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Transforming food systems
This book assesses one of the great global challenges of our time: how to reform food systems so they are more sustainable but still able to produce the food we need. It reviews the pros and cons of reformist, progressive and radical solutions and how we might choose between them.
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Developing closed-loop dairy value chains and tools to support decision-makers
Food loss and waste (FLW) is a significant global challenge, and the dairy sector is an important contributor to the problem. There are a number of management options available to utilise dairy FLW in a close-looped system, particularly for developed dairy chains. In this chapter, we identify the...
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Aquaponics: challenges and opportunities for commercial application
Aquaculture is the production, under controlled conditions, of freshwater or saltwater aquatic organisms for human consumption and non-food use. Worldwide aquaculture has increased remarkably in the last decades and now accounts for approximately half of the total production of aquatic animals. T...
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Water management for sustainable agriculture
There is increasing competition for water resources with declining aquifer reserves and lower rainfall in some areas due to climate change. This volume reviews research into topics such as more sustainable use of groundwater, more efficient irrigation techniques and water management.
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Dynamics of water storage and retention in soil
Water storage and retention is one of the most important ecological and agricultural properties of soil, since soil is the main water source for most plants. The present chapter discusses different ways of defining, measuring and modelling soil water retention capability, which varies according t...
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Use of brackish and marginal water for irrigation in water-scarce areas
The lack of freshwater in arid and semi-arid regions makes brackish/marginal water a valuable alternative source of water for irrigation. The use of brackish water in irrigation could ensure high-yield, good quality, efficient and sustainable agricultural development if appropriate management str...
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Rainwater and floodwater harvesting for crop irrigation
Rainwater and floodwater harvesting are environmentally-friendly ways to utilize rainwater and surface runoff for irrigation, water storage and groundwater recharge. Water harvesting (WH) can also reduce flooding and soil erosion risk and can diminish impacts of climate change. This chapter discu...
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Assessing the cost of supplying water for agriculture: the food supply cost curve
As part of a ‘Regional Initiative on Water Scarcity in the Near East and North Africa (NENA) Region’, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has been proposing a practical tool for the assessment of investment projects called the Food Supply Cost Curve (FSCC). This chapter describes the c...
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Climate change and water resources for agriculture
Population growth and climate change increasingly challenge water supply systems, and population dynamics, growing demands, pollution, land use changes and other factors frequently produce the failure of some water supply systems. Climate change is believed to augment the existing pressure on wat...
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An overview of subsurface irrigation techniques
Water is a scarce resource which plays a crucial role in agriculture. As climate change and population growth increase the strain on water supplies, involved actors are forced to look for water-saving irrigation methods for food production. This chapter reviews four key subsurface irrigation tech...
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Improving water use in tropical rain-fed systems: the situation in india
The quantity of available water and land has not increased since 1950, but the availability of water and land per capita has declined significantly due to an increased global human population. Global food security for this growing population requires careful management of water resources. In this...
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The challenge of sustainable water resources management under water scarcity
Historically, water control developments were mostly small-scale, locally managed and hydrologically independent, with annual rainfall, runoff and recharge setting the limits to annual use. In recent decades, the vast expansion of irrigation (the largest water user with about 70% withdrawal world...
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Developments in surface irrigation techniques
Surface irrigation has long been an important tool for farmers. This chapter will review the development of surface irrigation techniques. Section 2 provides a brief historical overview, and then Sections 3 and 4 consider the development of furrow, basin and border irrigation in detail. Sections ...
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Increasing water productivity in agriculture: an overview
There is good evidence that improvements in crop productively have come from increases in yield rather than from decreases in total water use. In irrigated agriculture, there are increasing attempts to decrease the unproductive losses of water from storage, through distribution systems and onto f...
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Understanding and measuring plant water use
Plant water use is inextricably linked to both agricultural productivity and sustainable water resource management. Unlike plants in natural ecosystems, crops and horticultural species benefit from the active management of their growing environments. Tremendous advancements have been made towards...
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Managing surface water for irrigation
As the world’s population increases, so does the pressure on water resources to ensure that agriculture continues to meet global food demand. One way of coping with this increased pressure is to improve the management of surface water resources for irrigation, for instance to reduce water losses ...
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Deficit irrigation and site-specific irrigation scheduling techniques to minimize water use
Today, more than ever, efficient use of water by the agricultural sector is critical to sustaining national and global food security in both irrigated and rainfed regions. Implementing deficit irrigation (DI) strategies and site-specific irrigation management can improve crop water productivity w...
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Fertigation techniques for efficient water and nutrient use in agriculture
Irrigated agriculture constitutes about 20% of the total cultivated land in the world, has much higher crop productivity compared to rainfed agriculture and contributes significantly to meeting the challenge of feeding the world. However, water resources are very limited, especially in the arid a...
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Improving water productivity in rainfed agriculture: challenges and opportunities for small-scale farmers in dry lands
There is growing global recognition of the need to improve agricultural water management if we are to achieve sustainable food production systems which ensure future food security whilst maintaining ecosystem services, strengthening capacity for adaptation to climate change and averting degradati...
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The economics of groundwater development and governance
The last century has seen a dramatic increase in the demand for groundwater, first as a source of drinking water, and more recently for agricultural use in arid and semi-arid regions. This sudden surge in demand can be explained by several attractive properties of this resource: it is free, avail...
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Trickle irrigation systems
Trickle irrigation is the practice of dripping water into soil at very low rates, using outlets placed closed to the plant to ensure targeted application to the root zone. Since the 1950s, trickle irrigation technology has become increasingly advanced and widespread. It is believed that the techn...
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An integrated approach for the estimation of crop water requirements based on soil, plant and atmospheric measurements
Measuring crop water requirements is an essential part of managing agricultural water in crop fields. In this chapter, we propose a research approach for the determination of crop water requirements that integrates soil, plant and atmospheric measurements. Selected methods for estimating crop wat...
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Drainage systems to support sustainable water use
In arid and semi-arid regions of the world, rainfall is supplemented by irrigation, and drainage is needed to prevent irrigation-induced waterlogging and soil salinization. Drainage systems are man-made systems that are only implemented when natural drainage is insufficient for a satisfactory for...
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Regional strategies in sustainable water management for irrigation: the eco-efficiency approach
This chapter addresses a variety of challenges associated with regional water management, including the resolution of conflicts between sectors in order to resolve ‘demand versus availability’ equation and the symbiosis needed between agronomy and engineering in order to optimize the performance ...
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The importance of agroforestry systems in supporting biodiversity conservation and agricultural production: a european perspective
Biodiversity has been declining steadily over the last decade causing large economic losses. Agroforestry is a sustainable land use system where woody perennials (trees or shrubs) are combined with agricultural production. Agroforestry is able to provide solutions to meet global strategies to inc...
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Instant insights: biodiversity management practices
This collection features four peer-reviewed literature reviews on biodiversity management practices in agriculture.
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Energy-smart pig farming
Pig farming plays an important role in providing protein-rich food for consumers worldwide. Consumers increasingly are demanding food with diminishing negative impacts on the environment which encourages pig farmers to adopt renewable energy and more energy-efficient systems to reduce fossil fue...
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Factors affecting the reproductive efficiency of boars
Efficient artificial insemination (AI) is essential for future challenges in the pig industry. Core business for AI companies worldwide is diluting semen from high fertile breeding boars, and by that inseminating many sows. Efficient use of AI boars with high genetic merit is important to maximis...
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Factors affecting the reproductive efficiency of pigs
Solving problems associated with reproductive failure in sow herds can be a challenge. It is critical to meet breeding targets on a routine basis, and to achieve the appropriate farrowing rates and litter sizes. Reproductive failure interferes with the consistent production of pigs, which ultimat...
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Circular, closed-loop agricultural systems: key principles and challenges
This chapter discusses the relationship between circular economy and bioeconomy as they relate to agriculture.
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Developing polyphenols from agricultural wastes
Large volumes of organic waste are generated from growing, harvesting and processing crops. These organic bioresidues contain large quantities of diverse bioactive molecules, including phenolic compounds. These compounds have significant antioxidant and health-promoting properties. A more sustain...
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Developing circular agricultural production systems
This collection summarises the wealth of research on the ways of achieving circular agricultural production systems through using minimal inputs, closing nutrient loops, reducing emissions and reusing and valorising agricultural wastes.
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Closed-loop precision farming technologies to optimize resource use
Agriculture continues to play an integral role in the growth of the economy of any country, not only as a means of livelihood for the population but also as their main source of food. Therefore, identifying strategies that can promote the productivity of agriculture is a key priority as it enhanc...
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Understanding and developing closed-loop nutrient cycles in crop production
This chapter focuses on developing closed-loop nutrient cycles in crop production. It starts by first discussing the importance of understanding nutrient cycling in agri-food systems, then goes on to highlight current options for achieving closed-loop nutrient cycles. A section on manure manageme...
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Closed-loop combined crop-livestock farming systems
The global demand for animal-sourced foods has led to an expansion and intensification of livestock production, resulting in complex environmental and ecological challenges. In the 1960s and 1970s, leys played a crucial role in cropping systems. However, the pursuit of increased production to mee...
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Optimizing slurry management
This chapter discusses optimizing slurry management in agricultural practices. It begins by first highlighting current decision tools for optimizing manure management, then goes on to review modifying animal slurry pH to enhance its value as a biobased fertilizer through methods such as bio acidi...
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Multi-feedstock biorefineries for converting agricultural wastes and microalgae into co-products
This chapter reviews developments in the types, processing and use of biomass to develop a range of co-products. It begins by assessing availability of biomass feedstock from agricultural sources. It then reviews the range of biological and thermochemical biomass conversion processes together wit...
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Producing biogas from livestock manure and agricultural biomass
Climate change has driven the European Commission to set a strategy towards a climate-neutral Europe by 2050. There is a need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In the case of the agricultural sector, biogas production can replace fossil-based energy sources and reduce methane emissions re...
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Developing bioplastics from agro-industrial wastes for applications in food packaging
This chapter uses the principles of the circular economy to present alternatives to plastic food packaging in order to face the plastic environmental problem. One of the most promising solutions is the substitution of fossil-based polymers for bio-based and biodegradable polymers, among which pol...
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Safe and sustainable use of bio-based fertilizers in agricultural production systems
Recycling and/or upcycling of agricultural byproducts containing valuable nutrients back into agricultural systems as bio-based fertilizers can improve the circularity and sustainability of food production. However, in some instances, there may be negative environmental consequences or safety con...
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Optimizing livestock manure as a biofertilizer and bioenergy source
This chapter provides an overview of the main technologies for manure valorization into bioenergy and biofertilizer products. It discusses developments in more established technologies such as solid-liquid (S/L) separation, anaerobic digestion and composting. It also reviews more innovative techn...
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Using crop residues/by-products as livestock feed in a circular economy
In this chapter, we will provide an overview of the nutrient profile of commonly used by-product feeds, how they are generated, and the limitations associated with their use in animal rations. We will focus on dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) because of its use across different lives...
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Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) as plant biostimulants in agriculture
Plants must tolerate and grow under a wide variety of environmental conditions. It is clear that the phytomicrobiome supports plant growth under normal and stressful growing conditions and these functions are carefully regulated. The phytomicrobiome can promote plant growth under normal growing c...
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Biostimulants for sustainable crop production
Biostimulants stimulate natural processes in crops to enhance nutrient uptake, nutrient use efficiency (NUE), resistance to abiotic stress and quality traits. This collection reviews key advances in understanding and using biostimulants.
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Seaweed extracts as plant biostimulants in agriculture
Biostimulants improve growth of plants by enhancing nutrient uptake efficiency. This chapter presents classification and legal aspects of biostimulants in terms of registration. Seaweed extracts improve abiotic stress tolerance of horticultural and agronomic crops. The mechanism of seeweed extrac...
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Designing and formulating microbial and non-microbial biostimulants
This chapter provides the first overview of the optimal design and formulation of microbial and non-microbial biostimulants. The production steps for a plant biostimulant are first presented and discussed, and then two successful case studies of plant biostimulant development are reported in deta...
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Plant biostimulants: a new paradigm for the sustainable intensification of crops
Biostimulants are applied to crop plants in the aim of modifying plant physiological functions and of increasing crop productivity or quality. They may be regarded as some kind of ‘functional ingredients’ in plant nutrition, distinct from fertilizers and plant protectants. Despite the agricultura...
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Combining plant biostimulants and precision agriculture
Precision application of biostimulants on a site-specific basis is a great opportunity for optimizing biostimulant efficacy and returns. This chapter looks at the available tools and emerging technologies for the monitoring and management of soil and crops, in order to address spatial and tempora...
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Bioactive compounds and evaluation of biostimulant activity
The regulations concerning the placement of biostimulants on the market are still widely varying across countries and regions, even though both efficacy claims and composition declarations are primarily addressed. The definition of pre-market approval systems specifying the data required for auth...
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Plant biostimulants and their influence on nutrient use efficiency (nue)
This chapter reviews evidence for effects of biostimulants on both agronomic nutrient use efficiency and internal nutrient use efficiency. Many biostimulants improve the agronomic nutrient use efficiency (AE) by enhancing root growth and soil exploration, increasing solubilization of soil nutrien...
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Silicon as a biostimulant in agriculture
Silicon (Si) is a mineral element that is well known to protect plants against several environmental changes. While the exact mechanism is not known, beneficial responses across a broad range of crops highlight Si’s role in maintaining internal homeostasis. All plants accumulate Si to either macr...
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Key issues in agricultural ethics
This collection explores key ethical debates surrounding agriculture and agri-food supply chains, including issues such as animal welfare, use of labour, the effects of new technologies and the overall impact of agriculture on the environment. It considers the ways these ethical dilemmas may be b...
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Biostimulant action of protein hydrolysates on crops
Protein hydrolysates are a category of plant biostimulants containing a mixture of polypeptides, oligopeptides and amino acids that are manufactured from animal or plant derived-protein sources using partial hydrolysis. Protein hydrolysates are used for foliar applications and to a lesser extent ...
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Key ethical issues in livestock farming
This chapter assumed the practical application of animal ethics in agriculture as necessary for animal ethics and for those who work with animals in agriculture. It is intended to provide an overview of the main areas of ethical concern stemming from the use of animals as livestock. The first sec...
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Modelling climate change impacts on livestock production
As other sectors continue to decarbonise, achieving climate change targets is particularly challenging for agriculture. This is primarily the result of livestock production systems (LPS), namely intensive ruminant production systems. LPS account for ~14.5 percent of all anthropogenic GHG emission...
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Optimising bio-based fertilisation for a more sustainable agriculture
This book reviews the wealth of research on optimising bio-based approaches to improve soil health, looking particularly at the differing types of soil amendments and how they can contribute to improving different elements of soil health, including soil organic matter content and soil nutrient av...
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Modelling climate change impacts on agricultural systems
This collection summarises the wealth of research on ways to improve models predicting the impact of climate change on agricultural systems, as well as their application to understanding impacts in particular regions.
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Precision agriculture for sustainability: second edition
By using resources more efficiently, precision agriculture (PA) can make agriculture more productive and sustainable.This new edition of Precision agriculture for sustainability provides a comprehensive review of the key components of PA, from information gathering to delivery systems, as well as...
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Modelling the impact of climate change on agriculture in east asia
This chapter briefly summarizes the estimated impact of historical and future climate changes on major food crop production (e.g., rice, wheat, maize) across the primary production regions of East Asia.
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Modeling the impact of climate change on agriculture in latin america
This chapter provides an overview of crop modeling in three Latin American countries: Chile, Colombia and Brazil. It assesses model characteristics, strengths and weaknesses and areas for future development. The chapter includes developments in modelling the impact of climate change on key crops:...
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Modelling the impact of climate change on agriculture in europe
The agricultural land represents the most important form of land use, accounting for almost 48% of the European land area. Europe- Despite its relatively small share of global agriculture land total area (9.8%), has been one of the world’s largest and most productive suppliers of food and fibre. ...
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Modelling the impact of climate change on agriculture in north africa and southwest asia
The impacts of climate change on food production in North Africa and Southwest Asia are severe, with rising temperatures and prolonged dry spells adversely affecting crop productivity and quality. Crop models are utilized to evaluate the impact of climate change and the potential of adaptation st...
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Developing more integrated approaches in models assessing the impact of climate change on agriculture
Climate change impacts on agriculture will interact with those arising from socio-economic changes in complex ways. Understanding the consequences for agriculture requires an integrated (or holistic) modelling framework. Four key challenges in regional integrated modelling of agricultural systems...
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Modelling the impact of climate change on agriculture in australia and oceania
In the past few decades, the Oceania region has experienced a general trend of rising temperature, increased rainfall variability, declining rainfall in parts of Australia and New Zealand, and increased rainfall, particularly extreme events in other parts of the Oceanian region. These changes pos...
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Modelling the impact of climate change on agriculture in west africa
Agriculture involves approximately 60% of the population and contributes significantly to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the majority of West African countries. Agricultural productivity in the sub-region is projected to be adversely impacted by climate change. The sustainability of West Afr...
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Incorporating genetics into crop models to identify new phenotypes adapted to climate change
This chapter proposes a framework to develop new genotype (G) x management (M) technologies (G x M) to adapt to climate change, and to transition from current to future G x M technologies in a way that future food security does not come at the expense of current food security. The framework integ...
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Modeling climate change impacts on crop growth and yield formation
The aim of this chapter is to briefly illustrate current practices in modeling crop yield as a response to climate change and what has been learnt so far, especially in terms of multi-model assessment and comparisons. For additional information, readers are directed to the “Where to look for furt...
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Modelling transition of agricultural systems in response to climate change
The world is facing the multifaceted challenge of achieving food security for a growing population in the face of climate change. Already agriculture and by extension food security are affected by climate change and these impacts are projected to worsen. At the same time, agriculture and the food...
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Accounting for uncertainties in modeling the impact of climate change on agriculture
Model-based climate change impact assessments involve uncertainties given the many physical, biological and socio-economic processes involved and their complexity. Among other things, uncertainties arise from unknown future development of greenhouse gas emissions and uncertainties in climate chan...
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Modelling climate change impacts on agricultural commodity markets
This chapter provides some insights on how climate change can affect agricultural commodity markets in the medium to long term. It includes some methodological aspects on how different quantitative tools, ranging from earth system models to farm-level production decisions, can be combined in the ...
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Modeling the impact of climate change on agriculture in the united states
We divide our chapter into three major sections: 1) an overview of the recent past and predicted near future changes in climate at the national and regional scale in the U.S., and the impacts of this on crop-based agriculture, in particular the direct effect on soil, water, and major cash crops; ...
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Energy-smart farming
This collection reviews research on methods implemented to reduce the costs and environmental impact of on-farm energy use, such as through the adoption of renewable forms of energy production, as well as utilising energy sources more wisely.
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Ethical issues in developing new technologies in agriculture
From the perspective of agricultural ethics, I am investigating potential ethical issues threatening radical innovation in agriculture, and what kind of questions these ethical issues entail for innovators. First, the role of ethics in the development of radical new technologies in general will b...
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Institutionalizing agricultural ethics in us land-grant universities
In 1999, fifteen of the original US land-grant universities offered a class on agricultural ethics. In 2012 nine courses were taught. In 2022 only six remained. This chapter offers reasons for the decline in number of classes and suggests consequences if everyone engaged in the agricultural enter...
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Migrant labour in agriculture: ethical issues and challenges
This chapter discusses the key role of migrant workers in agriculture as well as policies regulating their role and conditions of employment. There is a particular focus on the European Union (EU) with the example of Italy to illustrate issues and policies at a national level. The chapter discuss...
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Gender dimensions of agricultural ethics
Agriculture is one of the oldest and most transformative of human activities, performed in social contexts. Due to the complexity of social structures, the lived experiences of farmers are deeply influenced by gendered conventions. The world is dependent on women’s work but there is a legacy of t...
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Approaches to ethics
This chapter describes the field of ethics and surveys the three main schools of thought in contemporary ethics: utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics. The main tenets of each theory are explained, with particular attention paid to how they might be applied to issues in agricultural and e...
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Agricultural ethics – the farmer’s perspective
Modern, intensive agricultural production methods have attracted increasing criticism from a range of economic, ecological, and social perspectives. What moral responsibilities do farmer’s have to address these concerns? This chapter reviews responsibilities, constraints and motivations of farmer...
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Sustainable intensification in agriculture: ethical issues
Research scientists predict to feed the growing population an increase in agricultural yields at a lower environmental footprint, what some call ‘sustainable intensification’, is required. Yet, some argue that sustainable intensification fails to address systemic social, economic, or environmenta...
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Agriculture and the environment: ethical issues
Everyone involved in agriculture has a responsibility for ensuring that they are aware of the ethical dimensions of their practices and act accordingly. In this manner, the impacts that agriculture have on the environment deserve critical ethical attention. The emergence of sustainability as a vi...
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Intellectual property rights in agriculture: ethical issues
The expansion of intellectual property rights, particularly utility patents, in United States (US) agriculture over the past 50 years is grounded in two social phenomena. The first is the development and application of agricultural biotechnologies. The second is the development of the knowledge e...
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Ethics of agricultural research
This chapter is devoted to the ethics of agricultural research, has been written in the context of three basic frameworks. First of all, it is essential to determine the scope and boundaries of the term 'agricultural research'. Second, in terms of the relationship between agricultural research an...
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Virtue ethics, wendell berry and agriculture
This chapter begins by detailing the major aspects of the virtue ethics tradition, particularly as they are understood by Aristotle. I then turn to Wendell Berry’s thought and argue that Berry embodies well many of the facets of this tradition. I consider three virtues in Berry’s thought: humilit...
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Advances in crop modelling for a sustainable agriculture
Crop modelling has huge potential to improve decision making in farming. This collection reviews advances in next-generation models focused on user needs at the whole farm system and landscape scale.
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The science and practice of agroecology
This book provides a detailed overview of key developments in agroecology – the theoretical foundation for more sustainable approaches such as regenerative agriculture. It focuses on how agroecological knowledge can be translated into farming practices across distinct agroecosystems.
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Assessing the environmental impact of agriculture
This book reviews key methods for measuring the environmental impact of agriculture. Part 1 reviews life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Part 2 reviews ways of modelling particular types of impact whilst the final part covers particular agricultural sectors.
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The science and practice of agroecology
This book provides a detailed overview of key developments in agroecology – the theoretical foundation for more sustainable approaches such as regenerative agriculture. It focuses on how agroecological knowledge can be translated into farming practices across distinct agroecosystems.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as biostimulants for sustainable crop production
Several functions of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) interactions constitute the ecological services of the symbiosis which are the basis for their application as biostimulants. The bi-directional nutrient exchange between the mycorrhizal partners, the contribution of AM fungi to the quality of soils...
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Instant insights: economics of key agricultural practices
This collection assesses the economics of key agricultural practices, with chapters dedicated to analysing the economic impact and consequences of insect pest management and novel integrated weed management strategies. Additional chapters consider the economic barriers faced by smallholder farmer...
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Achieving sustainable greenhouse cultivation
Greenhouse and other forms of protected cultivation create controlled environments to offset climate change and optimise resource use. This book reviews current research in more efficient climate control and root development to optimise their use.
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