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Sustainable sweet cherry cultivation: a case study for designing optimized orchard production systems
Sweet cherries are an inherently challenging crop to produce sustainably, subject to crop loss from climatic events, birds, insects, and diseases, and requiring extensive manual labor due to large tree canopies and small delicate fruits. Nevertheless, cherry production has increased dramatically ...
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Integrated disease management strategies in sugarcane cultivation
Sugarcane diseases cause severe losses to sugar production around the world. More than 100 bacterial, fungal, phytoplasma and viral diseases are present in sugarcane-growing areas worldwide. Some diseases are present in most sugarcane-growing regions while others are confined to specific countrie...
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The principles of organic livestock farming
Organic animal farming is guided by considerations of naturalness, systems thinking and sustainability, and the four IFOAM principles of health, ecology, fairness and care. The principle of health emphasises the connectedness of different parts of the system and seeks high animal health status th...
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The use of insects in integrated weed management
Seed predation by insects is a potentially promising approach to the regulation of weeds that could offset herbicide use as part of integrated weed management. Using the example of carabid beetles, as the most intensively studied grouping of insect weed seed predators, this chapter describes the ...
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Recent advances in understanding the role of vitamins in pig nutrition
Requirements for vitamins in modern intensive swine production are still based on genetically outdated lines of pigs and production conditions which have changed dramatically during the last 30 years. This chapter describes recent advances related to the role of vitamins and their importance for ...
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Improving standards and certification in agri-food supply chains
This collection reviews the range of principles and standards that have been developed and the ways to optimise their contribution to achieving safe, sustainable and socially responsible agricultural production.
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Advances in understanding arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal effects on soil nutrient cycling
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi assist with plant acquisition of nutrients, with most studies focussing on the nutrient forms taken up and translocated to the host. Recent studies have focussed on how extraradical fungal hyphae can affect nutrient ransformations, leaching and movement. However,...
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Maize seed variety selection and seed system development: the case of southern africa
Maize is the most important staple food crop in southern Africa. It is predominantly grown by smallholder farmers, but seed companies generally target large commercial farmers in high potential areas when developing new varieties. To address the needs of smallholder farmers in maize genetic impro...
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Assessing the environmental impact and sustainability of apple cultivation
The environmental impact of apple production is determined by regional enviro-pedo-climatic features and socio-political factors, but can also be managed through cultivation practices and inputs. Pesticides typically have the greatest environmental impact, but energy use from operating machinery ...
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Achieving sustainable management of tropical forests
This collection reviews the wealth of research on tropical forest management. Parts 1 and 2 explore key challenges facing tropical forests as well as the ecosystem services they deliver. Parts 3 and 4 review the management structures and techniques required for sustainable forest management (SFM)...
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Using ground-penetrating radar to map agricultural subsurface drainage systems for economic and environmental benefit
Due to economic and environmental considerations, there exists a need for effective, efficient, and nondestructive methods for locating buried agricultural drainage pipes. Ground penetrating radar (GPR), a proximal soil sensing method, can potentially provide a means for drain line detection. Thi...
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A holistic approach to sustainable agriculture: trees, science and global society
Despite great advances in our understanding of the environmental, social and economic role of trees in farming systems, much remains to be done, especially regarding the wider adoption of agroforestry and its up- and out-scaling. This chapter explores the relationship between trees, science and g...
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Understanding and boosting poultry immune systems
In the perpetual battle against common poultry pathogens and other environmental antigens, the role of the immune system is an important and ongoing topic of research. This chapter reviews the various elements of the host defence system in poultry, and then provides specific examples of how certa...
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Developments in cacao breeding programmes in africa and the americas
This chapter explores the main developments in cacao breeding programmes in Trinidad, Brazil, Ecuador and Costa Rica in the Americas; and Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria and Cameroon in Africa. The different types of commercial cacao cultivars and breeding programme objectives are described. Heterosi...
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Producing quality milk from sheep
This chapter describes the sheep dairy industry and begins by analysing the advantages and disadvantages of different sheep breeds for production of high-quality sheep milk. The chapter addresses in detail various issues arising from the dairy farming of sheep, including frequency of milking, the...
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Improving data management and decision-making in precision agriculture
Precision agriculture (PA) has been adopted to improve crop production while optimizing resource allocation. The chapter discusses developments in tools and technologies used in precision agriculture for effective decision making, including remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) t...
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Identifying and managing plant health risks for key african crops: vegetables
In many West African countries, vegetable production is a key sector of urban and peri-urban agriculture. However, production is undermined by biotic constraints, mainly arthropod pests, disease-causing organisms and plant parasitic nematodes. In an attempt to combat this, farmers frequently use ...
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Role of the rumen microbiome in pasture-fed ruminant production systems
Global society is dependent on ruminant livestock to convert human indigestible plant matter into high quality dairy and meat food sources. This reliance on ruminants is a product of the symbiotic relationship between the ruminant and the rumen microbiome, which allows nutrition to be gained from...
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Instant insights: pre- and probiotics in poultry production
This collection features three peer-reviewed literature reviews on pre- and probiotics in poultry production.
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Redirecting nutrients in urban waste to urban agriculture
Until the nineteenth century, ‘nightsoil’ and organic waste were recycled to agriculture to replenish farmland with nutrients and organic matter in (peri-)urban areas. However, with the onset of cheap chemical fertilizer production, nightsoil use was abandoned. This development facilitated the ge...
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Understanding the behaviour of dairy cattle
In recent years, I have developed the necessary tools to gain a thorough understanding of cow behaviour in intensive management systems. This improved understanding can facilitate the design of new, sustainable management systems, which promote cattle welfare. In this chapter, I provide an overvi...
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Insect pests of fruit: aphids
Aphids (Homoptera, Sternorrhyncha, Aphididae) currently include 5575 valid species. They are characterized by some peculiar morphological and biological characteristics that make these insects unique organisms. Although often under-reported, it is estimated that aphids cause very high economic lo...
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Tree nut cultivation, ecosystem services, biodiversity and conservation
There is growing concern about the impact of overuse of agricultural inputs on the environment which in turn has created a challenge for food production systems that should sustain acceptable production levels while preserving natural resources. It is now well-accepted that a holistic approach is...
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Tree planting and management in agroforestry
Agroforestry seeks to increase the productivity of the farm and help create resilient landscapes. The pattern of tree planting and tree management play an important part in the sustainability of an agroforestry system, as they determine the intensity of competition between trees and crop and the ...
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Secondary macronutrients: advances in understanding calcium cycling in soils, uptake/use by plants and ways of optimizing calcium-use efficiency in crop production
The importance of calcium as a secondary macronutrient can be described in different ways because of its role in soils and its function in plant nutrition. The majority of chemical and some physical soil properties are heavily influenced by calcium content in soil profiles. The available content ...
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Understanding resistance to oxysterol binding protein inhibitor fungicides
Downy mildews and late blight are important crop diseases caused by oomycetes which often require the use of fungicides with a cost of control estimated at $2 billion annually. In recent years, the crop protection industry has been rather successful in discovering and introducing plant protection...
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Biofertilizers: assessing the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on soil health
This chapter discusses the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi biofertilizers on soil health. It begins by addressing the key issues of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soil health, specifically focusing on improved soil structure and stability, soil contamination, carbon sequestration and nu...
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Advances in breeding for improved cultivars of turfgrass
Turfgrass breeding efforts are aimed at developing new turfgrass varieties adapted to a wide range of geographic regions with excellent seed or sod production, improved stress and pest tolerance, and elite turf quality under high, medium, and low maintenance practices. Various cooperative testing...
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Achieving sustainable greenhouse production: present status, recent advances and future developments
Greenhouse production systems have been introduced to improve growth conditions for plants to increase yield and quality. While initially greenhouses were mainly found in cool climates, water saving has become an important driver for the expansion of the greenhouse industry, particularly in arid ...
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Advances in precision livestock farming techniques for monitoring dairy cattle welfare
This chapter reviews advances in precision livestock farming techniques for monitoring dairy cattle welfare. It begins by describing the potential of PLF technology linked to the Five Domains framework, then goes into more detail by focusing on the use of precision livestock farming techniques fo...
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Assessing the environmental impact of commercial-scale cultivated meat production
This chapter draws attention to assessing the environmental impact of commercial cultivated meat production. To provide some context, the chapter first focuses on the environmental impacts of livestock production, specifically the impact of land use and biodiversity, climate change as well as the...
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Advances in remote sensing technologies for assessing crop health
Advances in crop health monitoring would help farmers use resources more efficiently and accurately. Higher-quality spatiotemporal information on changes in crop characteristics will enable more precise and timely management of crop health, by providing early indication of crop disease outbreaks ...
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Advances in rapid detection of zoonotic pathogens in poultry production and processing environments
In recent years poultry meat and egg consumption has seen an exponential increase worldwide. There is therefore a strong demand for ensuring the microbiological safety of poultry products. The main pathogenic bacteria in poultry meat and eggs are Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter spp., Listeri...
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Breeding caffeine-free coffee beans
Regular Arabica coffee contains about 1.2% caffeine. ‘Decaffeinated’ (less than 0.1%) and ‘low caffeine’ (0.2–0.8%) coffee can be obtained by removing the caffeine. However, this can compromise the flavour, and may lead to consumers viewing the product as less ‘natural’. Over the past 25 yrs, eff...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of tree nuts
This collection reviews the wealth of research addressing key issues facing the cultivation of tree nuts. Part 1 discusses the health benefits of tree nuts. Part 2 addresses safety issues. The remaining parts assess advances in breeding, cultivation and the management of pests and diseases.
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Natural capital and biodiversity accounting in the swedish agri-food sector
This chapter describes how Swedish agri-food companies account for their impact on natural capital/ecosystem services and biodiversity. Sustainability reports or annual reports from 36 of the largest companies in the agri-food sector have been studied. Although most companies in the study have a ...
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Advances in breeding of papaya
This chapter discusses the origins and distribution of papaya. It reviews the origins and distribution of the fruit as well as breeding methods such as back crossing, mutation breeding and marker-assisted selection. It also reviews how breeding programmes can be used for particular traits and res...
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Freckle disease of banana
Freckle disease on banana is becoming more prevalent and in recent years has emerged as a disease of economic importance in some parts of the world. In places where the disease occurs it is a challenge to produce high quality, unblemished banana fruit for export markets. Although freckle disease ...
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Mechanisms for the transmission of pathogens into eggs
Salmonella Enteritidis currently represents the major risk of eggborne disease. The frequent association of this bacterium with egg infection is ascribed to various factors, including its spread and persistence in the breeding environment, its long-term ability to colonize the hen’s genital tract...
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Understanding the natural antibacterial defences of egg white and their regulation
Egg white is poor in the nutrients needed by microorganisms and exhibits remarkable antimicrobial properties. Therefore, it participates in protecting both hatching and table eggs from bacterial contamination. This chapter offers a comprehensive overview of the natural defences of egg white and o...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of sugarcane volume 1
Sugarcane is the source of 80% of the world’s sugar. This volume reviews key research on improving sugarcane production, focussing on enhancing cultivation techniques such as irrigation and nutrient management as well as measuring and improving sustainability.
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Assessing and managing the environmental and social impact of coffee production
This chapter reviews ways of measuring and improving the sustainability of coffee production systems, including good agricultural practices (GAP), life cycle assessment (LCA), ways of calculating the carbon footprint of coffee as well as methods for assessing social impacts. It also discusses way...
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Postharvest processing of avocado
This chapter discusses the techniques commonly used to process avocado fruit to many different products and by-products. It describes the processing technologies and their effects on the organoleptic, nutritional and nutraceutical quality of the fruit and its products. These processes include fre...
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Food losses and waste: terminology, definitions, quantification and causes
Prevention, reduction and management of food losses and waste (FLW) have gained an increased global interest since 2011, when the first global FLW report was published by the FAO, and culminated in 2015 with the launch of SDG 12.3. Food insecurity, food systems’ sustainability, and climate change...
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Rice insect pests: biology and ecology
Rice farmers face many abiotic and biotic constraints in their quest to increase rice production. In conjunction with the introduction of new high yielding drought and flood tolerant rice varieties, increasing yields will require a reduction in losses to insect pests. This chapter presents the kn...
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Optimizing welfare in transport and slaughter of cattle
Transport represents one of the most stressful events an animal may experience. Its impact on the welfare of beef and dairy cattle is frequently underestimated, as are the effects of transport on carcass quality issues such as bruises and dark cutting beef. For ease of discussion, the process is ...
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Advances in understanding the role of plant phytochemicals in preventing cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of illness and death globally. Its incidence has been closely linked to diet. This chapter reviews the complex nature of CVD and its comorbidities. It then assesses the current state of research on the protective and therapeutic effects of a range of ...
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Organic and natural beekeeping, and caring for insect pollinators
The pollination of flowering plants is crucial for the maintenance of earth’s biodiversity, and most food crops depend upon insect pollinators. Unfortunately, conventional agricultural practices tend to diminish the numbers of wild insect pollinators while increasing our need for them. This chapt...
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