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Challenges and initiatives in reducing food loss and waste in Europe
This chapter has 3 parts: the first introduces the topic from a regional and global perspective; the second is focused on data availability and quality; and the third discusses on enabling factors for policy development and provides resources for further information.
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Nutraceutical potential of glucosinolates
Glucosinolates (GLs) are secondary metabolites of plants that are primarily synthesized in the Brassica genus. They are classified into three categories: aliphatics, aromatics or indoles. Isothiocyanates are organosulfur compounds which are typically formed by the enzymatic conversion of indole G...
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Using genetic selection in the breeding of dairy cattle
There has been a huge increase in the productivity of dairy cows over the last half a century, with the yield per cow more than doubling. This is substantially due to the use of genetic selection in dairy cattle breeding programmes. In this chapter, we review the use of artificial insemination (A...
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Instant Insights: Improving biosecurity in livestock production
This collection highlights the need for improved biosecurity in livestock production as a result of increased disease risk, focussing primarily on pig, poultry and beef cattle production. Chapters review the emergence and re-emergence of key pathogens and the role of effective biosecurity measure...
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Assessing the overall impact of the dairy sector
Dairy is the number one agricultural commodity by value, provides livelihoods for 1 billion people and is key to enriching diets the world over. Yet, global consumption of dairy falls short of national dietary guidelines. Increasing dairy consumption to match dietary guidelines could save billion...
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Ecological network approaches for promoting pollinators in agriculture
Interactions between plants and pollinators, and thus pollination, are network-based processes. Many early studies of plant-pollinator networks focused on interactions within agroecosystems, providing a substantial knowledge-base around agricultural pollinators and how they can be promoted. There...
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Advances in cultivation of almonds: effects of genotypes, environment and cultural techniques
The chapter is an overview of the recent research advances in almond scion and rootstock genotypes, orchard management, including irrigation and fertilization, emphasizing an integrated approach including the environment. The chapter looks ahead to areas for further research in almond tree eco-ph...
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Conserving and exploiting biodiversity in crop cultivation in sub-Saharan Africa
Under relentless global population growth the key challenge is to increase agricultural production while preserving biodiversity and reducing the pressure on ecosystems and natural resources. As a first step, the development of sustainable agricultural practices requires thorough understanding of...
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Ensuring beef safety through consumer education
For food safety in the US beef industry, 1993 was a watershed year because of the large outbreak of food-borne illnesses that were linked to ground beef. More than two decades later, microbial issues persist as areas of concern. While the industry has made great strides in reducing bacteria on ra...
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Monitoring postharvest attributes: instrumental techniques for measuring harvest maturity/fruit quality
Measurement precedes management. In this chapter, measurement technologies relevant to postharvest management are reviewed, both in context of technologies in current industry use and those with apparent promise for future use. A brief description of these techniques is made in relation to their ...
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The global avocado industry
This chapter highlights the significant evolution of the global avocado industry, which has experienced extraordinary growth in the last very few decades, both in the American continent where the fruit was originated, and in the other continents. The chapter indicates the important avocado produc...
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Dairy herd health management: an overview
The importance of ensuring animal welfare and food security, of combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and of increasing food production, all contribute to the need for preventative medicine. Herd health management (HHM) involves the delivery of a more coordinated approach, where management int...
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Modelling the effects of cropping systems on weed dynamics: the trade-off between process analysis and decision support
Models are essential to synthesize knowledge on weeds and to design integrated weed-management strategies. These models must rank cropping systems as a function of weed infestation, and account for variability in effects to estimate probabilities of success or failure. Three case studies are pres...
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Sustainable use of seaweed for biofuel
In the last two decades, biofuel research has intensified as they are being increasingly considered as a viable replacement for crude oil derivatives. In comparison to crude oil reserves, biological feedstocks for bio-fuel production are globally widespread. On the other hand, biofuel production ...
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Agroforestry practices: windbreaks
Windbreaks, also known as vegetative environmental buffers (VEB) or shelterbelts, are a common feature of agricultural systems around the world. These strips of trees, shrubs, and other perennial or annual vegetation perform a number of functions, including providing protection from the wind for ...
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Other viral pathogens of banana
In this chapter, minor viral pathogens of banana, plantain and abacá are discussed. Some such as banana bract mosaic virus and the abacá strain of sugarcane mosaic virus have the potential to cause much more serious problems if they are allowed to spread unchecked around the world. Other viruses ...
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Agroforestry for the cultivation of nuts
Row crop agriculture covers over 1.28 billion ha of land globally. Though extremely productive in terms of yield, annual cropping systems rely on external inputs of energy, nutrients and pesticides, leading to a suite of ecological consequences. This chapter focuses primarily on the opportunities...
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The role of no or minimum mechanical soil disturbance in Conservation Agriculture systems
Minimum mechanical soil disturbance is one of the pillars of Conservation Agriculture (CA). It is the core concept, which distinguishes CA as a sustainable farming system from tillage-based systems. This chapter introduces concepts of tillage and soil disturbance and the issues and solutions rela...
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Management of dairy cows in transition and at calving
Most of the clinical disease events in a dairy cow’s life occur during the transition period, defined as the period three weeks before and after calving. It is believed that almost all cows experience some immune dysfunction during the peripartum period, and that this combined with nutritional di...
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Detecting antibiotic residues in animal feed: the case of distiller’s grains
The purpose of this chapter is to review the methods for detection of antibiotic residues in animal feed, using the example of distillers’ grains. There is a growing concern about the use of antibiotics in the process of which distillers’ grains are a co-product. Antibiotic residues in distillers...
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Seaweed and microalgae as alternative sources of protein
This collection summarises current developments in utilising seaweed and microalgae as alternative sources of protein. Chapters focus on identifying the different types of macroalgae and microalgae, cultivation and processing, as well as the practical application in human and livestock diets.
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Producing biofuels with torrefaction
Biomass of various types is being used as coal substitute in power generation and industrial usage around the world. Significant investments have been made in Europe and elsewhere to accommodate the use of dried and pelleted biomass materials in various power plants. Substituting biomass for c...
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Optimizing energy and other resource use in vertical farms
Plant factories utilizing artificial light (PFALs) perform particularly well in terms of resource efficiency, although energy use, mainly due to the use of artificial light for plant photosynthesis, remains high. This chapter presents the latest innovations in horticulture, photobiology, climate ...
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Use and nutritional value of cassava roots and leaves as a traditional food
Cassava is an important staple crop for the food security of millions of people in developing countries. This chapter examines the strengths and weaknesses of cassava roots and leaves as a source of nutrients, and describes and analyses efforts to promote biofortified varieties of cassava with hi...
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Advances in finding a vaccine for African swine fever
The development of a vaccine for African swine fever (ASF) has been an ongoing topic of research in labs worldwide for many years, with increased interest following the 2007 outbreak in the Republic of Georgia. This initial outbreak has since spread causing continued outbreaks in Europe, Asia and...
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Instant Insights: Restoring degraded forests
This collection features four peer-reviewed literature reviews on restoring degraded forests.
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Responsible and sustainable use of medicines in dairy herd health
As well as having a moral obligation to safeguard animal health and welfare, veterinarians and dairy producers also have One Health responsibilities to protect human health and the environment from the risk of antimicrobial resistance and the food chain from medicine residues. This chapter descri...
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Integrated weed management in tomato cultivation
Weeds pose a major threat to agriculture and cause crop yield losses in a big way. What needs to be done to counter the threat of weeds? This chapter discusses many measures to tackle the problem of weeds, especially in tomato cultivation. One of the most important is Integrated Weed Management (...
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Instant Insights: Vertical farming in horticulture
This specially curated collection features five reviews of current and key research on vertical farming in horticulture.
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Advances in understanding grain legume physiology: understanding root architecture, nutrient uptake and response to abiotic stress
Root system architecture (RSA) influences root foraging and resource uptake from the soil and thus determines plant growth and productivity in grain legumes. Understanding RSA, nutrient uptake and its response to drought and other abiotic stresses is vital for breeding super genotypes for efficie...
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Plant-animal interactions in grazing systems
This chapter reviews the interactions between plants and animals that govern the production efficiency of temperate pasture-based livestock production systems. These interactions operate at different temporal and spatial scales, and are highly variable. We take as our case study the dry matter in...
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Cacao diseases: vascular-streak dieback
‘Vascular-streak dieback’ (VSD) was the name given to a devastating disease of cacao, first described in Papua New Guinea in the 1960s and later found to be caused by a previously undescribed tullasneloid basidiomycete, Oncobasidium theobromae (now Ceratobasidium theobromae). This chapter describ...
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Monitoring trends in diseases of poultry
Disease surveillance is a staple programme in most developed poultry systems and is a cooperative effort between individual poultry companies, regional and national disease control agencies and programmes, public and private diagnostic laboratories, research universities, wildlife agencies and al...
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Advances in cold-resistant wheat varieties
Winter wheat is planted in the autumn and must survive the winter months before being harvested the following summer. Winterhardiness is therefore of paramount importance to the survival of the crop. This chapter reviews recent advances in our understanding of the transcriptomic and genetic basis...
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Advances in understanding the role of forests in the carbon cycle
The recognition that increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide are warming the global climate has led to forests being viewed as potential natural ways to reduce carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. Forests’ complex interactions with local and global climates, however, make predi...
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Advanced testing, multiplication and release of new sorghum varieties
The release of a new sorghum variety or hybrid is the culmination of many years of breeding and evaluation. This chapter describes the hybrid advancement process, including ways of increasing the parent lines for hybrid production and the guidelines that must be followed to ensure high-quality se...
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Advances in disease-resistant oil palm varieties
This chapter describes advances in the breeding of disease-resistant varieties of oil palm, presenting the key issues associated with oil palm disease resistance, including the usefulness and sustainability of resistance and the agricultural practices required to enable it. The chapter focusses o...
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The apple genome – harbinger of innovation for sustainable apple production
Apple breeding programs are aimed at improving the agronomic and consumer traits of apples. While DNA-informed breeding doesn’t reduce the time between generations, it can enable the early elimination of undesirable seedlings, thus saving resources for the program. Combined with horticultural and...
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Instant Insights: Developing immunity in pigs
This collection features four peer-reviewed literature reviews on developing immunity in pigs.
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Closed plant production systems in vertical farms for a circular economy
The reuse, recycling and control of emissions from large-scale food waste in urban areas have gained increased attention in recent years. Developing efficient food production systems with a low environmental impact is an important issue in facility-based plant production systems, such as plant fa...
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Strengthening public-sector extension systems for smallholder farmers in Kenya
This chapter discusses key issues and challenges in public extension services for smallholders and how challenges have been addressed. The discussion is made with particular reference to experiences in disseminating Conservation Agriculture-based technologies and practices generated from the Sust...
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Optimizing the use of treated wastes in crop nutrition
Environmental concerns and depleting phosphorus reserves have led to intensified research efforts to close nutrient cycles by recycling of nutrient-rich human wastes in the last decade. Treated wastes for crop nutrition need to contain plant-available nutrients and be free of, or at least low in,...
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Advances in understanding fruit tree growth
Owing to the importance of photosynthesis to the efficient functioning of plants as solar energy collectors, scientists have been intensively studying the process of photosynthesis for more than 100 years, with the hope of increasing its efficiency. There is substantial evidence that fruit trees ...
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Advances in understanding the genetics of poultry behaviour
Understanding the genetics underlying quantitative traits and identifying the causal genes and polymorphisms that are causal to these traits is hard at the best of times, but in the case of behaviour, the more modest heritabilities and repeatabilities involved make these tasks even more challengi...
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Variable-rate seeding systems for precision agriculture
Variable-rate seeding (VRS) is the practice of adjusting the seeding rate or amount across a field in order to maximize yield and profit. This method of precision agriculture relies on site-specific data such as soil type, landscape position and yield maps. In the last decade, adoption of this me...
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Advances in research on coffee flavour compounds
Coffee’s global appeal is related to its unique flavour, taste and mouthfeel. Coffee is the second-most traded global commodity after petroleum, and a thorough understanding of the chemical dynamics associated with its aroma is essential for the enhancement and permanence of its popularity. This ...
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Nutritional and bioactive compounds in barley
Whole grain barley has been widely recognized as a valuable source of a number of biologically active compounds with unique health benefits. The great number of bioactive nutrients and their pleiotropic physiological effects make barley an ideal grain, raw material, and ingredient for the develop...
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Supporting smallholders in improving wheat cultivation
We present an overview of how research and development (R&D) can support smallholder wheat farmers (i.e. wheat farmers with limited access to resources and services), reviewing published research and presenting a case study based on our ongoing wheat technology transfer project in Kenya. Glob...
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Diseases affecting wheat: Septoria tritici blotch
Septoria tritici blotch (STB) is one of the most common and economically important diseases of wheat worldwide. This chapter evaluates various methods of disease management, considering the key developments of recent decades, the major challenges encountered and the future trajectory of this work...
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Modeling soil organic carbon dynamics, carbon sequestration and the climate benefit of sequestration
Mathematical models are essential for integrating different processes that control rates of soil carbon dynamics and for assessing carbon sequestration and the related climate benefits. Many models have been proposed in the literature, with no overall consensus on the best model that can provide ...
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Dairy cattle welfare and other aspects of sustainability
Welfare and other aspects of sustainability are becoming increasingly important in consumer purchasing decisions. This chapter introduces a number of key welfare issues affecting the dairy industry that need system change, including lameness, mastitis and aspects of calf management. Other major t...
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Instant Insights: Phosphorus uptake and use in crops
This collection reviews the process of phosphorus acquisition in crops and considers the key soil, root and microbial processes that can influence the success of it. Chapters also consider recent developments in breeding programmes to improve phosphorus acquisition efficiency, as well as the envi...
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Bacterial and viral diseases affecting sheep
Numerous infectious diseases are known to affect sheep. Some of these, known as zoonosis, are transmissible to humans, while some must be reported to government agencies in order to allow monitoring of potential outbreaks and ensure that appropriate action is taken to limit losses. This chapter a...
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The role of crop cultivation in contributing to climate change
While 20th century gains in agricultural productivity enabled rising levels of food security, these developments have also made the food system a major contributor to global climate change. Agricultural production accounts for over 80% of food system emissions, and nearly 60% of global non-CO2 gr...
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Research challenges in adapting grasslands to climate change
Climate change poses many challenges to European grasslands, from droughts, heat waves and changing precipitation patterns in the south, to warmer winters and wetter summers in the north and increasing frequency of extreme weather events. This chapter reviews the probable impacts of climate chang...
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Supporting smallholders in maintaining soil health: key challenges and strategies
Smallholder farmers are important stewards of global soil resources with strong linkages between livelihoods, global poverty and soil health There is no single method to engage with smallholder farmers in managing soil health, as they are a diverse group scattered across multiple geographies, soi...
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Physiological challenges in poultry breeding
This chapter discusses some of the different aspects of physiological limitations of concern in poultry breeding and production. It then covers research to map the genetic determinants of ascites, including recent successes in identifying the genetic determinants of ascites. The chapter shows ho...
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Global positioning systems (GPS) for agriculture: an overview
The essence of a global positioning system is the ability to define a location anywhere on Earth in terms of three coordinates. The calculation is performed in terms of Cartesian axes including one through the poles, but the result is transformed into local coordinates that include height. This c...
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Mycorrhizae and soil health
Mycorrhizal fungi establish symbiotic associations with roots of ~80% of plant families and have an important role in sustaining plant growth and soil health. This chapter explores the diverse roles of mycorrhizal fungi in mediating soil ecosystem services and improving soil health, including agg...
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Spectral manipulations to control growth and quality of lettuce and other leafy greens in vertical farms
Selecting the optimal light environment for plant growth and development, and reducing the amount of electric energy consumed by lighting are both essential to improve the economic operations of vertical farming. Compared with photosynthetic photon flux density and light period, the effects of li...
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Instant Insights: Weed management in regenerative agriculture
This collection addresses the emerging use of integrated weed management programmes throughout regenerative agriculture. Chapters review the sustainable control of weeds in Conservation Agriculture systems, as well as organic cropping systems.
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Improving grassland/forage quality and management to reduce livestock greenhouse gas emissions
This chapter reviews grazing management strategies that can contribute to reducing livestock greenhouse gas emissions. Strategies discussed include grazing season length and timing as well as sward structure and quality, including dry matter and clover content. The chapter also discusses the use ...
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Instant Insights: Sustainable tropical forest management
This book offers a unique insight into the recent research completed on achieving sustainable management of tropical forests. Chapters review the factors which determine tropical forests, the process of forest landscape restoration, as well as the interactions between forest ecosystems and the cl...
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Advances in understanding agroecosystems ecology and its applications in integrated pest management
Achieving the theoretical goal of integrated pest management (IPM), maintaining pest populations at levels below an economic threshold through a combination of tactics, has so far proved difficult to attain. Production systems, particularly specialized commodity production based on economies of s...
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The role of crop rotations in organic farming
Crop rotations are defined in terms of a number of crops organized in a specific order over a defined period of time, with specific spatial arrangements and distribution in a field and landscape, that ensures the best growing conditions for all crops. Crop rotation is thus a way to utilize the pe...
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Dealing with the challenge of antibiotic resistance in pig production
This chapter describes the practice of antibiotic use in food animal production, with a particular focus on pigs, and the various questions this practice raises. The chapter begins with a brief history of antibiotic use in livestock production before examining the current state of research focuse...
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Advances in understanding and improving the nutraceutical properties of cranberries
American cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) are commonly consumed as juice, dried fruit or dietary supplement and a rich source of phytochemicals, particularly A-type proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins. Cranberries are perhaps best known for their protection against urinary tract infections, a b...
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Imaging soil structure to measure soil functions and soil health with X-ray computed micro-tomography
The use of non-invasive imaging techniques expands opportunities to characterize soil health and functioning, complementing the information from the traditional soil structure analyses. Soil pore architecture drives water and gas fluxes, chemical transport, activity and movement of soil biota; an...
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Organic cocoa cultivation
The last two decades have witnessed a dramatically increased demand for organically produced goods. As a crop, cocoa can be grown successfully using organic methods, and demand for organic chocolate has risen in line with the overall growth in the organic market. This chapter offers a summary of ...
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Conservation Agriculture in South America
This chapter describes the origins and current status of CA as well as NT and the NTS in Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and Bolivia. These represent the top five CA countries with about 99% of the area under CA cultivation in South America.
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Micronutrients: advances in understanding manganese cycling in soils, acquisition by plants and ways of optimizing manganese efficiency in crops
Manganese (Mn) is an essential micronutrient for all living organisms acting as a metal co-factor for approximately 6% of all known metalloenzymes. Photosynthesis is very sensitive to disturbances in plant availability of Mn, and both Mn deficiency and toxicity lead to distinct disturbances withi...
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Ensuring biosecurity in sugarcane cultivation
Biosecurity in sugarcane cultivation is an important factor in maintaining and improving yields. It can refer to the day-to-day management of established pests, diseases and weeds, as well as preparing for unusual threats to the industry, and safeguarding agriculture and natural resources. This c...
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Trends in exploring wheat and barley germplasm for novel disease resistance traits
Wheat and barley are major food crops grown for human consumption worldwide, yet the sustained production of these important cereals continues to be threatened by rapidly evolving fungal pathogens. This chapter highlights recent advancements in phenotyping, genotyping and other breeding technolog...
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Defining and ensuring animal welfare in pig production: an overview
Raising pigs for consumption involves the exercise of control over the quality and duration of their lives, and it is widely accepted that there is a duty to exercise this control humanely. This chapter begins by reviewing three conceptual frameworks which can be used to consider and assess anima...
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Instant Insights: Managing arthropod pests in tree fruit
This collection reviews the available methods for managing arthropod pests affecting global tree fruit production. Chapters consider the use of integrated pest management programmes as a more sustainable control method in the face of increasing pesticide regulatory restrictions and concerns surro...
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Advances in cultured meat technology
This collection reviews current advances in cellular agriculture, focussing primarily on the emerging research in cultured meat technology. The book considers the establishment of regulatory frameworks for cultured meat in the USA and Singapore and highlights the quality and sustainability issues...
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Automated assessment of plant diseases and traits by sensors: how can digital technologies support smart farming and plant breeding?
Plant diseases pose a significant threat to agriculture. Precise and appropriately timed detection and identification of plant diseases is crucial for disease management, and for the selection of resistant and tolerant varieties. The detection of plant diseases by the human eye is dependent on th...
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Seed systems management in cassava cultivation
A sustainable cassava seed system will ensure that high-quality seeds of farmer-demanded varieties and crops are produced and fully available on time and affordable to farmers and other stakeholders. This chapter describes the production and management of high-quality cassava seed under both info...
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Environmental physiology of ornamental crops
Ornamental horticulture is one of the most challenging sectors of agriculture. Growers produce hundreds of species from all over the world to market at a specific time of year or for a holiday. To achieve this, growers must have a sophisticated understanding of the environmental physiology of pla...
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Risk-based measures for prevention and control of African swine fever (ASF) in pigs
This chapter highlights the tools currently available for early detection of the presence of African swine fever (ASF) and biosecurity measures to prevent its spread, including adequate cleaning and disinfection (C&D) procedures.
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The Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative
With ever-growing demands for sugar and difficulties in expanding cane area to meet such demands, increasing cane productivity per unit area, but with a reduced ecological footprint, has become imperative. The Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative (SSI) addresses these concerns. This chapter describes...
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Host-rumen microbiome interactions and influences on feed conversion efficiency (FCE), methane production and other productivity traits
This chapter focuses on the recent discovery regarding the role of the ruminant microbiome on energy harvest, methane emission, and the potential genetic factors determining its microbial composition and selection.
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Nutritional considerations for soybean meal use in poultry diets
The poultry feed industry uses about 50% of the soybean meal (SBM) produced in the United States each year. The meal is valuable to the animal feed industry because it is an excellent source of amino acids that would otherwise be lost to the human food chain after the oil has been removed from t...
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Crop rotation: a sustainable system for maize production
Modern agriculture has led to a simplification of maize-based cropping systems and the extensive practice of monoculture maize (MM). This has led to problems such as yield reduction and soil quality degradation. Meanwhile, the overuse of inorganic fertilizer to increase yields comes with a high e...
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Developments in cell culture media for cultured meat applications
Cell culture media is one of the key inputs for cultured meat production. It provides a physiologically favorable environment for cells, nutrients for cell consumption and utilization, and signaling molecules to instruct cell behavior. For all cell culture, media should be optimized towards speci...
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Soil inorganic carbon: stocks, functions, losses and their consequences
Carbonate-containing minerals comprise an additional form of soil carbon known as soil inorganic carbon (SIC). Though SIC stocks are large, they been disregarded in most studies to carbon sequestration. After reviewing the main forms of SIC (geogenic, biogenic and pedogenic carbonates) and the ch...
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Developing barley crops for improved brewing quality
Barley remains the most important raw material for the brewing industry. Consequently, breeders strive to develop barley varieties for the brewhouse that enable an energy efficient and economical industrial brewing process. However, converting barley into beer is a complex process involving sever...
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The role and management of soil mulch and cover crops in Conservation Agriculture systems
This chapter discusses the main components of an adequate Conservation Agriculture system and the role of soil mulching within these systems. It highlights the use of different cover crops species to promote live or dead soil mulch cover. The chapter also reviews how cover crops effect aspects su...
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Application of genomic selection (GS) in breeding commercial meat-type chickens
This chapter describes the implementation stages of genomic selection in meat-type chickens (broilers), beginning from the initial phase of testing the methodology to current developments where the technology has been consolidated into the commercial breeding programmes. This chapter focuses on b...
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Advances in the use of ozone in the disinfection of horticultural produce
Fruit and vegetables are recognised for their health-promoting properties, while at the same time being associated with numerous bacterial illnesses caused by foodborne pathogens. A sanitation step is crucial to ensure that the produce is safe for consumption. Ozone has been identified as a feasi...
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Advances in avocado propagation for the sustainable supply of planting materials
Avocado is a high-value horticultural crop desired for its premium nutritional qualities. Commercial trees are propagated by grafting wood from a fruiting cultivar onto a rootstock variety. Rootstocks are commonly seedlings derived from any available seed in the growing region. This often results...
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Developing decision support systems for crop yield forecasts
This chapter discusses existing yield forecasting systems in which the yield forecasts are driven by integration of different data sources, such as output of crop modeling, remote sensing and gridded climate datasets. It first provides overviews of the two predominant modeling approaches— crop si...
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Managing grassland for forage production: an overview
In temperate agriculture, grasslands play an important role in the provision of forage for livestock. Management of these grasslands is vital in order to ensure that high-quality feed is available. This chapter reviews the short-, medium- and long-term management of grasslands, including stocking...
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Instant Insights: Artificial Intelligence applications in agriculture
This collection considers the variety of applications of Artificial Intelligence in agriculture, highlighting its use in vineyards to improve precision irrigation, as well as its use in harvest-assist platforms in citrus orchards.
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The use of bacterial probiotics and direct-fed microbials as dietary supplements in dairy cow nutrition
Direct-fed microbials (DFM), or probiotics, overall can improve feed digestion and/or fermentation, reduce the risk of rumen acidosis, increase milk production, enhance immunity and gut health, especially reducing calf diarrhea, and reduce mastitis in dairy cattle. The commonly used DFM include s...
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Advances in understanding insect pests of vegetables: a case study of sweetpotato weevil
Sweetpotato is one of the world’s most important vegetables, and has added value as an organic, health food and as a biofuel alternative source of energy. The sweetpotato weevil (SPW), Cylas formicarius (Coleoptera: Brentidae, Gyladinae), originated in South Asia and spread by humans has resulted...
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Improving welfare assessment indicators and protocols for poultry
There have been considerable advances in welfare assessment in the past decades. This chapter explains some of the terminology related to welfare assessment and why the emphasis is moving towards including indicators of poultry welfare taken on the birds themselves rather than from the environmen...
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Organic systems for raising poultry
An organic system for raising poultry aims to provide a sustainable method of rearing poultry in an environment that allows natural behaviour to be expressed, and which eliminates pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals from feed, growing environment and carcass processing. This chapter review...
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Pasture systems for pigs
The inclusion of pastures in outdoor pig systems contributes significantly to improving the sustainability of these farming systems. This chapter examines the characteristics of pasture pig systems, including forages and pasture management as well the effects of pasture on meat quality. The chapt...
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Advances and challenges in sustainable peach production
By adopting precise management techniques, growers can reduce the environmental impact of fruit growing, without sacrificing quality and yields, while maintaining income. This chapter discusses how improvements in sustainable peach production can be achieved by an interaction among quite varied d...
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