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Advances in dairy cattle breeding to improve heat tolerance
Elevated temperature can impact dairy cows in many aspects, leading to a decline in productivity and ultimately the profitability of the industry. There is a need to breed for heat tolerant dairy cattle to mitigate these impacts. This chapter outlines technologies to breed for more heat tolerant ...
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Recent developments in multi-trait selection in dairy cattle breeding
Selection indexes, and their underlying breeding objectives, are widely used in dairy cattle breeding, and indexes tend to play an important role in selection decisions made by commercial farmers in many of the more advanced dairy industries within well developed economies. This chapter describes...
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The use of gene editing techniques in dairy cattle breeding
As the global population increases and incomes rise, global demand for dairy products is predicted to grow rapidly. The dairy industry will need to produce more product with fewer resources in the face of an ever-changing climate. Gene editing could complement existing technologies to increase pr...
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Genetic diversity in dairy cattle: variation within and between breeds
This chapter focuses on genetic diversity in dairy cattle, meaning that it examines those domesticated cattle breeds selected for milk production. The chapter presents the relevant definitions and discusses the role of natural and artificial selection in the creation of breeds and genetic diversi...
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Linking genotype to phenotype: improving functional annotation in dairy cattle breeding
Functional annotation describes known or predicted roles of a DNA variant or DNA sequence’s molecular function on the expression of a trait phenotype. Since whole-genome sequencing became economical, software was developed to filter variants based on these annotations. Functional annotation has h...
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Genetic evaluation: use of genomic data in large-scale genetic evaluations in dairy cattle breeding
Genomic evaluation has been successfully implemented in nearly all advanced dairy producing countries. Methods to compute genomic genetic evaluations for dairy cattle can be divided into single-step methods and multi-step methods. This chapter introduces the use of mixed model equations and the n...
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Developments in genomic predictions in dairy cattle breeding: a historical overview of methods, technologies, and applications
Selection and breeding decisions have traditionally been made based on phenotypic measurements and pedigree information of selection candidates or close relatives. However, the recent availability of genomic information on a large number of markers has transformed modern dairy cattle breeding aro...
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Advances in dairy cattle breeding to incorporate feed conversion efficiency in national genetic evaluations
Genomic selection is often cited as being particularly effective for difficult to measure and/or expensive traits since recording can be specifically organised in nucleus herds and the benefits of that recording can be distributed to others through genomic breeding values on genotyped animals tha...
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The use of mid-infrared spectral data to predict traits for genetic selection in dairy cattle
Even in the era of genomic selection, relevant phenotypes are still needed and therefore phenotyping through the precise monitoring of the status of the cows, and their health, behaviour, and well-being as well as their environmental impact and the quality of their products is essential. The arri...
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Sustainable use of miscanthus for biofuel
Biomass removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during growth and, if converted to biofuel, has the potential to be carbon negative, especially if combined with carbon capture and storage. To achieve ambitious targets for global reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, biomass crops should gene...
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Advances in dairy cattle breeding to improve resistance to mastitis
Mastitis, an inflammatory response associated with bacterial infections, is generally regarded as the most-costly disease of dairy cattle because of its high incidence and effects on milk production and composition. Genetic selection for highly productive dairy cows has been very successful; howe...
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Mapping and exploiting the citrus genome
The citrus gene pool displays a huge diversity for useful traits such as fruit quality, resistance to diseases and abiotic stress adaptation. Efficient exploitation of this germplasm by conventional citrus breeding requires the developments of early selection methods, particularly the one based o...
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Harvesting citrus: challenges and perspectives in an automated world
Harvesting oranges has been a challenge for all countries that grow and export juice or fresh fruit. Despite the many advances in agriculture and technology, the majority of harvesting is still performed manually. This crop is formed on trees of high canopy, subjecting pickers to risks and physic...
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Advances in avocado propagation for the sustainable supply of planting materials
Avocado is a high-value horticultural crop desired for its premium nutritional qualities. Commercial trees are propagated by grafting wood from a fruiting cultivar onto a rootstock variety. Rootstocks are commonly seedlings derived from any available seed in the growing region. This often results...
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Ecological intensification of banana production systems
Bananas have a bright cropping future – a high diversity of cultivars in taste, aroma and texture, all with recognized health properties and cropping methods offering soil protection, minimal tillage and adaptation to a wide range of climates, even with climate change. However, growers face deman...
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Advances in guava cultivation
Guava (Psidium guajava) belongs to the Myrtaceae family and is also commonly known as guyava, kuawa or guayba. It is one of the most common and major fruits globally and is considered the fifth most important fruit (in terms of production area and volume) after mango, citrus, banana and apple. Du...
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Advances in breeding and cultivation of pomegranate
The pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is among the first cultivated crops in the world. However, consumers’ preference for this fruit was not high for many centuries due to the difficulty of extracting the arils for eating. Recent studies noting the superior pharmacological and therapeutic propert...
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Advances in guava breeding
This chapter discusses advances in breeding of guava. It reviews the floral biology of the fruit and highlights the major problems facing the guava industry worldwide. It goes on to discuss the various methods for improving guava production such as heritability, the introduction of new cultivars,...
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Advances in mango cultivation
The mango is an important crop and is commercially cultivated in all continents, both in the tropics and subtropics. According to FAO statistics, mangoes are produced in 100 countries and on a global scale, mango production has increased considerably. This chapter explains the genetic aspects tha...
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Advances in breeding of coconut
The coconut, Cocos nucifera L. was once the most important palm crop in the humid tropics. After an introduction to the current extent of coconut cultivation and uses, this chapter discusses the origins and botany of coconut. It then reviews available genetic resources. The chapter goes on to rev...
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Crop improvement in jackfruit
This chapter focuses on advances in breeding of jackfruit. It reviews the origin, distribution and varieties of the fruit. It then looks at uses and nutritional composition, before discussing breeding and providing examples of improved varieties of jackfruit.
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Advances in breeding of papaya
This chapter discusses the origins and distribution of papaya. It reviews the origins and distribution of the fruit as well as breeding methods such as back crossing, mutation breeding and marker-assisted selection. It also reviews how breeding programmes can be used for particular traits and res...
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Advances in cultivation of coconut
The coconut palm, source of staple human nourishment in the coastal tropics, produced the first vegetable oil traded in a significant volume between the tropical and temperate worlds, beginning in the mid 19th century. New processing methods have led to coconut oil and water becoming much more va...
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Advances in understanding the ecology of citrus insect pests
Citrus is one of the oldest and most important perennial fruit crops of the world and has been a crucial cultivar in the development of technology to manage insect pests. Some of the leading breakthroughs include classical biological control, early fumigation practices, establishment of plant qua...
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Advances in cultivation of avocado
Avocado has become a very popular fruit in the diet, causing avocado consumption to grow worldwide. This chapter discusses what is being done to improve the cultivation of avocado. It reviews methods in preserving and increasing the soil nutrition of avocado such as adding organic matter into the...
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Lime breeding: a way forward
Limes are a genetically diversified group of citrus including acid limes, sweet limes, Australian limes, other limes, lime hybrids and Rangpur lime, however, only Mexican lime and Tahiti lime are currently being widely cultivated. This chapter describes the origin and domestication of important l...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of litchi
In this chapter, the effort and achievements in litchi research and development are summarized, and key challenges and practices in litchi production will be addressed with a focus on cases in China.
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Advances in mandarin breeding
Citrus is a leading fruit crop worldwide, with more than 130 million tons and mandarins representing 25% of total production. Mandarins are destined mainly to the fresh market, with China and the Mediterranean region being the main areas of production. Mandarins are a diverse group showing high g...
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Advances in breeding of mangoes
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) and closely related genera (Mangifera spp.) belong to the family Anacardiaceae that consists of dicotyledonous trees and shrubs. The mango is distributed widely in the world’s tropical and subtropical regions as well as in a wide range of areas with a marginal climate ...
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Advances in postharvest handling of citrus fruit
Consumers are the driving major trends in both fresh citrus production, and postharvest handling, storage and distribution. Both consumers and retailers are driving changes in different citrus types (such as increases in ‘soft’ citrus types) and postharvest management (such as reduced postharvest...
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Advances in papaya cultivation
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is one of the most nutritious fruits. Due to the presence of the enzyme ‘papain’, which has a number of uses, there is now an increased industrial demand for the fruit. This chapter reviews plant and floral morphology of papaya as well as advances in genetics and breedin...
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Advances in integrated pest management (ipm) in citrus cultivation
Effective cultivation of commercial citrus in the event of a Huanglongbing (HLB) outbreak depend on the development and implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and HLB grounded in understanding of conditions fostering biological...
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Data for developing, testing, and applying crop and farm models
This chapter focuses on the data needed for developing, testing, and applying crop and farm models. The chapter reviews the kinds of data available to crop and farm modellers. The chapter describes practices concerning storage, exchanging, and combining data from various sources, examining the so...
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Integrating livestock production into whole-farm system models of mixed crop–livestock systems
Crop-livestock farming systems integrate various biophysical components with farm decision-making. Whole-farm system models help to understand the complexity arising from this integration and are useful tools to explore effects of interventions and to design improved systems. After describing the...
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Crop simulation model inter-comparison and improvement
Crop modeling is an integrated discipline of agricultural sciences that contributes to agricultural research, including the areas of agronomic management, precision agriculture, environmental impacts and externalities, input efficiency, managing climate variability and seasonal forecasting, breed...
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The future of crop modeling for sustainable agriculture
Crop growth simulation models have become increasingly important as accepted tools with uses in education, research, crop management, industry, and government policy decisions related to improving and sustaining agricultural production of food, feed, fiber, and ecosystem services. This chapter b...
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Landscape models to support sustainable intensification of agroecological systems
Intensification of agriculture to meet the growing demand of food and renewable resources is contrasted with a decrease in species diversity, pollution in water bodies and a decline in freshwater resources. To protect our resources, the natural functioning of ecosystems and the diversity of lands...
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Improving modeling of nutrient cycles in crop cultivation
This chapter describes nutrient cycle modelling for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) and is not meant to be a review of existing nutrient models. Most of these existing models were designed to predict the effects of N and P on crop growth response. Given the importance of N in glo...
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Dealing with uncertainty in crop models
There is increasing awareness in crop modeling of the importance of uncertainty. The modeler needs uncertainty information to prioritize improvements, while the user needs uncertainty information to make informed decisions. This chapter introduces the concept of model uncertainty, considering suc...
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Agroecosystem models for delivering ecosystem services
Agroecosystems are complex representations of the interactions occurring among multiple biological systems at the field and landscape scale. Models simulating these interactions across time and space are not very mature and expanding our current knowledge on crop, pest, and soils models provides ...
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Functional–structural plant modeling of plants and crops
Crop models have been instrumental in predicting yields in wide ranges of current and future environmental conditions. However, they encounter problems in representing spatial heterogeneity of a plant stand and the associated plant responses to local conditions, as well as in simulating the effec...
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Whole-farm system models in practice: diverse applications
The challenges of contemporary agriculture are causing farmers to seek models of whole-farm goals, which requires mathematically-based modeling grounded in the latest scientific understanding of animal growth and reproduction, crop physiology, soil and environmental sciences, as well as economics...
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Improving crop pest/disease modeling
Dissemination of crop pests and diseases occurs through both natural and anthropogenic processes, facilitated by the increasing interconnectedness of the global food chain. Food security depends on our ability to manage crop pests and diseases effectively. This chapter offers a brief overview of ...
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Modeling crop rotations: capturing short- and long-term feedbacks for sustainability and soil health
Crop rotation is a critical management strategy available to farmers to sustain soil fertility, combat pests, and improve crop yields. Because of the complex feedbacks occurring in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, legacy effects and their interactions with climate are generally not well under...
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Advances and improvements in modeling plant processes
This chapter provides an overview of the advances made historically and today in modeling key plant processes with a focus on the processes associated with carbon acquisition and allocation (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, respiration, and assimilate partitioning), and the timing of plant d...
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Developing climate-based decision support systems from agricultural systems models
Decision Support Systems (DSSs) in production agriculture are computer software programs that make use of models and other information to make site-specific recommendations for farm management-related activities. Major advances have been made in developing DSS for agriculture, particularly with r...
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Improving modelling of water cycles in crop cultivation
Adequate representation of the water cycle in cropping systems remains as one of the major concerns for crop model developers as it is involved in many critical processes such as the determination of the energy balance and crop temperature, the determination of crop productivity, and the movement...
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Integrating economic simulation models with whole-farm system models for ex ante technology impact assessment
The key analytical challenge to developing agricultural system models is to predict the behavior of agricultural systems in the multiple dimensions that are relevant to their economic, environmental and social sustainability, under recent historically observed conditions and when they are modifie...
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Advances in understanding root development in forest trees
In forest ecosystems, root systems represent up to 40% of the biomass, and around 75% of the annual net primary production is allocated to the fine root component (roots with a diameter of less than 2 mm). Fine roots are involved in nutrition, whereas coarse roots (more than 2 mm in diameter) con...
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Advances in understanding and managing fungal and other diseases of forest trees
Forest diseases are caused by pathogens and they affect all parts of the tree, including roots, stems, and leaves. Forest diseases result in volume losses and decreases in wood quality, which are considered detrimental in stands managed for timber products; however, in the context of a biodiversi...
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Advances in nutrient and water management in forestry: monitoring, maintaining, and restoring soil health
A number of important advances in nutrient and water management in forestry have been made since the middle of the 20th Century to maintain and improve soil health. Many concerns have been expressed about the sustainability of forestry operations with intensification of management and harvesting ...
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Microbial ecology and function of the gastrointestinal tract in layer hens
With the introduction of next-generation sequencing, a more comprehensive identification of the laying hen gastrointestinal tract microbial population has emerged. There are several factors that can influence the composition and function of the layer hen gastrointestinal tract including age of th...
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Advances in understanding and managing insect pests of forest trees
Boreal and temperate forests comprise half of all forested land globally and are a major source of timber and other ecosystem services. Disturbances caused by native and invasive insects are among the most important mediators of forest mortality. The interacting effects of climate change on insec...
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Innovations in forest harvesting technology
Forest harvesting is an essential component of sustainable forestry to ensure the maintenance of forest productivity. Increasing demand for forest product quantity and quality, shifting forest workforce composition and expectations, and rising environmental concerns are driving changes in current...
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Advances in understanding the role of forests in the carbon cycle
The recognition that increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide are warming the global climate has led to forests being viewed as potential natural ways to reduce carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. Forests’ complex interactions with local and global climates, however, make predi...
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The response of forest trees to abiotic stress
Trees, as long-living organisms, have to face varying growing conditions during their lifetime. This chapter introduces abiotic stress in trees, considering its interaction with biotic stress and examining the links between environmental dynamics and changes in stress. This chapter addresses the ...
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Understanding gut function in poultry: the role of commensals, metabolites, inflammation and dysbiosis in intestinal immune function and dysfunction
Study of the importance of the microbiome to health and susceptibility to diseases has become a leading area of research in poultry science in recent years. The microbiota is emerging as a fundamental force influencing diverse aspects of avian physiology. This chapter examines intestinal immunity...
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Short chain organic acids: microbial ecology and antimicrobial activity in the poultry gastrointestinal tract
Interest continues for the development and implementation of alternative feed additives that limit foodborne pathogens in the poultry gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and benefit the host. Short chain organic acids have been employed as feed additives for a number of years. They have been primarily u...
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The scope and challenge of sustainable forestry
Forests have managed to sustain themselves for millennia, recovering, reorganizing or migrating in response to innumerable disruptions. Humans have always reaped the benefits of this natural ability of treed ecosystems to renew themselves. Overharvesting of wood for fuel and building materials, h...
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Advances in monitoring and managing natural hazards and forest disturbances
Managing and monitoring disturbances of forest ecosystems and natural hazards are increasingly critical endeavors as proliferating pests and diseases, changing frequency and intensity of wildfires, windstorms, and invasive species and increases in ungulate herbivory are causing novel responses. T...
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Controlling pathogens in the poultry gut
Food-borne pathogenic bacteria are all too often found as commensal or transient organisms in the gastrointestinal tract of poultry. Many of these organisms do not reveal themselves through illness in the bird, although some do. Therefore, it is important to find ways to apply treatment to all me...
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Advances in sequence technologies for generating poultry gut microbiome data
The important role of the microbiome in the immune system, nutrient digestion, and disease diagnosis and prevention has been well documented in both humans and animals. In poultry, the microbiome community changes between different organs, and the perturbation of gut microbiota can lead to intest...
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Understanding gut microbiota in poultry
Research has shown that gut microbiota; the bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi and viruses that reside within the gastrointestinal tract, has a profound effect on the health and productivity of poultry. This chapter outlines what is known about the establishment and development of the gut microbi...
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Advances in monitoring forest growth and health
Information derived from monitoring the status of and trends in forest resources is a critical tool for policymakers, managers, and other environmental decision makers. Advances in forest monitoring technology, particularly in the use of remote sensing, have helped deliver higher quality informat...
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Commercial poultry production and gut function: a historical perspective
In the United States, in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, poultry production was only a side operation for many farmers; however, by the 1930s a commercial poultry industry began to flourish. Certainly, today’s poultry industry would never have developed without the many advances tha...
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Sustainable production of temperate and boreal nontimber forest products: examples from north america
Understory plants and fungi are critical to healthy and resilient forest ecosystems, and many of the products they provide are essential to people for sustenance and income. However, nontimber forest products, and the plants and fungi from which they originate, are seldom included in forest manag...
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In ovo development of the chicken gut microbiome and its impact on later gut function
Beneficial as well as pathogenic microorganisms, derived from external and maternal sources, can inhabit the gut of hatchlings. In an effort to optimize the enteric development of chicks and to assist in the establishment of intestinal bacteria populations that are conducive to their good health ...
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Role of prebiotics in poultry gastrointestinal tract health, function, and microbiome composition
Prebiotics have been established as a series of feed compounds that serve as specific substrates for gastrointestinal tract (GIT) bacteria. The general premise is that such compounds support GIT bacteria that benefit the host. In addition, GIT bacteria supported by prebiotics can be antagonistic ...
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Emerging technologies to develop new forest products
Forest trees occupy a central place among lignocellulosic plants, in terms of both abundance of wood they produce each year and also generating a variety of other biological tissues. This chapter focusses on new processes and new applications of wood polymers, notably uses of lignins. The chapter...
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Advances in understanding canopy development in forest trees
This chapter introduces the reader to physiological processes at the leaf, crown, and canopy level. It details the importance of light and water to these processes, then outlines the patterns that foliage at the three levels assume in order to maximize carbon uptake and tree performance. Summarie...
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Advances in understanding forest ecosystem services: conserving biodiversity
Forest biodiversity is fundamental to ecosystem functioning, facilitating processes such as nutrient cycling, pollination and seed dispersal. A healthy forest provides a range of economic, societal and cultural values and services beyond timber production, including recreation, carbon sequestrati...
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The impact of climate change on forest systems in the northern united states: projections and implications for forest management
The northern United States is both the most heavily forested and the most densely populated quadrant of the nation. Forests in the region cover 69.6 million hectares, or 42 percent of the land area. In this chapter we characterize mid- and long-term projected climate change impacts for trees and ...
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Gastrointestinal diseases of poultry: causes and nutritional strategies for prevention and control
Gastrointestinal health plays a critical role in ensuring the overall health and productivity of livestock, including poultry. In this regard, antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) have been used to maintain and promote gastrointestinal health. With the industrial strategy of gradual phasing out o...
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Antibiotics and gut function: historical and current perspectives
Antibiotics play a central role in human health, and the sensitivity of bacteria to these compounds is a natural resource that must be husbanded to keep from losing their effectiveness from increasing antibiotic resistance in the environment. This chapter places the use of antibiotics in poultry ...
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Developing forestry products: timber
Timber products can include a wide array of socially valued goods originating from diverse tree species, forest types, and ecosystems. Over the past few decades, forest product market development and timber quality have been characterized by several important factors, many of them international i...
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Developing forestry recreation services
A high percentage of individuals participate in outdoor recreation, and as regions around the world continue to experience population growth there correspondingly will be increased demand for recreation services. Quality in such recreation can be defined as the degree to which recreation opportun...
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Key challenges in forest management
Forest managers face many challenges, both now and in the future, driven by society’s need as well as by the impacts dictated by the climate change threat. Growing populations will also strain the forest’s ability to provide traditional products sustainably while catering to the growing demands f...
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The role of probiotics in optimizing gut function in poultry
The spread of antibiotic resistance genes has created public concerns leading to new laws that restrict the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in domestic and meat-producing animals in several countries around the world. In this chapter, the safety and efficacy of individual monocultures for ...
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The role of synbiotics in optimizing gut function in poultry
The impending ban on antibiotics in animal feed due to the current concern over the spread of antibiotic resistance genes makes the development of alternative prophylactics imperative. This chapter presents some of the alternatives currently used in food-producing animals to influence their healt...
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Species choice, planting and establishment in temperate and boreal forests: meeting the challenge of global change
Due to global change, there is a need to question most of the practices used to establish forests. This chapter provides discussion of the current issues for most of the key processes of forest establishment and highlights the importance of the choice of genetic material in the establishment of ...
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The interaction between gut microbiota and pathogens in poultry
The poultry gut harbours a diverse microbiota, which plays a pivotal role in host nutrient utilization and health. Although the majority of this microbiota is commensal bacteria, pathogens are also present. Commensal and pathogenic microbes interact with each other, either positively or negativel...
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The role of specific cereal grain dietary components in poultry gut function
Cereal grains constitute the greatest proportion of most practical poultry diets. As dietary components, cereal grains provide most of the dietary energy and help to support the development of the structural and functional integrity of the digestive tract. However, many cereal grains contain one ...
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Advances in stand management and regeneration
Multiaged forests are thought to have the redundant structure to withstand changing disturbance regimes that are expected with the future climatic scenarios. This chapter describes the methods for deciding how to control stand density in multiaged silviculture at both the stand level and the indi...
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Genetics and other factors affecting intestinal microbiota and function in poultry
The diverse intestinal microbiota of poultry plays critical roles in determining feed utilization, health, and diseases. A comprehensive understanding of how various factors shape the intestinal microbiota in poultry can help develop new dietary and managerial interventions to enhance bird growth...
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The role of essential oils and other botanicals in optimizing gut function in poultry
The poultry industry has long trusted antibiotics for their benefits in chicken production such as improved feed conversion, growth promotion and disease control. However, the emergence of bacterial antimicrobial resistance has resulted in the U.S. federal guidelines prompting the animal industri...
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Understanding gut function in poultry: immunometabolism at the gut level
In poultry production, a trade-off has been made between growth and efficiency on the one hand, and immune potential and disease resistance on the other. The emerging field of immunometabolism, brought to the fore by research into human metabolic syndrome and cancer, is an opportunity in poultry ...
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Omics technologies for connecting host responses with poultry gut function
Optimal gut function is of importance to the whole metabolism of a chicken and thus also central to efficient feed conversion and optimal meat and egg production. State-of-the-art Omics technologies are currently available to gain a deeper insight into animal physiology. This chapter summarizes t...
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Trade-offs between management and conservation for the provision of ecosystem services in the southern patagonian forests
Forests provide critical ecosystem services for human well-being; however, some ecosystem services are more valued (e.g. provisioning services) than others (e.g. regulating or supporting services). Temperate regions contain several forests affected by humans, mainly with regard to ecosystem servi...
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Improving supply chains to prevent food losses and waste: an overview
Wasting food is unsustainable from environmental, economic, social and ethical points of view. Curbing food losses and waste (FLW) amount would improve food chain sustainability and contribute to food security. For that, reducing FLW is one of the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG...
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Advances in understanding species ecology: phenological and life cycle modeling of insect pests
The modeling of insect phenology has been an important component of IPM decision support systems for several decades. This chapter describes general concepts and methods of the systems approach using applied phenology modeling as an example. The authors outline the steps of model construction fro...
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Integrated pest management (ipm) in greenhouse and other protected environments
Production in greenhouses, high tunnels, and other protected environments is expanding worldwide to allow for more intensive and continual cultivation to mitigate the effects of climate change. Growers want to create conditions that are ideal for the plants to thrive, but these are often the same...
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Advances in understanding the ecology of invasive crop insect pests and their impact on ipm
Invasive species represent one of the greatest threats to agriculture and commercial forestry, worldwide. Examples of invasive pests continue to increase with increasing world trade and human transport, but all biological invasions progress through similar stages of arrival, establishment, spread...
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The synergism of biocontrol and plant resistance: a path to advance ipm to higher levels of integration
This chapter reviews the future evolution of integrated pest management (IPM). It identifies the ways modern agriculture has disrupted plant defences and the control of pests by their natural enemies. The chapter discusses ways of restoring and enhancing these controls both through breeding and t...
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Advances in physical control methods in ipm
The evidence is mounting for pesticide failures on many fronts, including environmental contamination and pest resistance to chemical products. As an alternative, physical management methods are environmentally friendly, are not subject to the development of resistance, leave no residues and requ...
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Advances in understanding agroecosystems ecology and its applications in integrated pest management
Achieving the theoretical goal of integrated pest management (IPM), maintaining pest populations at levels below an economic threshold through a combination of tactics, has so far proved difficult to attain. Production systems, particularly specialized commodity production based on economies of s...
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Advances in microbial control in ipm: entomopathogenic viruses
Although there are several families of viruses known to include insect pathogens, only a handful are recognised to have species with any potential of being biopesticides. The majority of these are baculoviruses and are an ideal component of an integrated pest management (IPM) programme, as they a...
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Integrated pest management (ipm) of nematodes
Limited and fragmented information is available about long-term research efforts that demonstrate the value and impact of integrated pest management to combat nematodes. This particularly applies to major cereal (maize, wheat and rice) and leguminous (peanut, soybean and sunflower) crops on which...
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Plant-insect interactions, host-plant resistance, and integrated pest management
The interactions between plants and the arthropod herbivores that feed on them are intricate and multifaceted. Plant-arthropod interactions can be divided, heuristically, into host-plant finding, acceptance and utilization phases. Plant resistance results when a plant expresses traits that disrup...
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Robot-enhanced insect pest control: reality or fantasy?
This chapter focusses on the incorporation of robotics and automation to detect insect pests within integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. The chapter reviews current technology that could be utilized for this purpose, and identifies significant barriers to implementing such an approach, in...
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The role and use of genetically engineered insect-resistant crops in integrated pest management systems
Host plant resistance is an important and foundational element of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The application of genetic engineering (GE) has significantly accelerated the deployment of host plant resistance in several cropping systems. Current GE crops represent powerful forms of antibioti...
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