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Sorghum as a food grain
Grain sorghum is the fifth most produced cereal crop in the world, preceded only by rice, wheat, corn and barley, and it is a dietary staple for more than half a billion people in more than 30 countries. Sorghum is a principal food in areas of Africa and Asia as well as being used as a raw materi...
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Are there bacterial bioprotectants besides bacillus and pseudomonas?
This chapter discusses the taxonomy of non-Bacillus and Pseudomonas (NBP) bioprotectant strains, including enterobacteria, actinomycetes, Sphingomonas, Methylobacterium, Agrobacterium-Rhizobium and Lactobacillus. The chapter reviews their mechanisms of action against plant pathogens. Sources of i...
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Developing improved varieties of groundnut
Groundnut is an important nutrient-dense crop grown in over 100 countries. Breeding for improved varieties is critical for increasing yields and enhancing quality. This chapter describes the genetic resources of groundnut and their potential for mining desirable traits, potential breeding targets...
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The development of organic aquaculture
This chapter offers a general overview of global aquaculture production, explaining some of the key drivers (such as environmental, health and welfare issues with intensive conventional aquaculture) which led to the development of organic aquaculture more than two decades ago. The chapter looks a...
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Instant insights: alternative sources of protein for pigs
This book provides a detailed overview of the development of alternative sources of protein, such as insects and macroalgae and the benefits and challenges of their use as feed for pigs.
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Development of plant-derived compounds as biopesticides
This chapter reviews the development of plant-derived compounds as biopesticides. It begins by providing an overview of the legal framework and authorization of plant-derived plant protection products, then goes onto discuss how these products are developed. The chapter focuses on how plant-deriv...
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Bio-effectors to optimize the mineral nutrition of crop plants
The generic term “bio-effector” refers to the wide range of living organisms and natural compounds that can be used as active agents in biological approaches for crop production. They provide components in bio-stimulants and other products that improve the ability of crops to metabolize nutrients...
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Advances in techniques for monitoring the quality of stored cereal grains
State-of-the-art monitoring systems have sensors that can early detect the onset of spoilage before “hotspots” develop and alert the user of their location through real-time data that can be delivered directly to cloud-enabled devices. The function and utility of sensors and monitoring equipment...
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Current advances in zinc in soils and plants: implications for zinc efficiency and biofortification studies
Zinc (Zn) deficiency is one of the critical abiotic stress factors that often limits crop production, yield, and quality worldwide. It is estimated over one third of the global arable lands are affected by Zn deficiency and so there is a need for more Zn-efficient crops. This chapter critically e...
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Optimizing pig welfare in the growing and finishing stage
The main objectives of this chapter are to define animal welfare and to identify where intensive production systems may put finishing pigs at risk of poor animal welfare. The chapter discusses pig behavior and how this is affected by production systems, group size, living condition as well as sys...
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Flavour as the common thread for coffee quality along the value chain
Quality, in the case of coffee, ultimately means flavour, as this is the aspect of coffee perceived by consumers as valuable. The assessment of coffee flavour quality is therefore the key tool for quality assurance in coffee, and is essential in strategies for achieving higher-value coffee. In th...
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Sustainable use of energy in greenhouses
Greenhouse crops are continuously under pressure of infestations by a wide range of pests and diseases. This chapter describes the myriad practices that can contribute to managing pests and diseases, and how to integrate these practices in an ecologically based integrated pest management (IPM) ap...
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Instant insights: conservation tillage in agriculture
This collection features five peer-reviewed literature reviews on conservation tillage in agriculture.
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Advances in understanding and improving the nutraceutical properties of broccoli and other brassicas
The increasing consumption and popularity of Brassica vegetables can be linked to its nutrient composition and consequent health benefits. This review discusses the available evidence demonstrating the benefits of the Brassica family, particularly broccoli, and offers information to help ensure t...
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Modelling impacts of agriculture on freshwater
Agriculture greatly impacts water resources due to the high volumes of irrigation water consumed in crop production. Additionally, agricultural activities affect hydrological cycles through land-use changes and soil modifications, which may lead to pollution of water bodies. On a local level, the...
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Instant insights: integrated pest management in cereal cultivation
This collection reviews the adoption of integrated pest management programmes across cereal cultivation, with chapters dedicated to rice, wheat and sorghum. Chapters consider the key biological, cultural and chemical methods of control, as well as breeding crops for resistance to insect pests.
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Quantifying the role of livestock in climate change
The livestock sector has grown to a massive size, with rapid changes in areas such as animal traits and management. Despite gains in productivity, often accompanied by reduced emissions intensity and land use extent, the livestock sector: i) is the largest anthropogenic emitter of methane, ii) h...
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Instant insights: unmanned aircraft systems in agriculture
This book provides a useful overview of the use of unmanned aircraft systems/unmanned aerial vehicles in an array of agricultural settings for differing purposes, such as their use in turfgrass systems to measure and monitor specific targets.
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Organic poultry farming: opportunities and challenges
Poultry constitute a fascinating and diverse group of animals with huge potentials to adapt to many local conditions and to be integrated into a wide variety of organic farming systems throughout the world. Poultry herds fit into many different farm settings throughout the world, including the di...
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Palm oil and health
Palm oil is often criticized for its supposed effects on human health, due to its high saturated fatty acid content. However, it is this high saturated fatty acid content (50%) which makes it a solid oil, and therefore a good technological alternative to partially hydrogenated trans fatty acids. ...
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Food losses and waste during food processing
Approximately a third of world food production is not consumed and food waste has become an issue of importance to global food security and the environment. In Europe, processing makes the second largest contribution along the supply chain, equalling approximately a fifth of total food waste. Thi...
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Advances in sustainable dairy cattle nutrition
This collection reviews the wealth of research on recent advances in improving dairy cattle nutrition to balance the needs of animals with minimising the environmental impact of both livestock feed and dairy production.
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Advances in use of entomopathogenic nematodes in integrated pest management
Entomopathogenic nematodes in the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema are potent biological control agents that have been commercialized widely for control of economically important insect pests. This chapter describes the foraging and infection behavior of nematodes and the production technol...
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Integrated weed management in coffee production
Coffee plants show very low initial growth rates and are usually grown in large-spacing inter-rows, which makes the crop highly sensitive to weed species competition. Therefore, the weeds must be efficiently managed. Considering that coffee is grown in many different production-systems worldwide,...
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Metabolomics as a powerful tool for coffee authentication
Detecting fraudulent adulteration of coffee is essential for both the industry and legislative authorities. Both parties are accountable for establishing quality standards through labelling, composition regulations and routine evaluation protocols to circumvent unfair competition among manufactur...
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Developing barley crops for improved malt quality
This chapter introduces current key challenges for improving malting barley such as the rise in the craft brewing industry. It goes on to review typical traits of malting quality, such as grain size, protein and germination. It also highlights the importance of malt extract which is obtained afte...
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Developing maize-breeding methods and cultivars to meet the challenge of climate change
Sustainable maize production will be possible only with the development of the next generation of maize products carrying genetic diversity. This chapter addresses ideas to develop not only unique cultivars but also breeding methodologies to better assist breeders managing genetically complex tra...
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The use of feed supplements to reduce livestock greenhouse gas emissions: direct-fed microbials
This chapter aims to outline the strategy of using feed supplements for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in ruminants, including methane (CH4), carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, given that feed intake is an important variable in predicting these emissions. Focus will be given to d...
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Species choice, planting and establishment in temperate and boreal forests: meeting the challenge of global change
Due to global change, there is a need to question most of the practices used to establish forests. This chapter provides discussion of the current issues for most of the key processes of forest establishment and highlights the importance of the choice of genetic material in the establishment of ...
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Advances in abiotic stress management in turfgrass
Abiotic stresses of turfgrasses involve any environmental condition which limits plant growth, turfgrass quality, and system functionality. Commonly observed abiotic stresses in turfgrass systems include drought, high temperature, low temperature, low irradiance, traffic, salinity, and chemical p...
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Advances in pig breeding and reproduction
This collection provides a comprehensive review of the wealth of research on recent developments in pig breeding, including the shift from a primary focus on production traits to traits encompassing improved feed efficiency and disease resistance. The book also considers advances in understanding...
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Integrated weed management in perennial woody crops
Perennial woody crops span over a broad variety of species in Europe with olive and vine being the most cultivated tree crops. Nowadays, the increasing problem of herbicide resistance, the possible withdrawal of herbicides from the EU market and their effects on farmland biodiversity are driving ...
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Advances in the use of entomopathogenic viruses as biopesticides in suppressing crop insect pests
This chapter reviews advances in the use of entomopathogenic viruses as biopesticides in suppressing crop insect pests. It begins by discussing insect pests and their impact on the environment and how insect pest control has developed over time. It also highlights how viruses have been used as po...
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Insect pests of tea: caterpillars and other seasonal, occasional and minor pests
This chapter focuses on seasonal, occasional and minor pests of tea, which cause damage to tea plants largely through feeding processes. The chapter considers a variety of factors associated with each of these pests, including their geographical distribution, appearance, the damage caused and the...
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Transforming food systems
This book assesses one of the great global challenges of our time: how to reform food systems so they are more sustainable but still able to produce the food we need. It reviews the pros and cons of reformist, progressive and radical solutions and how we might choose between them.
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Understanding and improving water-use efficiency and drought resistance in tomato
The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is both a well-established genetic model for plant biology and a horticultural cash crop of increasing importance to human nutrition. Tomato is mainly cultivated under irrigated conditions, so water use is of considerable significance for healthy plant growth ...
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Modelling agroforestry systems
An agroforestry system is an interconnecting network of woody vegetation with crops and/or animals that work together. This chapter sets out to discuss how to model such systems, which can be highly complex in nature. In the first section, the authors look at the current state of agroforestry mod...
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Broiler breeding flocks: management and animal welfare
Broiler breeders are the parent stock of broiler chickens. Appropriate management in the rearing and the production period is essential to produce a high number of fertile eggs and high-quality broiler chickens. However, research has shown that current management practices may affect the welfare ...
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Developing millet-based cereal products with enhanced nutritional properties
There is a growing awareness today about climate change and its expected ravaging effects on agricultural productivity, food production and ultimately, food and nutrition security. Against this backdrop, drought-tolerant hardy crops are gaining importance as significant sources of food and nutrit...
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Advances in poultry nutrition
This collection provides a comprehensive overview of the range of research on recent advances in poultry nutrition, focussing primarily on broilers for meat production. The book also reviews the development of novel feed sources and their role in optimising gut function in poultry.
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Milk composition and properties: interspecies comparison
The present chapter is a comparative presentation of the characteristics of milk produced from ruminants – cow, buffalo, goat, sheep, yak, camel - and equids - donkey and horse -. Emphasis is on topics associated with technological and nutritional/biological performance of milk, i.e., fat globule...
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The effects of housing systems for laying hens on egg safety and quality
Since the turn of the century, there have been rapid shifts worldwide in the housing and management systems used for laying hens. These have been mandated partly as a response to consumer concern for hen well-being. However, factors such as the quality, safety and price of eggs are also very impo...
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Food losses and food waste in roots and tubers
This chapter reviews the extent, causes and prevention of food losses and waste (FLW) in roots and tubers such as cassava, yams, potatoes, sweet potatoes and taro. It discusses pre-harvest factors affecting FLW such as pests and diseases, environmental factors and agronomic practices. It also dis...
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Humane slaughter techniques for pigs
For pigs, the day of slaughter includes a variety of potentially stressful elements, and this leads to animal welfare concerns. This chapter reviews how recent research can be applied in the development of new technologies and procedures to ensure a high level of welfare for pigs, while also incr...
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Branded beef programmes
The emergence of branded beef programmes has had tremendous impact on the beef industry worldwide. As a means to ensure consumer satisfaction and as a tool for differentiation, branding strategies have changed over the years, yet the basic principles of a successful beef brand have not. This chap...
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Wheat midge (sitodiplosis mosellana): management in the northern great plains of the united states and canada
This chapter examines wheat midge and its management in the Northern Great Plains of the United States and Canada. The chapter first provides an overview of the morphology of wheat midge at each stage of its life cycle. It then moves on to discuss the life cycle of the pest in more depth. The dam...
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Conserving and exploiting cocoa genetic resources: the key challenges
The future of the world cocoa economy depends on the availability of genetic diversity and the sustainable use of this broad genetic base to breed improved varieties. Decreasing cacao genetic diversity (in situ, on-farm and conserved in collections) is a serious problem, and all its many causes n...
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Developments in the use of fertilizers
Fertilizers are a blessing and a curse. Fertilization was a large component of the Green Revolution, resulting in unprecedented and continued yield increases; enabling abundant food, fuel, and fiber and leading to longer and better quality lives for much of earth’s population. However, progress c...
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