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Advances in remote sensing for monitoring grassland and forage production
Obtaining cheap, appropriate and timely information on vegetation will be essential for sustainable and economically viable management of grassland and forage swards in the future. Remote sensing (RS) offers new possibilities to monitor vegetation repeatedly and at large scale, but so far, only a...
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Ensuring safety in chilling and freezing of poultry meat
Poultry is the most traded meat worldwide, and its consumption has increased almost continuously since 1965. In order to achieve sustainable production, the poultry industry must continue to develop its methods and technologies, and in doing so must take into account the standards of safety requi...
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Advanced breeding techniques for grain legumes in the genomics era
The challenge of grain legume production is to continue increasing productivity while reducing the significant seed yield gap between developed and developing countries/regions. Advanced breeding techniques play an important role in the era of genomics. This chapter describes the main grain legum...
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Instant insights: optimising rootstock health
This collection considers the ways in which rootstock health can be optimised to improve agricultural production and fruit quality. Chapters consider recent advances in the development and utilisation of fruit tree rootstocks and how they can be used to mitigate the effects of abiotic stresses.
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Genome-wide association studies (gwas) in wheat
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have become a very popular method for dissecting the genetic basis of complex traits in plants, including wheat. The benefits of GWAS are a relatively detailed mapping resolution and that no population development is required. The surge of interest in GWAS h...
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Cultivating sugarcane for use in bioenergy applications: key issues
Sugarcane (a complex hybrid of Saccharum spp.) has high biomass and sucrose accumulation in its stem, making it a favourable feedstock for bioenergy production. This chapter reviews the key issues and challenges faced when expanding sugarcane cultivation for bioenergy, namely, competition with fo...
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Using genetic selection in the breeding of dairy cattle
There has been a huge increase in the productivity of dairy cows over the last half a century, with the yield per cow more than doubling. This is substantially due to the use of genetic selection in dairy cattle breeding programmes. In this chapter, we review the use of artificial insemination (A...
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Challenges and opportunities in pear cultivation
Excessive vigor of European pear varieties and a dearth of dwarfing rootstocks create significant challenges to the establishment and management of modern high-density orchards. The pronounced negative relationship between pear tree vigor and precocity requires considerable intensive horticultura...
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Improving fault detection and isolation in agricultural robotics
The robotization of agricultural tasks is booming globally, made possible thanks to the development of robotic platforms equipped with agricultural tools. These technological tools (sensors, effectors, etc.) can cause faults which compromise productivity. This chapter presents a review of state o...
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Instant insights: improving crop weed management
This specially curated collection features five reviews of current and key research on improving crop weed management.
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Energy-smart pig farming
Pig farming plays an important role in providing protein-rich food for consumers worldwide. Consumers increasingly are demanding food with diminishing negative impacts on the environment which encourages pig farmers to adopt renewable energy and more energy-efficient systems to reduce fossil fue...
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Instant insights: improving biosecurity in livestock production
This collection highlights the need for improved biosecurity in livestock production as a result of increased disease risk, focussing primarily on pig, poultry and beef cattle production. Chapters review the emergence and re-emergence of key pathogens and the role of effective biosecurity measure...
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New techniques for assessing and mapping tropical forests
This chapter reviews recent developments in assessing and mapping tropical forests. It discusses the planning of inventories, assessment procedures and statistical evaluation. It discusses the use of remote sensing techniques to identify changes in land use such logging and deforestation. It also...
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Landscape genomics: application in poultry breeding
Landscape genomics has become an important tool to study the neutral genetic structure of populations and to identify loci and genomic regions under natural or artificial selection. The understanding of the actions of selection on the genome and their association with specific environmental and l...
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The role of egg turning in embryo development
This chapter examines the role of egg turning in embryo development. The chapter identifies the four main aspects of turning deemed crucial to successful integration. It first focuses on turning during the egg storage period, then moves on to highlight critical periods during the incubation perio...
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Understanding and fostering soil carbon sequestration
This collection reviews the wealth of recent research on important aspects of soil carbon sequestration in different environments and soil types and its contribution to ensuring a positive carbon budget at the farm and landscape level.
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Risk management systems for prevention and control of contaminants in animal feed
Feed safety remains an issue for both the health of livestock and as a prerequisite for food safety. Risk assessment plays a role in identifying and determining potential risks of contaminants. When contaminants limits are defined, risk management systems can be designed for prevention and contro...
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In ovo sexing in poultry chicks
High laying performance and simultaneous high fattening performance in chicken breeding are mutually exclusive due to negative correlations. Currently, roosters from laying lines can only be raised and marketed economically to a very limited extent. Generally, the majority of male offspring are c...
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How pathogens develop resistance to fungicides: an overview
This chapter examines how pathogens develop resistance to fungicides, it first reviews the ways to detect and measure resistance. It then moves on to examine mechanisms of resistance, such as target site mutation and oppression and multi-drug resistance. The chapter also reviews the evolution of ...
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Identifying and managing plant health risks for key african crops: banana and plantain
Many smallholder farmers in humid sub-Saharan Africa rely on bananas and plantains (Musa spp.) as major staple food and income generating crops, with only a negligible portion traded internationally. Banana and plantain production is mainly threatened by various pathogens and pests. This chapter ...
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Advances in understanding the contribution of weeds to the functioning of agroecosystems
Reduction in herbicide use will trigger changes in weed communities. Improving our capacity to identify farming management options that will lead to weed communities offering interesting trade-offs of functions is thus timely. Functional approaches are offering a robust framework to quantify and ...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of bananas volume 2
Volume 2 begins with a discussion of progress in identifying and broadening the genetic base for Musa species. This provides the foundation for Parts 3 and 4 which review advances in both conventional and recent molecular breeding techniques and their application in producing improved varieties.
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The impact of food loss and waste on human nutrition and health
In recent years, food loss and waste in the world have grown alarmingly, and destroy energy and resources that might otherwise be used for human nutrition. This chapter describes the nutritional compounds humans require, their main sources, and the functions they perform in the human body to main...
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The development of crop root architecture and optimization of nutrition acquisition: the case of rice
Plant root system architecture (RSA), the spatial configuration of a root system in the soil, is critical for water and nutrient acquisition. Rice generates a root system consisting of seminal, lateral, and crown/adventitious roots, whose growth and development are regulated by plant hormones and...
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Advances in understanding plant root water uptake
Water deficit is one of the primary limitations to crop production. Here, we review the role of root and rhizosphere hydraulic processes that affect the ability of a plant to extract water from the soil. Prominent features of rhizosphere hydraulic properties are: root shrinkage, alteration of por...
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Instant insights: economics of agriculture
This book provides a comprehensive overview of the economics of key elements of agriculture, including irrigation, agricultural robotics and integrated weed management.
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Advances in control of wheat rust
Rusts are feared diseases of wheat. Despite the many resources invested into genetics of rust resistance, the lack of durability of resistance in wheat and the availability of low-cost fungicides have led to widespread reliance on chemical control. This reliance is unsustainable in the long term...
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The rumen archaea
Methane (CH4) is produced in the rumen by a group of microorganisms called methanogenic Archaea In this chapter, the types of Archaea found in the rumen will be reviewed through a summary of the rumen cultivation studies and molecular surveys of rumen archaeal community composition. The chapter w...
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Sugarcane as a renewable resource for sustainable futures
Sugarcane is not only the main source of sucrose but also the world’s most important energy crop with an important role in the global sustainability transition, owing to its high productivity, its concentration in developing and emerging economies and the wide array of commercial products that it...
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Understanding and improving crop root function
Part 1 in this collection reviews recent research on understanding root system architecture and growth together key interactions in the rhizosphere. Parts 2 and 3 assess how roots respond to biotic and abiotic stresses whilst Part 4 explores how this understanding can be used to optimise root fun...
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Understanding and improving immune function in sheep
The prevention and control of infectious diseases of sheep can be achieved in a number of ways, including disease screening programmes, implementation of biosecurity measures, chemotherapeutics and vaccination. This chapter describes common diseases of sheep and some commonly used vaccines, and e...
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Instant insights: cover crops
This collection features four peer-reviewed literature reviews on cover crops in agriculture.
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The use of genomic information to improve selection response while controlling inbreeding in dairy cattle breeding programs
This chapter discusses the use of genomic information to improve selection response in dairy cattle breeding programs. It assesses population size and inbreeding, as well as discussing how genetic information can be used to reduce inbreeding. The chapter also provides an understanding of the gene...
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Advances in ensuring the microbiological safety of fresh produce
This collection reviews the wide range of research on preventing microbial contamination of fresh fruit and vegetables, from understanding key pathogens to ways of detecting and preventing contamination across the supply chain.
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Mycotoxins in cocoa: causes, detection and control
Mycotoxins are produced as secondary metabolites by various species of filamentous fungi, and may affect many agricultural crops and products. The potential health risks associated with these chemical compounds mean that significant attention has been given to their detection and control. However...
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Maintaining soil health in africa
Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has a wide variety of natural ecosystem resources, including soils, vegetation, water and genetic diversity. However, land degradation in SSA is intensifying at an alarming rate, and this region has the lowest agriculture and livestock yields of any region in the world. T...
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The role of liming in improving soil health
Soil acidity is a threat to a healthy soil with far-reaching consequences, both direct and indirect, on soil chemical and physical properties, impacting the growth, health and composition of organisms growing in a soil and with potential for negative off-site impacts. All agricultural production ...
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Using models to optimize poultry nutrition
Today’s commercial poultry production is about making decisions and implementing them, the main objective being to maximize profit for the enterprise. Alternative courses of action should be thought of and the consequences of these actions need to be predicted. Animal nutritionists face various p...
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Challenges and initiatives in reducing food loss and waste in europe
This chapter has 3 parts: the first introduces the topic from a regional and global perspective; the second is focused on data availability and quality; and the third discusses on enabling factors for policy development and provides resources for further information.
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Advances in automatic milking systems
Technology is becoming embedded in different aspects of agriculture. Specifically, automation of the milking process within dairy production systems represents fundamental change for the operator, the cow herd and indeed the whole farm operation. Adoption of automatic milking requires new thinkin...
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The sustainability and ‘carbon footprints’ of conventional and alternative beef production systems
The beef industry faces a significant challenge in producing sufficient food to supply the requirements of the growing population, while maintaining a culture of continuous improvement and reducing environmental impacts per unit of beef produced. Since the late 1970’s, the US beef industry made s...
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Precision agriculture for sustainability
By using resources more efficiently, precision agriculture can make farming more productive and sustainable. This collection reviews current research on key technologies in precision agriculture and its applications.
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Soil management practices and benefits in conservation agriculture systems
Conservation Agriculture (CA) is known to deliver ecosystem services, maintain the soil potential productivity and improve the resource-use efficiency as well as the natural resources. It adapts to and mitigates climate change and leads to a more efficient use of inputs hence reducing production ...
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Assessing the effects of crop residue retention on soil health
Crop residues are the most accessible form of plant residues. Conventional agricultural cropping systems rely on synthetic fertilizer; however, these systems also require regular organic inputs from crop residue, root biomass, and rhizodeposition to maintain soil organic matter (SOM), improve soi...
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Physiological and behavioral responses to disease in pigs
This chapter provides critical information on the physiological and behavioral responses common to pigs experiencing disease and describe animal-based outcomes directly impacted during a disease state. In addition, timely tools to prevent and monitor disease at the herd level are discussed and di...
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Instant insights: mycotoxin detection and control
This collection features five peer-reviewed literature reviews on mycotoxin control in agriculture.
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Advances in optimising nitrogen-use efficiency in crop production
Globally, the quantity of nitrogen (N) fertilizer applied to crops is growing rapidly as it replaces the shrinking contribution of soil organic N and meets the demand by higher-yielding crops. On average, crops recover close to half the applied N, so its inefficient management is an increasing pr...
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Advances in understanding and managing insect pests of forest trees
Boreal and temperate forests comprise half of all forested land globally and are a major source of timber and other ecosystem services. Disturbances caused by native and invasive insects are among the most important mediators of forest mortality. The interacting effects of climate change on insec...
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Developing effective welfare measures for cattle
This chapter focuses on the performance characteristics a welfare measure should possess in order to be considered valid for the assessment of animal welfare. It presents a choice of validation measures that can be used to assess the welfare of cattle and discusses ways they can be collected in p...
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Optimizing the microbial shelf-life of fresh beef
Beef spoilage is primarily caused by bacteria, and maximizing shelf-life is dependent on a multiple hurdle approach to generate conditions that inhibit microbial growth. This chapter begins by reviewing the factors that affect beef spoilage and microbial shelf-life, and the bacteria and processes...
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Advances in dairy cattle breeding to improve resistance to claw disorders/lameness
Foot and claw disorders are, along with reproductive and udder health problems, major reasons for involuntary culling in dairy cattle. Culling due to lameness accounts for 8-15% of all culls. This chapter describes the key factors needed to achieve genetic improvement of claw health and discusses...
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The use of trichoderma spp. to control plant diseases
Trichoderma is one of the most studied genera of ascomycetous fungi due to the beneficial effects it has on plants. Trichoderma spp. are involved in the production of cell wall-degrading enzymes and metabolites with antimicrobial activity. It also produces volatile compounds that act together as ...
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The emergence of antibiotic resistance in poultry farms
The use of antibiotics in poultry farming has enhanced production via effectively controlling infectious diseases and promoting growth of birds, allowing the industry to cope with the increasing consumer demands and provide safe and affordable products. However, the use of antibiotics results in ...
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Grassland management to minimize the environmental impact of dairy farming
Minimizing the environmental impact of dairy farming with perennial forage systems management is a complex process. The aim is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (enteric methane, nitrous oxide from soil and carbon dioxide from equipment and fertilizer use), adapt to the effects of climate change...
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The nutritional value of red palm oil
There is a great deal of confusion regarding the nutritional value and health effects of palm oil. The controversy and conflicting views still continue on whether or not palm oil is atherogenic. Based on current evidence, it would appear that palm oil has both favourable and unfavourable effects....
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Human–robot collaboration in agricultural robots
Agricultural robots are being developed for many on-farm tasks; however, in practice, current working agricultural robotic systems are limited and fully robotized farms are not yet available. This chapter presents initial work carried out in the domain of human–robot collaboration in agriculture ...
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Beneficial compounds from coffee leaves
Leaves are the leading source of carbon for plant growth and reproduction, and possess a wide range of protection systems against environmental stress. The leaves of the coffee plant, characterized by a high antioxidant potential, have a significant impact on fruit quality, and identifying marker...
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Advances in molecular breeding techniques for barley: genome-wide association studies (gwas)
Barley breeders cross complementary parents for desirable characters and use suitable screening systems to select superior recombinant lines. The advent of molecular markers, especially high throughput genome-wide systems, means that selection for characters, e.g. quality can be conducted indirec...
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Considerations with turfgrasses and pollinators
The global rise of the human population, increase in urbanization, and reliance on pesticide use has led to a decline in ecosystem services, pollinator habitat and forage sites, and pollinator abundance. Converting unused turfgrass ecosystems to pollinator-supporting plantings or incorporating fl...
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Microbial ecology and function of the gastrointestinal tract in layer hens
With the introduction of next-generation sequencing, a more comprehensive identification of the laying hen gastrointestinal tract microbial population has emerged. There are several factors that can influence the composition and function of the layer hen gastrointestinal tract including age of th...
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Advances in the drought and heat resistance of soybean
Drought combined with heat is the major abiotic stress that threatens crop production. Climate changes are anticipated to intensify the occurrence of irregular precipitation patterns worldwide, which will further negatively affect crop production and food security. The success of soybean improvem...
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Advances in managing wireworms in cereal crops: challenges and future directions
Wireworms are the immature stage of click beetle (Coleoptera: Elateridae) species. Several species of wireworms are considered serious pests of agricultural crops, including small grains. Limited information with respect to objective species- and crop-specific economic injury levels, effective in...
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Nematodes associated with maize
Plant-feeding, or plant-parasitic, nematodes are ubiquitous in soils that support plant growth, and at least one species is usually present in association with the roots or shoots of maize. However, the macro-effects of phytophagous nematodes are notoriously difficult to test and measure, and de...
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Fusarium diseases: biology and management perspectives
World cereal production faces the challenge of increasing productivity while reducing its environmental footprint. Diseases like Fusarium head blight that reduce yield and quality of the harvest are controlled mainly with agricultural practices and fungicides. These measures have been shown to be...
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Modelling biodiversity in agriculture
Models have been widely used in agricultural science to understand complexity, predict the consequence of change and extend knowledge to new scales. ‘Crop modelling’ began in the 1960s and is now well advanced and applied globally, but is restricted to a few economic species. More recently, model...
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Advances in nutrient and water management in forestry: monitoring, maintaining, and restoring soil health
A number of important advances in nutrient and water management in forestry have been made since the middle of the 20th Century to maintain and improve soil health. Many concerns have been expressed about the sustainability of forestry operations with intensification of management and harvesting ...
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Women and smallholder farming
There are an estimated 500 million smallholder farmers across the world, of which a considerable percentage of women. Despite their large numbers and important roles, women smallholders remain largely unsupported and their contribution to agriculture is often devalued because of their sex.Women a...
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Achieving sustainable production of poultry meat volume 3
Health and welfare are major issues in poultry production. This collection reviews our understanding of bacterial, viral and other diseases affecting poultry and their effective management. It also discusses ways of managing poultry flocks to optimise their welfare from hatching to slaughter.
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What is pollination and what are pollinators in agriculture?
This chapter provides an overview of the history of pollination biology, it begins by discussing the basics of pollination and goes on to discuss pollinators and their diversity. Sections also cover the ecology and evolution of floral traits, domestication and its impact on plant-pollinator relat...
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Targeted improvement of cavendish clones
Despite hundreds of different domesticated banana cultivars, both consumers and growers prefer the Cavendish subgroup for the export industry. The Cavendish cultivars are triploid and parthenocarpic. But despite the sterility characteristic, Cavendish banana plants portray a diverse range of morp...
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Maintaining the health of laying hens:
Biosecurity plays a pivotal role in maintaining the health of poultry. Biosecurity is the protection of birds from disease-causing agents. This chapter reviews the range of biosecurity measures required to maintain the health of laying hens. It talks about separation of birds which is an importan...
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Economic considerations for the development of a carbon farming scheme
This chapter presents the current state of carbon markets and some of the challenges faced by individual producers, private companies and governments interested in carbon farming. The chapter identifies the two primary payment design mechanisms proposed for carbon payments and the complexities fa...
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Improving gut health in poultry
This collection summarises current research on the composition and function of the gastrointestinal tract in poultry, the factors that affect its function, and nutritional strategies to optimise poultry nutrition, health and environmental impact.
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Greenbug-wheat interactions, pest management and host resistance
This chapter analyses greenbug–wheat interactions, as well as greenbug pest management and host resistance. The chapter first introduces integrated pest management practices, then moves on to analyse the importance of host plant resistance. A section on how the environment of a wheat crop can inf...
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Wheat pests: insects, mites, and prospects for the future
Wheat pests are the subject of this chapter and the previous one. There are four major taxa of wheat pests. Rodents and nematodes were discussed in the previous chapter. Insects and mites are discussed in this chapter. Case studies are presented for eight species: Hessian fly, orange wheat blosso...
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Geographical patterns of food-purchasing behaviour: the example of sub-saharan africa
This chapter seeks to provide an overview of the multiplicity of factors that are shaping the food marketing and purchasing behaviours of consumers in SSA and the implications they carry for policy, strategy, and future research in the field. In terms of structure the discussions continue after t...
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Ethics of agricultural research
This chapter is devoted to the ethics of agricultural research, has been written in the context of three basic frameworks. First of all, it is essential to determine the scope and boundaries of the term 'agricultural research'. Second, in terms of the relationship between agricultural research an...
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The status of mechanization in conservation agriculture systems
Mechanization is a fundamental input in sustainable agriculture. The global scaling-up of Conservation Agriculture (CA) has been followed by the development of new machinery designs, for different field and crop conditions, with participation of farmers, industries, researchers and other stakehol...
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Welfare assessment of pigs
If the aim of a welfare assessment is to describe the welfare on-farm, not only here and now but for a longer time period, then the measures to be used have to be chosen with this in mind. It is by choosing relevant but common indicators that the assessment is representative of the farm over time...
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Robotics and automation for improving agriculture
Robotics has great potential in improving productivity and precision in agriculture. The book reviews advances in technologies such as machine vision and control systems, as well as applications from crop planting, fertilisation, pest and weed management to livestock production.
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Advances in lettuce breeding and genetics
Lettuce is a vegetable planted in temperate areas worldwide. As a crop, lettuce faces many challenges from biotic stressors, which constitute a top priority for the breeding industry. Diseases and insects can diminish yield due to cosmetic damage to the foliage, which is the consumable part of th...
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Advances in understanding crop use of phosphorus
This chapter examines the essential role of phosphorus (P) in plants and how plants have evolved to maintain the supply of P to these essential functions. The chapter discusses the concept of P-replete plants and what this means regarding both their physiological and genomic state and how this in...
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Biological weed control in temperate grasslands
This chapter provides a critical review of international research on biological weed control as it applies to weeds of temperate grasslands. The chapter outlines the ways in which ‘classical’ biocontrol agents, due to their natural ability to spread and find their host plant, are appropriate for ...
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Alien introgression and breeding of synthetic wheat
Wheat is a major food grain source of humans and genetic improvement has contributed significantly to its production. However, the genetic gain of wheat production has slowed in recent years due to its narrow genetic variability and draining of the gene pool in wheat breeding. This chapter elucid...
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Developments in alternative organic materials for growing media in soilless culture systems
There is increasing pressure on both growing media manufacturers and horticulturists to significantly reduce their reliance on peat as a constituent of substrates. This chapter distils down the available information on alternative organic materials which have emerged as the major contenders for p...
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Geophysical methods to assess soil characteristics
This chapter explores the use of geophysical methods to assess soil physical characteristics. The chapter begins by reviewing the geophysical properties of soil, such as clay content and organic matter content. It then moves on to discuss the electromagnetic induction method and its application,...
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Traceability in the beef supply chain
Traceability, or rapid access to knowledge of the history, treatment and location of cattle and beef products through supply chains, is of paramount importance to food safety investigations, corrective actions and product recalls. This chapter defines traceability as applied to beef before descri...
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Modelling climate change impacts on agricultural commodity markets
This chapter provides some insights on how climate change can affect agricultural commodity markets in the medium to long term. It includes some methodological aspects on how different quantitative tools, ranging from earth system models to farm-level production decisions, can be combined in the ...
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Advances in biopesticides for insect control in horticulture
Horticulture covers the production and sale of many of the staple foods of the world; fruit, nuts and vegetables. As pressures on food production increase through a reduction in available land and the increasing population, more intensive production also leads to more issues with pest insects. B...
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Integrated crop management for cassava cultivation in asia
The demand for cassava in Asia is expected to grow in the years to come, largely because of an increasing demand for animal feed, biofuels and multiple uses of starch. Increasing the quantity and quality of cassava products in response to growing demand requires careful and sustainable increases ...
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Diseases affecting wheat and barley: powdery mildew
Powdery mildew pathogens are among the most important cereal disease-causing organisms, and can result in significant losses in yield and reductions in grain quality. They pose a significant challenge for barley and wheat agricultural production systems. This chapter aims to provide an overview o...
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Ensuring safety and quality in the production of beef volume 1
Volume 1 looks at key research trends in ensuring safe beef production, both on the farm and during slaughter. These include current research on pathogens in beef, risk assessment and detection as well as food safety management.
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The role of soil fauna in soil health and delivery of ecosystem services
Soil fauna includes microscopic organisms such as nematodes (microfauna), mites and springtails (mesofauna), up to larger invertebrates such as worms, spiders, ants, termites and beetles (macrofauna) and vertebrates (megafauna) such as amphibians, reptiles and mammals. This chapter explains how t...
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Understanding gut microbiomes as targets for improving pig gut health
This collection summarises current research on the structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract in pigs, the factors that can influence its effectiveness, as well as the nutritional strategies that can improve gut development and optimise gut function.
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Consumers and food: understanding and shaping consumer behaviour
This collection reviews the wealth of research in understanding consumer food-purchasing behaviour and what this means for farmers, food manufacturers, retailers and policy makers seeking to produce healthier food in a more sustainable way.
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Modeling the impact of climate change on agriculture in the united states
We divide our chapter into three major sections: 1) an overview of the recent past and predicted near future changes in climate at the national and regional scale in the U.S., and the impacts of this on crop-based agriculture, in particular the direct effect on soil, water, and major cash crops; ...
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Certification schemes for conservation agriculture systems
For many centuries, soil health or soil quality has been defined as the capacity of soil to function as a vital living ecosystem for sustaining plants, animals, and humans; being the base of life. Hence, the concept of a correct soil management as an essential tool to keep soils sustainable for f...
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Waste management and recycling in oil palm cultivation
In a typical palm plantation, almost 70% of the fresh fruit bunches are turned into wastes in the form of empty fruit bunches, fibres and shells, as well as liquid effluent. Until recently, most of the wastes from palm oil mills were either burnt in the open or thrown away in waste ponds or open ...
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Developmental influences on pig behaviour
This chapter reviews developmental influences on pig behaviour. It begins by discussing prenatal environmental effects on development of pig behaviour, focusing on aspects such as pre-conception and post-conception environments on offspring and piglet behaviour. It also touches on prenatal housin...
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Sustainable food consumption attitudes and behavior: generational cohort differences
This chapter explores generational cohorts’ attitudes towards and purchasing behaviour relating to different dimensions of sustainable food consumption (SFC). It examines differences in attitudes to SFC between generational cohort differences. It then develops a typology characterizing participan...
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