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Potassium in crop physiology
Potassium is an essential plant nutrient. This chapter describes the physiological roles of potassium: in activating enzymes, as a cellular osmoticum, and as a counter cation for anion accumulation and electrogenic transport processes. The chapter then describes the molecular biology of potassium...
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Advances in mandarin breeding
Citrus is a leading fruit crop worldwide, with more than 130 million tons and mandarins representing 25% of total production. Mandarins are destined mainly to the fresh market, with China and the Mediterranean region being the main areas of production. Mandarins are a diverse group showing high g...
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Using talens for genome editing in plants
Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) are powerful tools for precise and efficient locus-specific editing. Among the various genome editing tools that were developed prior to the CRISPR/Cas system, TALENs have been the most widely used, and they remain worthy of consideration d...
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Welfare standards for laying hens
Consumers regard animal welfare as an important attribute of the food they eat. Sellers have to pay due attention to animal welfare before selling food like eggs or poultry to people. There are many welfare standards for laying hens and this chapter looks into some of these standards like commerc...
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Agronomic factors affecting phytochemical compounds in fruits and vegetables
Fruits and vegetables significantly benefit human health as they contain a large number of phytochemical compounds. Several strategies can be applied to effectively improve these health-promoting compounds by manipulating various agronomic factors. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive und...
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Developments in soilless/hydroponic cultivation of vegetables
In hydroponics, the plants are grown outside the natural soil, either on porous growing media (substrates) or in pure nutrient solution (water culture). The most commonly used growing media, which are characterized by a balanced availability of water and oxygen, are rockwool, perlite, pumice, and...
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Optimising microbiological and food safety in free-range and organic poultry meat production
This chapter provides an overview of free-range poultry production systems and the consequent potential meat product safety issues that can occur. The chapter discusses two infections which have particularly significant food safety implications: Campylobacter and Salmonella. It also considers oth...
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Advances in understanding key contamination risks in animal feed: mycotoxins
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain filamentous fungi, especially Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium. Over 400 mycotoxins have been identified, most notably aflatoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins and ochratoxins. These low molecular weight compounds are...
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Advances in stand management and regeneration
Multiaged forests are thought to have the redundant structure to withstand changing disturbance regimes that are expected with the future climatic scenarios. This chapter describes the methods for deciding how to control stand density in multiaged silviculture at both the stand level and the indi...
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Advances in understanding bacterial diseases in poultry: challenges and perspectives
Bacterial diseases in poultry are well known for their negative consequences on animal health, welfare and public health. Recent advancement in scientific research has substantially improved our understanding of pathogen attributes and disease mechanism, thus progress has been made in identificat...
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Climate-smart crop production: understanding complexity for achieving triple-wins
Climate-smart cropping options aim to simultaneously improve crop productivity, adapt to climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This chapter provides a concise overview of a wide range of climate-smart cropping options and investigates in detail the potential of conservation agricult...
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Sustainable use of miscanthus for biofuel
Biomass removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during growth and, if converted to biofuel, has the potential to be carbon negative, especially if combined with carbon capture and storage. To achieve ambitious targets for global reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, biomass crops should gene...
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Amino acids in dairy nutrition: enhancing milk protein synthesis and beyond
This chapter reviews the use of amino acids in dairy nutrition, focusing specifically on enhancing milk protein synthesis and beyond. It begins by some general background to amino acids and dairy nutrition, then goes on to discuss the reduction of dietary crude protein in dairy cow diets. It revi...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of soybeans volume 1
Soybeans are widely grown for use in food, animal feed and other products such as biodiesel. The first of this two-volume collections reviews advances in understanding of soybean physiology and genetics as well as breeding and more efficient methods of cultivation.
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The role of specific cereal grain dietary components in poultry gut function
Cereal grains constitute the greatest proportion of most practical poultry diets. As dietary components, cereal grains provide most of the dietary energy and help to support the development of the structural and functional integrity of the digestive tract. However, many cereal grains contain one ...
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Biostimulants for sustainable crop production
Biostimulants stimulate natural processes in crops to enhance nutrient uptake, nutrient use efficiency (NUE), resistance to abiotic stress and quality traits. This collection reviews key advances in understanding and using biostimulants.
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Using duality models to understand how consumers process information about food and nutrition
This chapter focuses on using duality models to understand how consumers process information about food and nutrition. The chapter begins by discussing the elaboration likelihood model, arguably the most prominent dual-mode model in nutrition research. This is then followed by a discussion of the...
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Advances in understanding apple tree growth: rootstocks and planting systems
Recent research and development has investigated the factors influencing apple tree growth, with the ultimate aim of helping apple growers provide the market with fruit which is consistent in quality and which exhibits the features that consumers value, such as firmness, juiciness, colour and app...
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Defining sustainable forest management (sfm) in the tropics
This chapter discusses definitions of SFM to promote clarity about the avoidable and unavoidable tradeoffs associated with SFM. The chapter reviews about spatial scales for SFM and for the expansion of the scale at which sustainability is considered from stands up to forested landscapes. We revie...
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Advances in robotic milking
In recent years, growth in the number of robotic milking installations on farms has been driven by the need for better labour management and also for improved quality of life for dairy producers. This chapter reviews published research on such robotic milking systems (RMS). Aspects related to bar...
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Advances in nutrient management in rice cultivation
New nutrient management strategies aim to enhance fertilizer use efficiency in rice ecologies beyond what can be achieved by following blanket nutrient management recommendations formulated for small regions with similar climates. The emphasis is on moving to real-time and site-specific nutrient ...
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Mitigating invasive insect species: eradication, long-term management, and the importance of sampling and monitoring
In this chapter, we introduce major concepts associated with the management of invasive insects. We then focus more deeply on eradication and long-term management, especially integrated pest management, describing common factors associated with successful programs and potential challenges of each...
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The role of technology in crisis management and product recall in food supply chains
This chapter considers food governance and how it frames crisis management and product recalls in food supply chains. Effective food recalls following a food safety or legality related incident are supported by traceability systems ranging from paper based to those that apply the newest technolog...
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The regulation of genome-edited crops
To explore the regulation of genome edited crops, this chapter describes the regulatory systems adopted by different countries as well as how the Cartagena Biosafety Protocol might apply. It finds there is a continuum of oversight, with some countries applying their GMO biosafety laws to all geno...
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Institutionalizing agricultural ethics in us land-grant universities
In 1999, fifteen of the original US land-grant universities offered a class on agricultural ethics. In 2012 nine courses were taught. In 2022 only six remained. This chapter offers reasons for the decline in number of classes and suggests consequences if everyone engaged in the agricultural enter...
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Advances in pest-resistant varieties of soybean
A number of insect pests have been threatening soybean production in North America, including lepidopteran defoliators, coleopteran defoliators and hemipteran sapsuckers. Among various control methods, host-plant resistance has been of the greatest interest as it is economically and environmental...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of litchi
In this chapter, the effort and achievements in litchi research and development are summarized, and key challenges and practices in litchi production will be addressed with a focus on cases in China.
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Identifying genes for yield-related traits under drought stress conditions in durum wheat
Abiotic stress strongly affects yield-related traits in durum wheat. In particular drought is one of the main environmental factors reducing grain yield. Hundreds of quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been identified for yield-related traits across different genetic backgrounds and environments. ...
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Advances in greenhouse design
Greenhouses are effective structures for producing high-value crops since they use natural resources as well as production inputs very efficiently. Consequently, greenhouses occupy large areas of the world. This chapter examines recent developments in greenhouse designs on three relevant producti...
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Breeding fruit cultivars with durable disease resistance
Resistance breeding can make a lasting contribution to pest and disease control in an integrated management strategy provided that the resistance is durable. This chapter discusses strategies for achieving durable resistance based on genes that target pathogen fitness, gene pyramiding and nonhost...
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Understanding the effects of light on embryo and post-hatch chick development
Targeted illumination manifested by source, spectra, intensity, brightness and regimen became major factors in modern poultry management. Light spectra affect growth in meat type birds both in ovo and post hatch. Broilers and turkeys in ovo photostimulated with green light (GL) gained significant...
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Cultural control of arthropod pests in temperate tree fruit
Perennial systems, such as temperate tree fruit, present interesting challenges and opportunities for the practice of cultural pest management tactics. This chapter outlines key cultural tactics for managing arthropod pests in temperate tree fruit, including modification of trees, tree architectu...
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Visualising plant colonisation by beneficial bacteria: a key step to improve the understanding of plant–microbe interactions
Plants contain diverse microorganisms that interact with their hosts and with each other. Beneficial bacteria can be utilised on crops to protect plants against biotic and abiotic stresses and to stimulate plant growth. However, the behaviour of specific microorganisms on and within plants is sti...
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The role of plant hormones in adaptation to drought stress in cereals
Future increases in drought, temperature and atmospheric VPD will have negative impacts on crop yield. If breeders are to develop genotypes that continue to yield significantly under these constraints, a greater understanding of mechanisms involved in plant tolerance/resilience to high temperatur...
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Assessing the effects of compost on soil health
As agricultural producers embrace the principles of the circular economy and regenerative practices, the use of organic fertilizers is becoming increasingly common. Composting is a robust, low-cost technology that stabilizes organic waste materials into organic fertilizers that can be safely appl...
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Key issues in dairy herd health management
Dairy herd health management benefits dairy farmers, the environment, dairy cows and citizens. It is an important part of modern dairy farm veterinary care. Dairy herd health management is assessing, monitoring and improving the health of dairy cows at a population level. Good herd health managem...
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Advances in harvesting and transport of sugarcane
The chapter describes preparation of sugarcane for harvesting, harvesting options, in-field loading and transport. It considers two harvesting systems: manual and mechanical harvesting, each of which is affected by whether the crop is burnt or not burnt immediately before harvest. The chapter exp...
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Understanding the nutraceutical properties of flavonoids in fruits and vegetables: mechanisms of action
The chapter first looks at the antioxidant properties of flavonoids and their role in preventing auto-immune diseases. It then looks at the anti-microbial, anti-fungal and anti-viral activity of flavonoids and their role in treatment of diabetes. The chapter goes on to discuss the anti-cancer pro...
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Grain legume–cereal intercropping systems
There is currently renewed interest in intercropping in Europe in order to achieve sustainable, ecological or eco-functional intensification of agricultural production, particularly in organic farming. This chapter summarises data from over 50 field experiments undertaken since 2001 on cereal–gra...
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Instant insights: lameness in dairy cattle
This collection features four peer-reviewed literature reviews on lameness in dairy cattle.
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Plant–soil interactions: an overview
Plant–soil interactions are the prime mechanism for integrating the impacts of the aerial environment, animals (including plant shoot symbionts and pathogens), plant shoot physiology, plant root physiology and structure, the soil microbiome and soil chemistry and structure into what is commonly t...
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Extraction of proteins and other functional components from red seaweed (rhodophyta)
Red seaweeds are a major industrial source of agar and carrageenan. They also contain high amounts of other polysaccharides and higher amounts of proteins than brown seaweeds. Some species of red seaweed also contain polyphenols with antioxidant activities as well as being a source of carotenoids...
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Advances in world modeling for agri-food robotics
Performing tasks in the agri-food industry can be complex due to the organic, unstructured environments and natural variation in product. Successfully implementing robotic systems in such contexts is highly dependent on their capacity to adapt to variability, unpredictability and incomplete senso...
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The role of gene banks in preserving the genetic diversity of cacao
Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is an important tree crop for millions of farmers and for the multi-billion dollar chocolate industry but is derived from a limited genetic diversity. The centre of diversity of cacao is being deforested, thereby increasing genetic erosion, but fortunately a wealth of g...
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Improving disease surveillance and monitoring systems in pig herds
Disease monitoring and surveillance are valuable tools which are commonly used today in pig production in order to better monitor and manage the health of the pig herds. Developing the proper disease monitoring program requires a general understanding of all factors which could significantly imp...
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Advances in detection and management of phosphine resistance in stored grain pests
Phosphine gas has become the world’s primary fumigant for disinfestation of stored grain. Development and increase of strong resistance to phosphine is a threat to the continued use of phosphine and there are limited alternatives currently available. Understanding how phosphine resistance arises ...
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The role and challenges of the private sector in enabling market access for smallholders
Sourcing from smallholder farmers presents a number of challenges, stemming from the informal ecosystem in which individual farmers operate as well as from the diverse and fragmented nature of smallholders as a group. The three main types of challenges are: technical, logistical and behavioural. ...
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Causes, prevention and management of infertility in dairy cows
Reproduction and fertility are central components to successful dairy enterprises, and an appropriate management and understanding of the physiological events needed for fertility is crucial to sustainable dairy farming. This chapter discusses the physiology of the main impediments to fertility a...
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