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The challenge of monitoring biodiversity in agricultural landscapes at the EU level
This chapter reviews current surveys of biodiversity in agricultural areas at the EU level. The chapter describes established surveys, ongoing pilots and plans for new surveys at the EU scale. The chapter assesses where we will stand in the short-medium term with our knowledge of agro-biodiversit...
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Food losses and waste in cereal grains
This chapter reviews the extent and causes of food loss and waste (FLW) in cereal grains and the rationale for reducing FLW in these staple crops. It also looks at ways of preventing post-harvest losses through methods such as: maintaining optimum grain moisture content, the use of modified and c...
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Integrated weed management in organic cropping systems
Weed management is a key challenge for organic production. Integrated Weed Management (IWM), that is, the combination of different tactics within a long-term management strategy, can keep weed abundance low. However, successful IWM relies on maximum diversification of the cropping system, which i...
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Control of rodent pests in rice cultivation
Rodents cause significant damage to rice crops at all stages. The intensity of rice cropping and the level of asynchrony of cropping affects the level of rodent losses. It is important to understand the biology of rodent species causing damage in order to develop appropriate management strategies...
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Understanding and preventing tail biting in pigs
Tail biting is a behavioural problem of pigs which is associated with welfare detriment for both the perpetrator and victim. It is seen to some extent on most farms worldwide and causes considerable economic loss, leading to widespread adoption of tail docking for risk reduction. Its occurrence ...
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The principles and processes of sorghum breeding
This chapter provides an overview of the basic principles and processes involved in the breeding of sorghum. A number of standard field operations are described, such as crossing, emasculation and harvesting, followed by a discussion of various methods of selection and topcrossing. After describi...
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Advances in sugarcane irrigation for optimisation of water supply
A long-standing water deficit outside the pre-harvest stage may reduce sugarcane yield and, as climate changes, irrigation presents a major challenge to improving sugarcane crop performance and extending cultivated areas. This chapter describes the water requirements of sugarcane and current irri...
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Advances in dairy lipid science: physicochemical aspects
The physical properties of milk fat are intrinsically related to its chemical composition. This in turn is linked to animal feeding and to a lesser extent to genetics. Understanding the relation between these factors is utmost important to define the effects of animal feeding strategies on milk f...
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Banana Blood disease
Blood disease of banana is a bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis. The symptoms of Blood disease include wilting, chlorosis and necrosis of leaves, red/brown vascular staining, and pulp-rot of the fruit. The disease was first reported in 1905 from southern Sulawesi and w...
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Advances in understanding the genetic and environmental factors determining seed longevity
Longevity is defined as the extent to which seeds can remain alive during storage. It is an essential seed trait that serves to bridge the time between seed abscission until germination, and underpins global agriculture and plant species conservation. Over the past decade, the research field in l...
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Cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus)
The cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus L.), native to Eurasia and introduced to North America, poses significant economic threat to crops of small grains across much of the northern hemisphere. Pest management is challenging because cereal leaf beetle outbreaks are sporadic and remain unpredict...
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Leveraging the QTLome to enhance climate change resilience in cereals
Global food security relies on the release of cultivars more resilient to the negative effects of abiotic stress caused by climate change. Attaining this daunting goal will require a substantial increase in selection gain achieved so far with conventional breeding. To this end, the identification...
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Advances in quantitative microbiological risk assessment for pathogens in fresh produce
Managing the microbiological safety of fresh produce is a complicated task. Quantitative microbial risk assessments are being used increasingly as an aid to risk management by federal agencies, food industry professionals and academic researchers. This chapter takes a microorganism and historical...
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Instant Insights: Intercropping
This collection provides a comprehensive overview of the use of intercropping across agriculture, focussing on its use to manage and improve soil health, as well as its use in temperate agroforestry systems to mitigate the sector’s environmental impact.
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Integrated pest management and biological pest control strategies in mango cultivation
Integrated pest management (IPM) is the compatible use of various methods to control pests; methods include biological control, cultural control and chemical control. Chemical control should be used as a last resort and should be restricted to selective and less disruptive insecticides. This chap...
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Organic beef farming: key characteristics, opportunities, advantages, and challenges
This chapter offers an overview of the current status of organic beef production systems and emphasizes the need for more data to better characterize this farm system. It also offers an overview of the course of farm conversion, together with the available resources and options to determine the c...
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Achieving sustainable management of tropical forests: overview and conclusions
This chapter summarises the key findings from the chapters written by subject specialists from around the world for Achieving sustainable management of tropical forests, providing a synopsis of current knowledge and thinking about different aspects of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) to help t...
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Advances in the use of robotics in greenhouse cultivation
This chapter discusses the role of robotics in greenhouse cultivation, starting with key challenges. Current technology is then presented, grouped by the main tasks executed by the robots. The selective harvesting of major greenhouse crops (e.g. tomato, cucumber, sweet pepper, strawberries and fl...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of cocoa
Cocoa cultivation faces a number of significant challenges, including stagnating yields, a narrow genetic base, vulnerability to pests and diseases and environmental impact. This volume reviews how research is addressing these challenges in areas such as breeding and agronomy, understanding and m...
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Advances in pest- and disease-resistant cocoa varieties
Plant-parasitic nematodes cause cocoa yield losses, a sudden death of trees and retardation of seedling growth in nurseries. This chapter explains the hidden nature and the masking effects of these nematodes and how these have led to erroneous control measures. The chapter describes the nematode ...
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Climate change and cocoa cultivation
Climate change has been projected to impact cocoa production unless cultivation practices are adapted. Guiding effective adaptation is a challenging task because of the high model uncertainty for precipitation which is a vital consideration for cocoa producers. We focus on identifying preconditio...
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Supporting smallholders in maize cultivation: using an agricultural innovation systems approach
An innovation system can be defined as a network of organizations, enterprises and individuals focused on bringing new products, new processes and new forms of organization into use, together with the institutions and policies that affect their behaviour and performance. In this chapter, we prese...
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Bacterial diseases affecting potatoes
Bacterial pathogens continue to pose a significant threat to potato production through in-field yield losses, storage rots and reduced marketability. Ralstonia solanacearum alone is estimated to cause US$1 billion losses worldwide. In this chapter we review current knowledge on principal bacteria...
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The use of supplements to mitigate enteric methane emission in dairy cattle
This chapter explores the use of supplements to mitigate enteric methane emission in dairy cattle. It begins by highlighting two dietary approaches that can decrease enteric CH4 emission, the first being the improvement of forage quality and the second being the inclusion of concentrate feeds in ...
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Setting the scene: the continued drive to improve organic animal farming
All the elements of current global development – urbanization, industrialization, population growth, food insecurity, environmental degradation, climate change and other universal issues – call for more equitable and balanced agricultural systems, including new and innovative ways of keeping and ...
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Digital tools for assessing soil organic carbon at farm and regional scale
This chapter explores the digital tools for assessing soil organic carbon at farm and regional scale. It first reviews monitoring, reporting and verification frameworks, which is then followed by a discussion of the sampling strategies that can be used for soil organic carbon estimation. A sectio...
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Instant Insights: Optimising pig nutrition
This collection considers the different approaches and methods which can be implemented to optimise pig nutrition. Chapters discuss the nutritional requirements of pigs and review the use of dietary supplements to support gut function and animal health.
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Data-driven operations for a productive and sustainable plant factory
Our “808 FACTORY” business has been profitable for eight years since establishment of our first plant factory. Here, we present the business model of the brand that we have been operating. We discuss factory layout and operation management. We review measures of productivity per unit cultivation ...
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Crop simulation model inter-comparison and improvement
Crop modeling is an integrated discipline of agricultural sciences that contributes to agricultural research, including the areas of agronomic management, precision agriculture, environmental impacts and externalities, input efficiency, managing climate variability and seasonal forecasting, breed...
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Instant Insights: Good agricultural practices
This book provides a detailed overview of the development and deployment of good agricultural practices (GAPs) across the agricultural sector and their role in contributing to a sustainable, safe and secure agri-food supply chain.
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Characterisation of fungal communities and functions in agricultural soils
One of the main drivers for the recent interest in utilising fungi has been the development of molecular technologies which allow us to investigate fungal communities in detail. We have made significant steps forward in understanding numbers and functions of fungal communities in soil. If we are ...
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Integrating livestock production into whole-farm system models of mixed crop–livestock systems
Crop-livestock farming systems integrate various biophysical components with farm decision-making. Whole-farm system models help to understand the complexity arising from this integration and are useful tools to explore effects of interventions and to design improved systems. After describing the...
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Processing rice straw and husks as co-products
This chapter focuses on by-product processing and management in the rice sector. The first section reviews rice residue availability. The following sections describe rice residue processing technologies, including on-field and off-field options. On-field processing focuses mainly on composting an...
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Introducing new technologies and market strategies for sorghum producers in developing countries: the Sahel case
Sorghum producers are faced with the simultaneous problems of low yields, difficult access to inputs, and are at the bottom of the marketing chain hence the lowest prices received. So a yield increasing strategy needs to confront all of these constraints. This chapter reports on the field researc...
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Models, sensors and decision support systems in greenhouse cultivation
Model-based decision support and automation in horticulture is accompanied today by the development of Industry 4.0, that is, today’s greenhouses are advanced production systems with the possibility of controlling the indoor climate (and with that, the crop) very accurately with intelligent algor...
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Beef carcass inspection systems
This chapter provides an overview of the purposes and importance of meat inspection programmes in addressing hazards to both human and animal health. Subsequent sections cover the design, implementation and results of ante- and post-mortem inspection, and provide a review of some important proced...
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Instant Insights: Optimising quality attributes in horticultural products
This book provides a detailed overview of the best practices and emerging technologies used to optimise the quality attributes of a range of horticultural products, ranging from tomatoes and mangoes, to cranberries and strawberries.
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Advances in breeding techniques for cereal crops
This collection reviews key advances in cereals breeding. It looks at advances in exploiting genetic diversity, the use of doubled haploids and hybrid breeding. The books also reviews developments in phenotyping, the use of genetic markers and techniques such as genomic selection.
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Proximal crop sensing
Today’s farmers are increasingly reliant on sensors for their farming operations. This chapter addresses the use of proximal sensors to evaluate a crop during the growing season. After briefly discussing the importance of sensors in modern farming and the crop properties which are of interest, we...
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Virtue ethics, Wendell Berry and agriculture
This chapter begins by detailing the major aspects of the virtue ethics tradition, particularly as they are understood by Aristotle. I then turn to Wendell Berry’s thought and argue that Berry embodies well many of the facets of this tradition. I consider three virtues in Berry’s thought: humilit...
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Factors affecting the reproductive efficiency of pigs
Solving problems associated with reproductive failure in sow herds can be a challenge. It is critical to meet breeding targets on a routine basis, and to achieve the appropriate farrowing rates and litter sizes. Reproductive failure interferes with the consistent production of pigs, which ultimat...
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Instant Insights: African swine fever
This collection synthesises and reviews the research on key aspects of understanding, tracking and preventing African swine fever. Chapters consider the causes and epidemiology of the disease, identification and surveillance, as well as recent research efforts on developing a vaccine.
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Safety management and pathogen monitoring in poultry slaughterhouse operations: the case of the United States
Preventing foodborne illnesses in a cost-effective way is an important challenge for the poultry industry. This chapter begins by reviewing the common foodborne pathogens associated with poultry. We then discuss processing operations from live transportation of birds, to slaughter, to post-chill ...
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Use of grassland for bioenergy and biorefining
High-yielding, intensively managed, agriculturally improved grasslands provide biomass with qualities suitable for anaerobic fermentation and biorefining. Biomass from semi-natural grasslands or from landscape conservation areas has higher lignin content. It is suitable for combustion or pyrolysi...
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Instant Insights: Crop rotations
This collection features five peer-reviewed literature reviews on crop rotations in agriculture.
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Advances in seed priming techniques
Seed priming is a technique involving seed hydration and drying which aims to increase germination speed and to synchronize germination to ensure a more uniform crop stand and yield. This chapter focusses on recent developments in priming from the point of view of the seed industry. It assesses t...
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Advances in disease-resistant varieties of soybean
Soybean yields worldwide are reduced by a variety of diseases. Advances in breeding techniques have facilitated the development of soybean cultivars with broader and more durable resistance, but continued reliance on a small number of major resistance genes remains a concern. Introgression of res...
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Forest landscape restoration (FLR) of tropical forests
This chapter reviews the restoration of tropical forests, focusing specifically on forest landscape restoration (FLR). It begins by addressing the importance on implementing forest landscape restoration and provides an overview of different guides and tools for FLR. It also provides two case stud...
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Achieving sustainable production of pig meat Volume 1
Pig meat is the most widely-consumed meat in the world. This volume addresses some of the key challenges facing pig farming such as the continuing threat from zoonoses, ways of maintaining and improving meat quality as well as making pig production more sustainable.
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Fungal diseases affecting potato storage
Fungal and oomycete pathogens responsible for causing potato storage diseases are both numerous and ubiquitous wherever potatoes are grown. These diseases can result in losses of 5–10% during storage, with additional losses caused in the field in subsequent growing seasons for affected seed crops...
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Persistence and yield stability of temperate grassland legumes for sustainable animal production
Forage legumes are essential for sustainable production systems, but their positive environmental and economic effects cannot be realized unless they also show persistence and yield stability. These are complex traits which depend on the interaction of different biotic and abiotic environmental f...
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Potato production and breeding in China
China is the largest potato producer in the world, accounting for a quarter of total global production. The potato has become the fourth most important food crop in China, following corn, rice and wheat. The development of the potato industry has significantly helped to alleviate poverty, improve...
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Key ethical issues in livestock farming
This chapter assumed the practical application of animal ethics in agriculture as necessary for animal ethics and for those who work with animals in agriculture. It is intended to provide an overview of the main areas of ethical concern stemming from the use of animals as livestock. The first sec...
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Planning and sowing grasslands
To be truly sustainable, forage-livestock systems must be well matched to the soils, geophysical and climate factors, and expected level of management available. This chapter provides an overview of the pasture renovation or establishment process, including a comprehensive planning process, selec...
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Laying hen nutrition: optimising hen performance and health, bone and eggshell quality
Hen nutrition must address a number of different goals including maximising egg production, maintaining egg quality, extending the laying cycle and ensuring hen health and welfare. This chapter focuses on the dietary influences on eggshell quality and bone health. It looks first at the role of ph...
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Assessing the effect of biosolids on soil health
This chapter reviews the evidence for both the beneficial and potentially harmful effects of biosolids application on soil health, and highlights areas where further research is still required.
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Quality defects associated with poultry muscle development: white striping
White striping (WS) is characterized by the appearance of white lines parallel to the direction of muscle fibers on the surface of chicken breast meat. Over the past twenty years WS has become a significant concern in the poultry industry. WS not only alters technological properties of affected m...
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Targeted modification of promoters
Although most genome editing efforts focus on modifications to gene coding regions, this chapter emphasizes genome editing of the upstream regulatory regions. Thoughtful editing of the promoter region will ultimately lead to improved plants, modified for more precise control of the intensity and ...
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Advances in biostimulants in turfgrass
This chapter reviews the use of biostimulants in turfgrass management. It first identifies the different types of biostimulants that can be used for turfgrass, focusing on phytohormones, biopolymers, protein hydrolysates and other nitrogen-containing compounds, botanical and synthetic bioactive c...
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The use of feedlot/cereal grains in improving feed efficiency and reducing by-products such as methane in ruminants
Cattle can convert sunlight into high quality foods via the process of microbial fermentation of plantstuffs in the rumen. Unfortunately, losses of carbon and energy associated with the fermentation of feedstuffs comes in the form of CO2 and CH4, which are greenhouse gases of increasing importanc...
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Advances in understanding and mitigating vegetable responses to abiotic stress
Plants can suffer from either biotic or abiotic stress arising from a deficit in the physical or chemical environment of the plant. The damage imposed by abiotic stress may limit crop production by more than 70% and depends on the stressor. This chapter outlines the different types of abiotic str...
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Improving the uptake and assimilation of nitrogen in wheat plants
Nitrogen is a critical macronutrient with a major influence on wheat grain yield and end-use quality. The key challenges are to detect and use genetic variability to breed for more efficient wheat varieties. For this, traits related to nitrogen capture by the root system, then nitrogen assimilati...
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Understanding and improving the shelf-life of eggs
The shelf-life of eggs is determined by various government and industry agencies, as well as by retailers. It is based on the internal quality of the eggs and their microbiological safety. The avian egg possesses many intrinsic anti-microbial properties that are designed to ensure the safety of t...
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Regulatory frameworks and standards for agricultural robotics in the European Union
Agricultural robotics is profoundly shaped by existing regulation, in particular relating to product safety certification, civil liability, and data access and usage. The chapter provides an overview of said topics, taking into account existing proposal for future regulation, namely the so-called...
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Surveillance and monitoring of weed populations
To implement integrated weed management more effectively, the temporal and spatial distribution of weed populations in a field need to be determined. Weed species tend to be patchy and this influences the ability to calculate average weed densities when conducting a survey. This chapter reviews c...
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Diseases affecting wheat: wheat blast
This chapter describes the characteristics, origin and spread of the causative agents of wheat blast, based on the experience of managing this disease in Brazil (where the first wheat blast epidemic was reported, in 1985, which still causes great losses). Although many aspects of the disease’s oc...
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The future of crop modeling for sustainable agriculture
Crop growth simulation models have become increasingly important as accepted tools with uses in education, research, crop management, industry, and government policy decisions related to improving and sustaining agricultural production of food, feed, fiber, and ecosystem services. This chapter b...
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Bioactive/nutraceutical compounds in fruit that optimize human health benefits
In the past decade, numerous reports demonstrate that high consumption of fruits and vegetables is beneficial for health, being associated with a reduced risk of degenerative diseases. This chapter provides a brief description of the chemistry of bioactive compounds (BCs) and their presence in te...
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Monitoring fruit quality and quantity in mangoes
This chapter explores quality of mango from the perspectives of the grower, the packer, the retailer and the consumer. The chapter examines specifications for fruit at harvest maturity and at commercial maturity (eating stage), as well as technologies for monitoring relevant attributes, including...
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Developing pest- and disease-resistant cultivars of grain legumes
Average yields of most grain legumes are still relatively low due to limited adaptability of available cultivars to a broad range of environmental conditions, and susceptibility to pests and diseases. This chapter explores current knowledge of pest- and disease-resistant cultivars of a variety of...
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Improving wheat production in the Central and West Asia and North Africa (CWANA) region
Wheat is the principal staple food in most countries of the Central and West Asia and North Africa (CWANA) region, accounting for 45% of the region’s per capita calorie intake with an average wheat consumption of about 200 kg/capita/year. Wheat production in the region has increased both horizont...
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Advances in sensor technology for sustainable crop production
This collection reviews key advances in sensor technology, including developments in proximal and remote sensing techniques to measure and monitor crop health, weeds and diseases.
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Conservation tillage in organic farming
Conservation tillage in organic farming combines the principles of organic farming with the benefits of soil erosion control achieved by the conversion from ploughing to either reduced tillage or no-tillage/direct-seeding. This chapter reviews more than two decades of on-station and on-farm resea...
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Good planting and cultivation practices in sugarcane production
Plant crop establishment provides an opportunity to ensure that best management practices (BMPs) are identified and implemented or continued on-farm. If it is not done well, the ensuing crop could be negatively affected. This chapter focusses on a philosophy of BMP associated with sugarcane farmi...
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Poultry breeding for sustainability and plasticity in functional traits: reality or fiction in the midst of conflicting interests
Functional traits support production traits and are at the crossroads between responses to environment and the animal’s performance. They respond to environmental dynamics and affect the G-matrix between functional and production traits. When resources are allocated to one function, fewer resourc...
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Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in barley
In recent years, the limiting factors for Genome-wide Association Studies (GWAS) in barley have shifted from the number of markers to the number of individuals, and to the deepness of phenotyping, particularly in field experiments of required size. Recent advances in methodology provide an increa...
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Organic agriculture and agroecology in Latin America
This chapter provides an account of the development and current status of agroecology and organic agriculture in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). It highlights the main contributions made by LAC farmers, practitioners, researchers and value chain actors to the worldwide growth of agroecolog...
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Seaweed as a potential protein supplement in animal feeds
With increasing demand for meat and dairy products but limited capacity for expanding crop production, there is need for alternative feed sources. Careful selection of seaweed species based on nutrient content and profiles could allow successful use of seaweed as an alternative protein supplement...
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Advances in soilless cultivation of tomatoes and other fruit vegetables
Fruit vegetables are a rich nutritive source for the human diet and highly appreciated for their taste. Tomato, sweet pepper or cucumber crops have specific growth requirements linked to their physiology and their architecture (plant bearing fruits). Soilless culture system (SCS) are characterize...
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Agroforestry for sustainable agriculture
This volume reviews the latest research on the role and implementation of main types of agroforestry, the ecosystem services that agroforestry can deliver and techniques for optimising agroforestry practice.
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Instant Insights: Optimising quality attributes in poultry products
This collection considers the importance of key quality attributes, such as colour, flavour, nutritional content and appearance on consumer purchasing decisions. Chapters review the methods available to optimise these attributes, including the use of breeding techniques and genetic control.
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Advances in understanding mechanisms of porcine viral disease transmission/epidemiology
The stability, productivity, sustainability and profitability of the global swine industry depend upon many factors and conditions, including infectious diseases. These diseases have a significant impact on animal health worldwide, and in some instances upon human health due to their zoonotic imp...
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Instant Insights: Organic soil amendments
This book provides a comprehensive overview of the range of organic soil amendments used throughout agriculture to improve soil health, including animal manure, compost and biofertilisers. Chapters also consider the environmental impact of their use and the tools used to optimise their efficiency
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Setting environmental targets for dairy farming
Environmental targets for dairy farming are necessary to help ensure that milk is produced in a sustainable way. However, setting such targets is not an easy task due to the variety of both dairy farming systems and methods for assessing environmental impacts. The IDF and FAO have undertaken impo...
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Ensuring biodiversity in dairy farming
Dairy farming may affect the biodiversity of microbial species, grass or pasture species, soil, native vegetation, and other flora and fauna on the farm itself. It can also affect aquatic, downstream estuarine and coastal biodiversity because of the nutrients, pesticides and sediments transported...
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Nematode pathogens of soybean
In general, plant-parasitic nematodes that may detrimentally affect soybean production are microscopic roundworms that feed on or are in plant roots. This chapter examines the origins and management of a variety of parasitic nematodes affecting soybean, including soybean cyst nematodes, root-knot...
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Understanding processing of phytochemical compounds in fruits and vegetables in the gut
Phytochemicals are compounds synthesized in plants that result from secondary metabolism. As a part of plant-rich diets, phytochemicals are associated with wide ranging health benefits including antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, anticlotting, anti-inflammatory effects. There are a wide vari...
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Integrated weed management for sustainable agriculture
Weeds remain a major obstacle to improved yields in agriculture. At the same time, established methods of control are being undermined by problems such as herbicide resistance. This major collection reviews key developments in integrated weed management (IWM) to manage weeds more sustainably.
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Advances in guava cultivation
Guava (Psidium guajava) belongs to the Myrtaceae family and is also commonly known as guyava, kuawa or guayba. It is one of the most common and major fruits globally and is considered the fifth most important fruit (in terms of production area and volume) after mango, citrus, banana and apple. Du...
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Rooftop systems for urban agriculture
Urban population growth, consequent competition in land use, climate change and lack of productive resources are some of the problems that are currently making necessary a new form of agriculture free from soil exploitation and able to ensure food security to urban dwellers in the most sustainabl...
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Managing banana bunch pests: towards more ecological approaches
Blemish-free bananas are a modern life staple. This chapter reviews management trends of bunch pests of bananas for export which cause cosmetic damage or trigger quarantine prohibitions in the context of changing regulatory and market requirements. The authors review six major insect pests of the...
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Sustainable production of willow for biofuel use
Intensively managed plantations of willow (Salix spp.) are gaining interest worldwide, mainly due to their efficient and sustainable land use along with an increasing demand for biofuel resources. Willows have traditionally been used as biofuel in the form of wood chips for direct combustion in h...
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Online decision support systems, remote sensing and artificial intelligence applications for wheat pest management
Infestation with herbivorous insects and other invertebrates (“pests”) can be extremely damaging to wheat production, potentially resulting in up to 80% yield loss. Reducing the damage caused by these pests is a central component of crop protection practices. Decision Support Systems (DSS) are in...
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Advances in plant growth regulation in turfgrass
This chapter examines advances in plant growth regulation in turfgrass. It begins by providing an overview of the current use of growth regulators in both cool-season and warm-season turfgrass species. It then goes on to discuss enhancing rooting and establishment as well as turfgrass wear tolera...
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Robot-enhanced insect pest control: reality or fantasy?
This chapter focusses on the incorporation of robotics and automation to detect insect pests within integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. The chapter reviews current technology that could be utilized for this purpose, and identifies significant barriers to implementing such an approach, in...
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Using phenotyping techniques to predict and model grain yield: translating phenotyping into genetic gain
Recent models predict population to peak in 2064 at around 9.7 billion, and then will likely decline to about 8.8 billion by 2100. This requires to increase crop production significantly. Precise phenotyping of the large breeding populations under diverse environments is required to harness the f...
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Growth and nutritional contents of medicinal plants and herbs as affected by light and root zone environments in plant factories with artificial lighting
This chapter examines how light and root zone environments in plant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs) can affect the growth and nutritional components of medicinal plants and herbs. It first draws attention to perilla, a popular medicinal plant, and describes the effects of photosyntheti...
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Advances in screenhouse design and practice for protected cultivation
The increasing world population, along with water and land shortages and climate change, lead growers worldwide to protected cultivation systems. The screenhouse, built with a skeleton of basic construction elements enveloped by a porous screen, is one example of such systems. Another protected c...
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Alternatives to castration of pigs
Piglets have been traditionally been surgically castrated to avoid boar taint risk and aggression and mounting behaviour. However, castration without anaesthesia and analgesia induces pain and has become a controversial practice on welfare grounds. Therefore, alternatives to surgical pig castrati...
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The use of agricultural robots in weed management and control
Weed management and control are essential for the production of high-yielding and high-quality crops, and advances in weed control technology have had a huge impact on agricultural productivity. Any effective weed control technology needs to be both robust and adaptable. Robust weed control techn...
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