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Using herbicides in conservation agriculture systems: the state of the art
Conservation agriculture has received increasing interest worldwide as a cropping system addressing the future challenge of feeding an increasing world population while minimizing the negative environmental and climate impacts of agriculture and preserving soil fertility. There is an ongoing disc...
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Organic dairy farming: towards sustainability
Ruminants play a key role in organic systems, due to their ability to use grassland resources, legumes from crop rotations and crop residues, and to supply manure for the soil. Grassland-based milk production therefore is likely to be the most sustainable system for dairy cattle in organic agricu...
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Weed ecology in conservation agriculture systems: an overview
This chapter extensively explores the intricate dynamics of weed communities within the framework of Conservation Agriculture (CA). A review of weed density, shifts in species, and seedbank dynamics under CA reveals the challenges inherent in this agricultural system. The chapter underscores the ...
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Weed management in organic conservation agriculture systems
Organic conservation agriculture can potentially contribute to meeting many urgent technical and environmental issues related to agricultural soil degradation; however, its uptake has been so far quite limited. After having shed some light on the similarities and differences between (organic) con...
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Allelopathic weed control in conservation agriculture systems
Allelopathy involves release of chemicals from plant roots that can inhibit or promote the growth of other organisms. Allelopathic interactions can be exploited to control weeds in agroecosystems. Conservation Agriculture (CA) characterized by minimum tillage, soil cover, and diversified crop rot...
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Cultural techniques to control weeds in conservation agriculture systems
Weeds pose significant challenges limiting productivity and profitability in agricultural production systems. Properly managing these plants is fundamental in developing Conservation Agriculture systems, and incorporating ecological concepts must base a weed management program. Cultural practices...
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Modeling weed population dynamics in conservation agriculture systems
We have available a relatively rich arsenal of platforms (satellites, airplanes, UAVs, combines, ATVs), sensors and image processing procedures to detect weeds at various spatial and temporal scales. Up to now these technologies have been mainly used for map-based targeted herbicide spraying, imp...
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Advances in the reduction of herbicide use in conservation agriculture: french case studies
Conservation agriculture (CA) appears as a promising agricultural pathway to achieve multiperformance but is currently questioned due to its reliance on herbicides for weed management, especially glyphosate. One limit in the development of CA-based agroecological cropping system less reliant on h...
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Obscured by walls
This study reveals the artistic and cultic arrangements in Cretan churches, before the crystallization of the Iconostasis as the »distinctive feature of churches of the Byzantine rite«. It provides material proof of cultural identity and religious consciousness of the Orthodox populace in Crete ...
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Thermal weed control in conservation agriculture systems
The pursuit of sustainable agriculture has elevated the importance of Conservation Agriculture (CA) systems, which emphasize minimal soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and maximum biodiversity/crop rotations. Traditional weed control methods, often reliant on chemical herbicides, face increa...
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The beef behind all possible pasts
This Tandem Festschrift pays tribute to Elaine Turner and Martin Street, to celebrate all they have both contributed to the MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and of the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum in Mainz, Germany.
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Welfare of laying hens: an overview
Although the majority of the world’s laying hens are still housed in conventional (‘battery’) cages, public concern for the welfare of laying hens is rapidly changing the methods by which eggs are being produced and marketed in many regions of the world. However, alternative housing systems have ...
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Monitoring and control of livestock housing conditions using precision livestock farming techniques
This chapter discusses the use of precision livestock farming (PLF) techniques to monitor the housing environment in intensive livestock production systems. It discusses the effects of variables such as temperature and humidity on animal productivity, health and welfare. It also shows how environ...
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Sorghum diseases and their management in cultivation: stalk, root and other diseases
Of all the diseases affecting sorghum, root and stalk diseases are among the most damaging and difficult to control. This is due to their hidden nature and the fact that their symptoms often resemble abiotic stressors such as drought or freeze damage. This chapter presents an overview of some of ...
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Advances in dairy protein science: whey proteins
Whey proteins are highly nutritious and commercially important proteins from the serum phase of milk. Amino acid profile, digestion and absorption behavior in the gut in addition to various physical functionalities make them a highly sought after protein group in broad range of commercial applica...
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The use of mild viruses for control of plant pathogenic viruses
Plant virus management strategies have largely been limited to the application of hygiene protocols, the control of viral vectors such as insects and nematodes and the use of resistant varieties. However, these approaches are often insufficient to prevent infections. The rapid control of newly em...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of apples
This book reviews our understanding of tree and fruit physiology and how it can be used in breeding better varieties. It also discusses pests and diseases and ways they can be prevented or controlled to make cultivation more productive.
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Grasshoppers and other orthopteran pests
Grasshoppers, including locusts, and katydids are some of the most destructive pests in the world. Because they typically feed on a wide range of plants and migrate into cereal crops, consistent monitoring over vast areas is required to provide sufficient warning of population outbreaks. The long...
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Improving the nutritional value of soybean
Soybean is grown for its high oil and protein concentration and profile in the seed. Numerous studies have been carried out to determine the underlying genetics of soybean seed composition traits and develop molecular markers that can aid in the breeding of soybean cultivars with enhanced nutriti...
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The role of field margins in biodiversity conservation in agroecosystems
This chapter reviews research on ways of modifying the agricultural landscape to reverse the decline in a range of fauna and flora. The chapter starts by looking at the span of options for promoting biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. It then focuses on field margins, their characteristics a...
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The use of exogenous enzymes to improve feed efficiency in pigs
Exogenous feed enzymes have been in commercial use in swine diets for almost 30 years. This chapter focuses on the use of three classes of enzymes: NSP’ases, phytases and proteases. We review the evidence that their use is beneficial, and suggest likely mechanisms of action based on the evidence ...
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Understanding nutritional and bioactive properties of whey
Whey is a co-product of cheese and casein manufacturing processes. Historically, whey was a waste product with associated challenges on disposal due to its high organic matter content and biological oxygen demand. However, with the emergence of fractionation technology, whey has gained recognitio...
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Efficient and sustainable production of faba bean
Faba bean is mainly grown under rain-fed conditions, although irrigated production is important in Egypt, parts of China and central Asia. China is the leading producer with a wide range of intensive rotation and inter-crop holistic cropping systems. The main focus of this chapter is faba bean cu...
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Drainage requirements to maintain soil health
The effective management of soil water conditions is essential for ensuring healthy plant growth and optimum yield. Drainage is the primary technique by which producers keep soil water conditions at or near optimum for plant growth. A well-designed drainage system may result in a number of benefi...
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Biological basis of soil organic carbon sequestration: a complex set of interactive processes
In this chapter we propose a conceptual framework to guide understanding of the complex nature of the underlying biological processes involved in soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. We analyze, step by step, the conditions that promote an accumulation of organic matter in the soil and the ma...
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Integrated pest management in wheat cultivation
This chapter provides an overview of integrated pest management (IPM) in wheat cultivation. IPM uses biological, cultural and chemical methods in a compatible way. A wide variety of biological control agents contribute to pest control in wheat and successful IPM strategies require looking at the ...
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Genetics and other factors affecting intestinal microbiota and function in poultry
The diverse intestinal microbiota of poultry plays critical roles in determining feed utilization, health, and diseases. A comprehensive understanding of how various factors shape the intestinal microbiota in poultry can help develop new dietary and managerial interventions to enhance bird growth...
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Natural capital and biodiversity accounting in palm-oil production
This chapter reviews natural capital and biodiversity accounting in Malaysian palm-oil production. It outlines the palm-oil industry’s impact on biodiversity and natural capital. It then assesses the transparency of sustainability information in the Malaysian palm-oil industry. Five initiatives f...
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Sustainable control of gastrointestinal nematode parasites affecting sheep
The threat of anthelmintic resistance has loomed over recommendations to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in sheep for several decades, and in some regions GIN is threatening the sustainability of sheep farming. This chapter describes the current state of options to achieve sustainable c...
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Improving biosecurity in poultry flocks
The last few decades have seen the emergence and re-emergence of several infectious pathogens of importance in poultry. Large production sites have benefitted from biosecurity measures to minimize the impact of these pathogens. Efforts have focused on reducing sources of contamination through cle...
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The use of bacteria in integrated weed management
Annual grass weeds are increasing as a dominant weed species in the western United States, Canada and Mexico. Downy brome, one of the most widespread, invasive annual grass weeds, negatively affects cereal yields, reduces forage quality in grazing lands, degrades rangelands, and increases the fir...
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Seed systems and diversity
Farmers use various seed systems to obtain seeds for their next crop. The diversity of seeds determines, together with other aspects of the farming system, the biodiversity in farmed areas. Conservation strategies for crop genetic resources distinguish ex situ, on-farm and in situ components. The...
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Conservation agriculture in the agri-environmental european context
Conservation Agriculture is a real sustainable agricultural system, capable of providing solutions for most, if not all, of the agri-environmental challenges in Europe. Indeed, most of the challenges addressed in the Common Agriculture Policy could be faced through Conservation Agriculture. Not o...
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Dynamics of water storage and retention in soil
Water storage and retention is one of the most important ecological and agricultural properties of soil, since soil is the main water source for most plants. The present chapter discusses different ways of defining, measuring and modelling soil water retention capability, which varies according t...
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Site-specific nutrient management systems
Site-specific nutrient management systems were created to manage for spatial and temporal variability in biophysical factors that determine the availability and demand of crop nutrients. These systems differ among geographical regions in the information utilized and the way they operate to accomp...
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Advances in the use of irradiation for the market access of fresh horticultural produce
Commercial and research interest in the irradiation of fresh fruit and vegetables as a market access treatment is growing. Irradiation has been approved for use in many markets as an approved phytosanitary/quarantine treatment to allow international trade. This chapter focuses on the effects of i...
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Management of carbonate-rich soils and trade-offs with soil inorganic carbon cycling
Carbonate-rich soils are common in many arid and semiarid areas. Many of them are cultivated, and agriculture is expanding by the spreading of irrigation. Although the soil mineral fraction has been usually considered little or not affected by agricultural management in the short term, increasing...
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Intercropping in sustainable maize cultivation
As the level of productivity in sub-Saharan cropping increases, driven by technology adoption, the question whether intercropping should still be promoted over sole cropping is not clear. In this chapter, we review the existing evidence on systems productivity, resource capture and use efficiency...
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The changing role of urban agriculture in municipal planning: from planning for urban agriculture to urban agriculture for planning
Urban agriculture’s popularity over the past few decades has required cities to address whether, to what extent, and how food production fits into the cityscape. Planners have used various policy levers, from revised zoning codes to tax incentives, to protect existing farms and gardens and expand...
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Integrated weed management in soybean cultivation
Almost all soybean fields have weed infestations that must be managed by farmers to sustain economic viability. This chapter reviews the integrated weed-management approach, which utilizes the contributions of plant breeding, cultural, mechanical and chemical practices in suppressing weed populat...
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Enhancing texture and tenderness in poultry meat
The texture and tenderness of poultry meat are key factors in ensuring consumer satisfaction, and these qualities are significantly affected by how birds are treated before, during and after slaughter. This chapter begins by explaining how, after slaughter, the decline of muscle pH and the develo...
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Advances in irrigation techniques in vegetable cultivation
Water for agricultural use accounts for a very high percentage of worldwide water consumption. In order to maximize productivity and profitability, while reducing the environmental impact of vegetable farming, growers must choose the correct irrigation system for their crop as well as determine t...
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Greenbug (schizaphis graminum): an overview
Greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a major insect pest of cereal grains on the southern Great Plains of the United States. This chapter summarizes greenbug life history and biology, provides a description of the direct and indirect crop injury caused by greenbug to...
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Advances in understanding of barley plant physiology: plant development and architecture
This chapter summarizes recent advances in understanding the genetics of barley development and architecture. In particular it discusses developments in understanding: barley plant structure and morphology; molecular control of vegetative development; and molecular control of reproductive develop...
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Hot weather management of poultry
Maintaining an environment that minimizes stress on poultry is a significant part of obtaining a healthy bird that reaches its full genetic potential. One challenge that producers face is preventing heat stress and maintaining performance in hot weather conditions. By keeping bird body temperatur...
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Decision-support systems for pest monitoring and management
This chapter reviews the role of decision support systems (DSS) for pest monitoring and management through information technology like remote sensing, GIS, spectral indices, image-based diagnostics, expert systems and phenology-based degree day models. Applications range from rule-based models to...
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Advances in understanding and improving the role of amino acids in poultry nutrition
Dietary amino acids are central to optimizing growth performance, meat yield, and egg production of poultry. This chapter addresses amino acid digestibility coefficients for feed ingredients, digestible amino acid requirements of poultry based on production efficiency, and the role of supplementa...
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