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Advances in irrigation and water management of turfgrass
Turfgrass is the single largest irrigated crop in the continental United States, however urban growth potential, potable water scarcity, limited annual precipitation, prolonged droughts, and food crops prioritization sets limits to the availability of water that can be allocated to turfgrass area...
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Advances in identifying and tracking malicious contamination of food in agri-food supply chains
This chapter is about the history of bio-warfare, and how biological and bio-chemical weapons were developed during the two World Wars and afterwards. There are examples of attacks to the food chain of entire communities with biochemical weapons by either single individuals or groups, and attacks...
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Biofortification of maize
Biofortification refers to the process of enhancing the micronutrient density of crops. It emerged as a response to the public health problem of micronutrient malnutrition, referred to as hidden hunger, which seriously affects millions of people worldwide. The premise of biofortification is that ...
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Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) as plant biostimulants in agriculture
Plants must tolerate and grow under a wide variety of environmental conditions. It is clear that the phytomicrobiome supports plant growth under normal and stressful growing conditions and these functions are carefully regulated. The phytomicrobiome can promote plant growth under normal growing c...
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The use of mid-infrared spectral data to predict traits for genetic selection in dairy cattle
Even in the era of genomic selection, relevant phenotypes are still needed and therefore phenotyping through the precise monitoring of the status of the cows, and their health, behaviour, and well-being as well as their environmental impact and the quality of their products is essential. The arri...
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Modelling the impact of climate change on agriculture in east asia
This chapter briefly summarizes the estimated impact of historical and future climate changes on major food crop production (e.g., rice, wheat, maize) across the primary production regions of East Asia.
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Rumen metabolomics – a powerful tool for discovery and understanding of rumen functionality and health
The rumen is a complex ecosystem essential for the health and productivity of ruminants. Metabolomics is an emerging technology, with rumen metabolomics research generating important data offering insights into the metabolites present in the rumen, and the factors affecting the rumen microbiome a...
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Modeling the impact of climate change on agriculture in latin america
This chapter provides an overview of crop modeling in three Latin American countries: Chile, Colombia and Brazil. It assesses model characteristics, strengths and weaknesses and areas for future development. The chapter includes developments in modelling the impact of climate change on key crops:...
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Conservation and distribution of cassava
Significant germplasm collections of cassava (Manihot esculenta) have been established in international and regional genebanks and have been used extensively by plant breeders. This chapter describes both ex situ and in situ techniques of conserving cassava genetic material. The chapter demonstra...
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Nutritional strategies to minimize emissions from sheep
Agricultural production accounts for 10–12% of global annual greenhouse gas emissions, with livestock production (including sheep) being the most important contributing factor within this sector. The largest single contributor to agricultural greenhouse gas emissions is methane produced during en...
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Leg disorders in poultry: bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (bco)
Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO) is widely recognized as one of the most common causes of lameness in broilers. This chapter starts by summarizing the pathogenesis of BCO. Experimental models that successfully trigger BCO are then reviewed. Sources of bacteria that infect the bo...
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Developing climate-based decision support systems from agricultural systems models
Decision Support Systems (DSSs) in production agriculture are computer software programs that make use of models and other information to make site-specific recommendations for farm management-related activities. Major advances have been made in developing DSS for agriculture, particularly with r...
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Poultry welfare monitoring: wearable technologies
This chapter reviews poultry welfare monitoring, specifically focusing on wearable technologies. It begins by discussing the use of radio-frequency identification technology (RFID) systems in chickens and other housing systems. The chapter then goes on to address wearable sensors and acceleromete...
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Sustainable use of switchgrass for biofuel
Switchgrass, a productive, perennial warm-season grass, native to much of North America, has much potential as a sustainable biofuel crop. The species is productive, has capacity to sequester carbon, and it offers supporting services such as filtering water and provisioning of wildlife habitat. C...
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Modelling the environmental impacts of pesticides in agriculture
The active ingredients of pesticides, which are widely applied in agriculture worldwide, are important contributors to global human and ecological health burden. Modelling emissions and related human toxicity and ecotoxicity impacts of agricultural pesticides in environmental and life cycle asses...
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as biostimulants for sustainable crop production
Several functions of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) interactions constitute the ecological services of the symbiosis which are the basis for their application as biostimulants. The bi-directional nutrient exchange between the mycorrhizal partners, the contribution of AM fungi to the quality of soils...
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Optimizing production of quality nursery plants for fruit tree cultivation
It is now possible to purchase specific nursery tree types that are more compatible with an intended training system, improving planting efficiency and encouraging early production. Although single axis, well-feathered scions suitable for high-density spindle training systems have dominated nurse...
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Optimising sow and piglet welfare during farrowing and lactation
Optimising welfare in the farrowing and lactation environment involves resolving the concerns regarding continued use of close confinement systems, such as the farrowing crate for the sows and the lack of provision of environmental enrichment to provide for behavioural needs. For piglets the main...
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Diversity in the genetic resources of oil palm
Oil palm planting materials are based on an extremely narrow genetic base, and it has been generally recognized that the narrowness of the gene pool is a major obstacle towards increasing yields in many crops including oil palm. This chapter discusses the rather narrow genetic base of current bre...
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Soil texture and structure: role in soil health
Soil texture is a major parameter in quantifying basic soil properties. Healthy soils are well aggregated and provide a continuous pore system with high surface accessibility. They are well aerated, contain sufficient plant available water and provide a reliable filter and buffer capacity. This c...
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Biological indicators of soil health in organic cultivation
This chapter reviews the range of physical, chemical and biological indicators of soil health and how they can be used in practice, in this case focussing on measuring soil health in organic vegetable cultivation and, in particular, the effects of adding organic amendments to soil. Measures inclu...
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Integrated weed management techniques for rice
Global food production must increase in order to meet the needs of the world’s growing population. In order to improve productivity in rice cultivation, it is essential to recognize the problems caused by biological constraints such as weeds, and then to evolve and implement appropriate strategie...
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Advances in understanding the development of defences against pathogens in the chicken egg
The egg is naturally equipped with a range of natural defences that protect the embryo from bacterial contamination throughout its development. Starting with a reminder of how the egg forms, this chapter aims to provide the reader with an overview of how the different components of the egg contri...
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Soil organic carbon sequestration and climate change
Anthropogenic activities, in particular the burning of fossil fuels and land use changes, have resulted in a substantial increase in greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere, which are causing measurable climate change. Climate change directly affects agricultural production and food security th...
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Identifying and managing plant health risks for key african crops: cassava
The long history of cassava as a hardy crop, relatively free from diseases and pests’ attacks, ended in the 1970s when the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti and the cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa invaded Africa and devastated the crop to the point of wiping it out as was the case w...
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The economics of precision agriculture
This chapter reviews data on the use of precision agriculture (PA) in agronomic crops production, examines whether economic research has correctly predicted PA technologies adopted by farmers and identifies several PA technologies that recent economic research has identified as having profit and...
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Determinants of egg appearance and colour
It is essential for the consumer to select those types of eggs that are safe, nutritious and tasty. In this chapter, we begin by giving an overview of consumer decisions about whether to eat eggs and if so, which eggs to purchase. This includes reviewing regional differences in preferences and pu...
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Automation and robotics in greenhouses
This chapter provides an overview of the state of the art of automation technology in protected cultivation and looks ahead to future directions for achieving further progress in this field. The chapter provides a generic description of the greenhouse crop production process and then uses it as a...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of hemp
The global industrial hemp market is estimated to reach $18.6 billion by 2027, with hemp now recognised as a more sustainable crop due to its ability to absorb and store up to twice as much carbon as trees. Despite its versatility, there remains significant concerns surrounding its regulation, as...
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The interaction between gut microbiota and pathogens in poultry
The poultry gut harbours a diverse microbiota, which plays a pivotal role in host nutrient utilization and health. Although the majority of this microbiota is commensal bacteria, pathogens are also present. Commensal and pathogenic microbes interact with each other, either positively or negativel...
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Advances in maize post-harvest management
One of the key constraints to improving food and nutritional security in the developing world is poor post-harvest management, which leads to loss of grains. Improved post-harvest management at farm level is crucial, as it directly impacts on poverty alleviation, food, nutrition and income securi...
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Biofortified golden rice: an additional intervention for vitamin a deficiency
This chapter reviews the development of ‘Golden Rice’, a biofortified variety with enhanced β-carotene designed as a health intervention to help alleviate the problem of vitamin A deficiency (VAD). It also reviews the origins of Golden Rice, product development, as well as current challenges, to ...
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Advances in flood-tolerant varieties of soybean
Flooding is a serious abiotic stress that drastically causes soybean yield loss around the world. As a result, a large number of studies have been conducted to understand soybean responses to flooding on agronomic, morphological, physiological and molecular levels. This chapter summarizes current...
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Developing macroalgae and microalgae as feed for fish
The rapid expansion of aquaculture industry is severely restricted by the shortage of key feed ingredients such as fishmeal and fish oil. Application of marine plants (macro and microalgae) as dietary ingredients could potentially overcome the limitation of key feed ingredients used in aquafeed. ...
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Quality defects associated with poultry muscle development: spaghetti meat
Spaghetti meat (SM) is a recently recognized myopathy that occurs in the Pectoralis major of modern fast-growing broilers. The SM abnormality is characterized by loss of muscle structural integrity and loosely separated muscle fibers and bundles. This condition causes significant economic losse...
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Advances in seed phenotyping using x-ray imaging
In this chapter, we propose a panel of the imaging techniques dedicated to seed phenotyping. While review articles exist for most of these imaging techniques, X-Ray imaging, which can be considered as the most important one, still lacks of a synthetic overview. This is the focus on X-Ray imaging ...
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Developments in humane slaughtering techniques for poultry
Stunning of animals before slaughtering is now gaining global acceptance. It is being recognized as a humane slaughtering technique. This chapter discovers that cruelty to animals can be prevented and animals can be well protected by induction of unconsciousness as the first and enduring stage of...
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Inspection techniques for poultry slaughterhouse operations: the case of the european union
Poultry slaughter includes complex and challenging operations from a food safety point of view. The food business operator (FBO) is responsible for identifying food safety risks and ensuring that food safety legislation is followed. This chapter considers the goals and prerequisites of successful...
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Fungal diseases affecting oil palm
Oil palm is prone to attack by a number of fungal diseases such as basal stem rot (BSR), Fusarium wilt (vascular wilt) and bud rot disease. To date, only partial resistance materials have been identified for BSR. This chapter provides further insights on the BSR that is a major problem for planta...
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Safety management on the poultry farm
Transmission and colonization of poultry pathogens and infectious diseases can be controlled, and the colonization of major zoonotic pathogens in the poultry can be minimized, through better farm safety management, phytosanitary measures and a pre-harvest Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Poin...
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Microbial quality and spoilage of raw cow’s milk
Milk, which is a basic component of the human diet since millennia worldwide, is rich in all kind of nutrients, thus comprises an excellent growth substrate for both beneficial and harmful microorganisms. As a result, milk contains numerous microorganisms deriving either from the animal itself or...
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‘towards’ sustainability of dairy farming: an overview
There are many challenges to be faced in making dairy farming sustainable for feeding 9–10 billion people by 2050. This chapter defines what sustainability may mean for the dairy industry and assesses the current sustainability of dairy farming today, before going on to consider visions for a sus...
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Improving soil management in sugarcane cultivation
This chapter identifies the most important soil management practices for sugarcane cultivation and provides information on the practices used by important cane-producing countries in the world. The chapter focuses on field management of soil for optimum sugarcane production, and covers such areas...
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Allergens in soybean
Soybean protein is one of the most significant sources of food allergens and intolerance, causing both IgE-mediated allergy and food protein-induced endocolitis syndrome (FPIES). This chapter first discusses the mechanisms causing allergies and infantile food intolerance. It reviews what we know ...
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Direct plant protection in organic farming
In organic farming, plant health is maintained primarily through preventive management practices. Nevertheless, there are crops and situations where such measures alone do not provide sufficient protection, and direct plant protection is therefore necessary. This chapter focuses on the substances...
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Genome editing of maize
Although most genome editing efforts focus on modifications to gene coding regions, this chapter emphasizes genome editing of the upstream regulatory regions. Thoughtful editing of the promoter region will ultimately lead to improved plants, modified for more precise control of the intensity and ...
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Integrated weed management in maize cultivation: an overview
Maize (Zea mays L.) is among the most important cereals of the world. Weeds are one of the major constraints that reduce maize productivity. In this chapter, we discuss the impact of weeds on maize cultivation and the possible ways to control weeds in maize. In addition to herbicides, integrated ...
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Nested association mapping in barley to identify extractable trait genes
Wild germplasm contains a wealth of alleles, which are useful in modern agriculture. Nested association mapping (NAM) makes use of wild germplasm by developing multi-parental populations after crossing a single elite cultivar to a number of exotic donors. The resulting NAM lines are subsequently ...
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