil health
Cover crops are accessory plants integrated in production agriculture as means to enhance organic inputs and diversification, both above and belowground. The living cover provides a bundle of environmental services including soil conservation and healthy function. This chapter reviews the literat...
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Understanding ageing processes in seed potatoes
The physiological quality of seed tubers is very important for the performance of the crop grown from them, and interacts strongly with seed tuber size. Physiological quality consists of two components: dormancy and physiological age. This chapter reviews the conditions which influence both dorma...
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Genetic and other factors affecting wheat quality
Wheat quality derives from interactions between the components of the kernel. In turn these components are themselves collections of multiple sub-components. Many components are under genetic control and are modulated, if not profoundly influenced, by growing conditions. This chapter focuses on t...
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Embryo development and hatchery practice in poultry production
This collection reviews the latest research on embryo development, as well as the effects of incubation and the hatching stage on chick health, welfare and production traits.
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Advances and challenges in sustainable apple cultivation
Developing sustainable apple cultivation is based on both a better knowledge of tree architecture and physiology in relation to fruiting, and on how the tree interacts with its abiotic and biotic environments. Improving knowledge in these domains is crucial to take into account the societal deman...
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Advances in understanding barley plant physiology: responses to abiotic stress
The full expression of barley yield potential depends on its resilience capacity, which allows the crop to face a multiplicity of different abiotic stress conditions. The impact of abiotic stresses is expected to increase in the future because of the climatic changes that modify the annual temper...
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Preventing and managing lameness in dairy cows
Lameness in dairy cows is a major economic and welfare problem worldwide. Despite its importance there are still significant gaps in the published evidence-base, particularly on the subject of disease pathogenesis, treatment and herd interventions. None-the-less, using a systematic approach invol...
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Understanding pig behaviour
The behavioural patterns of domesticated pigs are well conserved from their ancestors. This suggests that the underlying motivational systems are similar to those of wild boar and feral domestic populations. This chapter describes how commercial conditions, whilst providing some welfare benefits,...
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Factors affecting flavour development in beef
Many attributes of the eating quality, especially tenderness, of beef have received much attention in research over the years. However, it has been widely accepted that one of the major attributes that make beef unique is its flavour; in fact, recent research has shown that it is flavour that is ...
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Developments in automated systems for monitoring livestock health: mastitis
Dairy farmers need on-site, real-time information regarding mastitis occurrence in order to implement appropriate management actions. Technological progress has enabled the use of sensor systems as the basis for mastitis management. In this chapter, we describe the current state of automated mast...
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Advances in machine learning for agricultural robots
This chapter presents a survey of the advances in using machine learning (ML) algorithms for agricultural robotics. The development of ML algorithms in the last decade has been astounding, and there has therefore been a rapid increase in the widespread deployment of ML algorithms in many domains,...
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Thermal adaptation and tolerance of poultry
Fowls are endothermic species controlling body temperature (Tb) within a relatively narrow range, despite moderate to extreme changes in environmental conditions. Tb is recognized as the main characteristic that reflects thermal status. Significant developments in the genetic selection of domesti...
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Sustainable banana cultivation: from standards to multiple solutions
There is no single recipe for sustainable banana cultivation. Pest and disease management has been central to sustainability efforts, particularly in the export industry. The global and local spread of pathogens make the capacity to manage such threats a shared concern for leading banana exporter...
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Advances in understanding health benefits of pistachio
The health benefits of nuts, mainly in relation to cardiovascular disease (CVD) but also for other chronic conditions, have been widely demonstrated in epidemiological studies and clinical trials. Among nuts, pistachio is a nut with a moderate amount of macronutrients and micronutrients. It is sp...
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Welfare issues affecting broiler breeders
The demand for broiler meat has been growing for decades, and broiler meat represents the major animal protein source in many countries around the world. To meet the demand for cheap and increasing amounts of broiler meat, a consistent selection for fast growth is employed in the broiler industry...
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National governance and tropical forests: key challenges
This chapter reviews the status and trends of tropical forest governance, how it is manifested in sustainable forest management (SFM), and what can improve it. The chapter starts by drawing attention to the development ambitions which provide a context for efforts to preserve or sustainably manag...
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Advances and improvements in modeling plant processes
This chapter provides an overview of the advances made historically and today in modeling key plant processes with a focus on the processes associated with carbon acquisition and allocation (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, respiration, and assimilate partitioning), and the timing of plant d...
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Advances in postharvest management of cereals and grains
Part 1 of this collection assesses the causes of postharvest losses. Part 2 reviews advances in storage technologies, including management of insect pests using techniques such as fumigation, controlled atmospheres and biopesticides, as well as control of fungal contamination.
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Viruses affecting african crops and their vectors
Plant viruses are one of the major constraints to crop production in Africa. Consequently, research into understanding and managing viruses has been a major theme of IITA’s work over its 50-year history. This chapter reviews the progress made in characterizing the major viruses affecting bananas,...
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The role of hedgerows in supporting biodiversity and other ecosystem services in intensively managed agricultural landscapes
Over the past half century, agricultural intensification has substantially changed agricultural landscapes and farming systems. These changes have been beneficial to provisioning services, i.e. agricultural yields, but detrimental for biodiversity and associated ecosystem services. As a contribut...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of temperate zone tree fruits and berries volume 2
The second volume in this collection reviews advances in breeding and cultivation of key stone fruits (peach, cherry, plum and apricot), pome fruits (pear and apple), and berry fruits (strawberry, raspberry, blackberry and blueberry).
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Valorizing byproducts from broiler processing: biologics and sustainability
Poultry production and processing continue to expand globally. In addition to traditional poultry meat products, a wide range of byproducts are also produced which do not end up as human food. Poultry coproducts are generally classified as edible or nonedible, however, their downstream use depend...
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Challenges and initiatives in reducing postharvest food losses and food waste: sub-saharan africa
This chapter reviews food losses and waste in sub-Saharan Africa. It gives a general introduction to the terms ‘food loss’ and ‘food waste’ and how they differ. It focuses on the postharvest food losses occurring in sub-Saharan Africa and compares ‘objective measurements’ with ‘perceptions’ of fo...
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Improving organic agriculture in the developing world: africa
The continent of Africa accounts for 25% of the world’s arable land and yet produces just 10% of the global agricultural output. Against the backdrop of the challenges to agriculture in Africa, the African heads of states took a decision in 2011 to integrate organic agriculture into the mainstrea...
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Acrylamide formation in fried potato products and its mitigation
Acrylamide is carcinogenic to rodents and also a ‘probable’ human carcinogen. No regulatory limits have yet been established on the levels of this contaminant in food, but food industries are nevertheless under pressure to find ways of reducing acrylamide formation. The greatest contribution to d...
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Meeting computer vision and machine learning challenges in crop phenotyping
Use of imaging data has become more profound with the advent of digital cameras, the internet, and automation. With advances of computer vision, actionable information can now be extracted from images to advance the study of plants and their phenotype. In this chapter we document the experience o...
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Improving cultivation practices for soybeans in sub-saharan africa
Soybean production in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has significantly increased due to the surge in demand arising from increasing populations and improved incomes. Analysis across SSA revealed an increase in soybean consumption of 7.4% between 1990 and 2011 with more than 50% of the production gap fi...
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The effects of organic management on greenhouse gas emissions and energy efficiency in livestock production
The central objectives of organic farming are reducing external inputs and increasing long-term sustainability. Whilst there may be local improvements in resource efficiency, the extent to which organic livestock systems contribute to net greenhouse gas mitigation and fossil energy efficiency gai...
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The contribution of integrated crop–livestock systems in combatting climate change and improving resilience in agricultural production to achieve food security
This chapter illustrates through a contrasting set of examples how current crop–livestock systems contribute to the food security and diverse diets of smallholder livelihoods. It also highlights how farmers use these systems to cope with a variable climate. The chapter provides a short overview o...
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Understanding poultry behaviour
In the context of poultry production, behavioural studies have been particularly useful for optimizing management strategies and understanding the welfare of commercially raised poultry. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the contributions that the study of animal behaviour has made to p...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of potatoes volume 1
Potatoes have long been one of the world’s most important crops. The first volume in this two-volume sequence reviews advances in understanding plant physiology, genetics and breeding. It also discusses ways of understanding the nutritional and sensory properties of potatoes.
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Exploiting the mango genome: molecular markers
As in other crops, the development of molecular tools is allowing significant progress in understanding different aspects of mango biology. This chapter reviews advances made in the use of different molecular tools in mango in the last decades, including biochemical markers and DNA research. The ...
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Ripening systems for bananas
The correct ripening of bananas is essential for optimum taste, appearance, shelf life and consumer satisfaction. This chapter reviews the skills and technologies needed for successful ripening, together with innovations and recent developments. Advice on procedures and best practice throughout t...
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The use of plant extracts as dietary supplements in dairy cow nutrition: saponins
Saponins are steroid or triterpene glycoside compounds found in a variety of plants. Some saponins-containing plants have been used in ruminant nutrition with the most known and The main effect of saponins appears to inhibit ruminal protozoa (i.e., defaunation), which might increase rumen microbi...
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Energy consumption in plant factories with artificial lighting: concepts and pathways toward a sustainable future
This chapter will review published literature related to plant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs) energy consumption, provide detail on concepts around energy consuming systems, and give example case-studies with scenario analysis to illustrate the impacts of making energy efficient decis...
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Advances in understanding soil health for vegetable cultivation
Sustainability of our food systems depends on the maintenance of healthy soils. The links between soil quality, long-term soil productivity, and environmental quality are now widely acknowledged, as is the importance of conserving soil as a resource for future generations. Determining and predict...
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Mango cultivation practices in the tropics: good agricultural practices to maximize sustainable yields
Mango is grown in more than 100 countries and is a commercially important fruit for many countries in the tropics. However, mango cultivation faces various problems which require urgent attention if sustainable production is to be achieved. This chapter reviews the factors which affect mango prod...
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