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Plant genetic resources
This collection addresses the challenges of maintaining and benefitting from plant genetic diversity. Part 1 assesses ways of valuing and monitoring plant genetic diversity. Part 2 discusses advances in in-situ and ex-situ strategies for conserving plant genetic diversity. The final section revie...
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Instant insights: phenotyping applications in agriculture
This book reviews recent advances in the application of phenotyping techniques to optimise crop breeding programmes. Chapters discuss the use of phenotyping as a means of improving crop yield, boosting genetic gain and identifying desirable traits in crop roots.
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Water management for sustainable agriculture
There is increasing competition for water resources with declining aquifer reserves and lower rainfall in some areas due to climate change. This volume reviews research into topics such as more sustainable use of groundwater, more efficient irrigation techniques and water management.
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Spectral mapping of soil organic carbon
This chapter first reviews recent pilot studies covering limited areas often with exposed bare soils. Then we focus on the challenges for large-scale application of spectral mapping when the soil and parent material are heterogeneous and surface conditions are unknown. In order to deal with these...
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Advances in the use of entomopathogenic fungi as biopesticides in suppressing crop pests
Hypocrealean ascomycetes have a set of properties such as their unique mode of action by direct penetration through the cuticle, relatively ease to mass production, and their newly discovered ecological roles as endophytes and/or plant growth promoters which put them at the forefront of the globa...
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Biotechnology applications for integrated pest management
An exciting wave of discoveries in biotechnology is revolutionizing agriculture worldwide. Biotechnology tools and applications are offering great opportunities for integrated pest management (IPM) programs in agriculture. This chapter describes biotechnology applications for pest management incl...
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Requirements and features of cultivation system modules in advanced plant factories with artificial lighting
This chapter discusses the design and management principles of the cultivation room environment of a plant factory with artificial lighting (PFAL), mainly based on its material and energy balance. Resource supply rates, product and waste outputs, and environmental factors can be accurately measur...
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Advances in actuation and control in agricultural robots
In recent years, agricultural robots have moved away from being pure sensor-carrying platforms for gathering data in the field into becoming action-delivering platforms providing physical interaction with the environment. In this chapter, the actuation methods that are most commonly used on intel...
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An overview of machine vision technologies for agricultural robots and automation
As machine vision technology becomes ever more readily available it is of increasing value to agriculture. This chapter seeks to outline the principles that will endure as the technology changes and to point out areas in which it can be applied. After examining basic concepts of machine vision, t...
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Improving fungicide use in integrated fruit disease management
With the rapid emergence of resistance to the limited number of fungicide classes in many pathogenic fungi, improving stewardship of extant fungicides is a priority. Resistance management strategies, species identification, application timing and delivery of FRAC guidelines to stakeholders can al...
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Interactions between photosynthesis and the circadian system
The rising and setting of the sun provides a regular transition between two starkly different environmental conditions for photosynthetic organisms such as plants. Since photosynthetic organisms rely on light as both an environmental signal and an energy source it is beneficial for plants to resp...
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Growing organic apples in europe
This chapter reviews key research areas involved in organic apple production, and covers the development of suitable varieties and rootstocks, soil fertility management and strategies for maintaining apple tree health. A number of case studies are then considered in order to show how research can...
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Advances in optimizing potassium-use efficiency in crop production
Potassium-use efficiency (KUE) is the outcome of a complex interaction among crop internal physiology, the environment and the management practices imposed on the production system. Four metrics of KUE are discussed: partial factor productivity (PFPK), partial nutrient balance (PNBK), agronomic e...
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Socio-cultural factors affecting women smallholder farmers’ empowerment in uganda
Promoting women’s empowerment and gender equality plays a key role in accelerating equitable and sustainable agricultural systems in Africa, yet efforts to better integrate women in agricultural development often ignore the underlying social-economic drivers that underpin gender inequalities. Thi...
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Soil and nutrient management in grain legume cultivation
Due to their role in improving soil fertility, grain legumes can be integrated into farming systems as part of soil fertility management. This offers a potential pathway towards sustainable intensification. In this chapter we focus on how to maximize biological nitrogen fixation and yields of gra...
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Food losses and waste in the near east and north africa region
This chapter reviews the causes and prevention of food losses and waste (FLW) in the Near East and North Africa (NENA) region. It assesses current estimates of the extent of FLW and its impact on food security. The chapter also assesses what is needed to reduce FLW to improve food security in the...
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Techniques and key issues in collecting crop wild relatives
The genetic diversity found in populations of crop wild relatives is an essential resource for future crop breeding, but populations are at risk of loss before germplasm has been fully conserved in genebanks. This chapter describes best practice for targeting and identifying species, and review k...
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Understanding the health benefits and nutraceutical properties of organosulphur compounds in vegetables
Organosulphur compounds are typically identified by their unpleasant odours and comprise a wide variety of sulphur-containing organic molecules, abundant both in nature and in the body, which are found in a variety of vegetables such as garlic, onions, chives and leeks. There are a number of heal...
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Quinone outside inhibitor fungicide resistance: selection patterns and the current situation
This chapter focuses on Qol fungicide resistance, specifically drawing attention to selection patterns and the current situation of Qol resistance. The chapter begins by describing the history of resistance and resistance mechanisms, then goes on to provide three case studies to describe differen...
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Assessing climate change impacts on pollinators
Anthropogenic climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing biodiversity presently and into the future. Climate change, through increasing temperatures, and extreme events including droughts and fires, can be predicted to impact pollinators through a number of mechanisms, including alte...
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Assessing and reducing the environmental impact of tea cultivation
Tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world. Consequently it has become an important plantation crop in many countries. As a perennial crop occupying a large proportion of arable land, assessing its environmental impact would benefit the economy of tea growing countries immensely. This ...
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Advances in understanding the ecology of citrus insect pests
Citrus is one of the oldest and most important perennial fruit crops of the world and has been a crucial cultivar in the development of technology to manage insect pests. Some of the leading breakthroughs include classical biological control, early fumigation practices, establishment of plant qua...
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The role of grasslands in biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity conservation
Grasslands have a multifunctional role in producing forage for animal production systems while providing a wide array of ecosystem services, including the regulation of biogeochemical cycles and the maintenance of biodiversity which are of utmost importance for agriculture and society as a whole....
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The palm oil governance complex: progress, problems and gaps
Oil palm expansion has delivered economic development in host countries, including indirect benefits for local infrastructure development and rural poverty reduction, and multiplier effects for the national economies. However, its development has often come at the cost of basic rights and of biod...
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Ensuring the genetic diversity of sorghum
Sorghum is a staple food crop for millions of the poorest and most food-insecure people in the semi-arid tropics, and ensuring its diversity and conservation is therefore important for global food and nutritional security. This chapter discusses the taxonomy of sorghum, in situ and ex situ germpl...
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Integrated weed management in wheat cultivation
Weed management in wheat cultivation is dominated by one control method – use of herbicides. Their overuse has led to weed resistance to herbicides and the need for alternative weed control strategies that will preserve herbicide efficacy as well as agricultural and environmental sustainability. ...
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Oishii farm: gaining the leading edge in the plant factory business and looking ahead
The age of indoor vertical farming is inevitable as changes in global climate threaten traditional agriculture. Through the integration of new technologies and innovations, whoever establishes themselves as the leader of this rising industry will change the face of agriculture across the globe. A...
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Eco-functional intensification of organic farming
Organic farming aims to increase productivity while maintaining a positive impact on biodiversity and using minimal resources. An urgent question of global importance is how organic agricultural systems can be improved with regard to the various functions of producing food, saving biodiversity an...
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Instant insights: carbon monitoring and management in forests
This book discusses the utilisation of tropical and temperate forests as tools for monitoring and managing carbon. The book also considers how agroforestry systems can be utilised to improve soil fertility, food security and land restoration.
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Advanced technologies to accelerate sorghum breeding
Sorghum is a critically important crop, yet advanced technologies for its improvement have lagged behind other crops like rice and maize. This chapter first summarizes some of the current technologies beyond conventional breeding methods that can be utilized for crop improvement in sorghum. Some ...
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Organic potato cultivation
Organic potato cultivation requires a whole system perspective, with particular focus on rotation design. Producing organic potatoes relies strongly on indirect, preventive and long-term strategic measures for both plant nutrition and plant protection. This chapter examines all aspects of the pro...
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Integrated crop-livestock systems with agroforestry to improve organic animal farming
The International Federation of Organic Movements (IFOAM) has established four fundamental principles which underpin organic farming. One way of achieving these principles is the use of integrated crop-livestock systems, which is very common for well-balanced organic systems with animals. This ch...
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Advances in breeding of dairy cattle
Dairy cattle breeding faces challenges such as reduced genetic diversity and the improvement of production over functional traits. This collection reviews the latest research on genetics, genetic diversity and advanced methods of genetic evaluation and selection.
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Advances in marker-assisted breeding of apples
Breeding and selecting new improved cultivars by exploiting natural genetic diversity is an essential route forward in ensuring sustained and sustainable apple production. There can be no doubt that breeders have an expanding set of tools at their disposal to achieve these goals with the advent o...
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Transitioning monocultures to complex forest stands in central europe: principles and practice
The high expectations placed on forests in Europe require an integrative approach to forest management. Heterogeneous mixed-species stands are of special interest as they fulfil many ecosystem services better than monocultures, and consequently homogenous forest stands are now often transformed i...
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Monitoring airborne movement of crop insect pests and beneficials
This chapter explores monitoring airborne movement of crop insect pests and beneficials. The chapter begins by highlighting the importance of trapping methods when it comes to monitoring specimens. This is then followed by a review of the visual observation of insects and a discussion of various ...
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Sustainable management of tropical plantation forests
Global forest plantation areas increased from 17.8 million hectares in 1980 to 278.0 million hectares in 2015, an increase of about 1,462.0% within 35 years. The tropical region recorded the highest increase of 8.17% between 2010 and 2015. Forest plantations contribute significantly in meeting th...
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Assessing alternative fiber sources from by-products
Feeding plant-based by-products to dairy cattle has become so commonplace for some of the ingredients that they are no longer thought of as secondary products from food processing. These feed ingredients allow for more economical approaches for meeting the nutritional needs of dairy cattle and co...
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Insect pest and disease management practices and benefits in conservation agriculture systems: a case of push–pull practice
This chapter reviews the dissemination, adoption and benefits of the push-pull cropping system in Conservation Agriculture (CA), an innovation that was developed and promoted by the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) and partners with a view to addressing some of the bi...
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Diseases affecting coffee: an overview
Among the various diseases of coffee, leaf rust, black rot, anthracnose, root diseases and nursery diseases are of particular importance, causing considerable damage every year in most coffee regions. Control measures are based on integrated disease management (IDM) techniques which include growi...
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Advances in understanding the biology and epidemiology of barley yellow dwarf virus (bydv)
A tri-trophic network of domesticated grasses (host), various aphids (vector) and barley yellow dwarf virus (pathogen) species has been spread by humans from Eurasia to the rest of the world. Understanding how climate, natural and agricultural landscapes challenge pathogens, vectors, and their na...
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Developing drought-resistant cereals
This collection explores the challenge of achieving improved drought tolerance in key cereal crops such as wheat and barley and reviews key research and strategies which address how to overcome this challenge in order to mitigate the effects of climate change on cereal production.
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Assessing poultry semen quality
This overview briefly examines some of the semen evaluation techniques and fertility determination procedures used currently on breeder farms. The later procedures were included as both provide rapid feedback on flock fertility, the best indicator of semen quality. To better understand both the r...
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An overview of tropical forest formations
The type of forest encountered on any specific site on the planet is the result of the interaction between abiotic factors and the living organisms that together make up the ecosystem. This interaction is then further complicated by a range of influences that may be human, biological such as poll...
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Instant insights: soil health indicators
This collection features four peer-reviewed literature reviews on soil health indicators.
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Muscle fibre types and beef quality
The quality of bovine meat is related to the composition of the source muscles. Bovine skeletal muscle is mainly composed of three types of muscle fibres that are found in varying proportions in different muscles. The proportion of these different fibre types varies with biological and environmen...
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Advances in genetic modification of cassava
Until recently, hybridization was used to breed new varieties of the common tropical and subtropical crop cassava, but changes in global climate, food security and industrialization have accelerated the breeding of new cassava varieties with increased nutrition, high stress resistance and starch ...
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Improving application systems for bioprotectants in integrated pest management (ipm) programmes in horticulture
The fundamental principles of good application are the same whether a biopesticide or chemical pesticide is being used. However, there is a view that biopesticides are more sensitive to application. A good application technique should result in the minimum amount of biopesticide being used, which...
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Progress in understanding fungal diseases affecting sugarcane: rusts
Rust fungi (Uredinales or Pucciniales) are a globally distributed order of obligate parasitic fungi occurring on vascular plants. The typical symptom is a ‘rust-coloured’ (often orange or yellow) pustule on a plant leaf. Economically, rust fungi cause enormous crop losses, including in sugarcane....
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Bioactive components in cow’s milk
Milk contains many bioactive compounds with health benefits beyond simple nutrition. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of bioactives in milk and research on their nutraceutical properties. These include bioactive proteins such as caseins, whey proteins such as α-lactalbumin and β-lacto...
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Advances in understanding protein requirements and utilization in dairy cattle
Advancements are discussed for predicting and optimizing microbial protein as a function of rumen-degraded carbohydrates and correcting for amino acids (AA) in true protein. Intestinal digestibility of rumen-undegraded protein (RUP) is being evaluated primarily using in vitro approaches in field ...
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Advances and challenges in sustainable raspberry/blackberry cultivation
Rubus crops are important for human health and for employment in rural communities. As demand for these berry crops increases at a time of changing climate and consumer awareness of real and/or perceived risks associated with traditional growing practices including inputs, new breeding strategies...
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Advances in soil management for successful establishment and maintenance of turfgrass
Soil properties influence how turfgrass will look, function and perform. In this chapter, we explore our current understanding of soil physical, chemical, and biological properties relevant to turfgrass management and identify areas for future study. Recent advances in our understanding of physic...
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Advances in the use of entomopathogenic bacteria/microbial control agents (mcas) as biopesticides in suppressing crop insect pests
Biopesticides based on entomopathogenic bacteria are the most economically successful microbial pesticides and an effective and safe alternative to increase sustainability of agricultural crop production. Hallmarks of bacterial biopesticides include potent and highly specific insecticidal activit...
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Site-directed genome modification
The principle of customized endonuclease-triggered genome modification offers unprecedented opportunities for the elucidation of gene functions and the improvement of crop plant performance. The advantage of this technology lies in the possibility of defining the genomic site where a modification...
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The use of molecular genetic information in genetic improvement programmes for pigs
Genetic improvement of pigs has been achieved by selection of individuals for breeding based on estimated breeding values (EBV), derived using phenotypes for important traits. Ideally, phenotypes on the individual itself and its relatives are utilized in order to obtain the most accurate estimate...
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Understanding plant-pathogen interactions in net blotch infection of cereals
An economically important disease of barley that causes significant yield and quality losses is net blotch caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Pyrenophora teres. To reduce the impact of net blotch the research community is engaging in basic and applied research to enhance genetic resistanc...
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Diseases affecting tea plants
Tea plantations are attacked by a number of pathogens which reduce yields and shorten the lifespan of tea bushes. This chapter reviews major diseases which pose a threat to tea production. It considers recent advances in disease diagnosis, understanding of host-pathogen interactions and managemen...
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Sensory evaluation of cow’s milk
Despite advances in dairy technology, milk is still a highly perishable product with a limited shelf life. Mistakes in milk handling between cow and consumer can lead to milk quality defects and shorter shelf life. Understanding where such mistakes can occur, how to recognize off-flavors, and how...
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Instant insights: alternative sources of protein for poultry
This book provides a comprehensive overview on the range of alternative sources of protein for poultry, including algae, insect meal and corn fermented protein.
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Sustainable rice cultivation in coastal saline soils: a case study
This chapter describes the development of stress-tolerant rice varieties and management practices for their cultivation. The chapter offers a detailed account of sustainable rice cultivation practices including leaching of salts from the root zone, nutrient management for saline/acid saline soils...
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Advances in techniques for health monitoring/disease detection in dairy cattle
Livestock production has been characterized by the intensification and specialization of production leading to larger farms and, hence, to fewer farmers per animal. Thus, the animal-to-stockman ratio is increasing and the available time for monitoring an individual animal is reducing. In the same...
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Detecting and preventing chemical residues in pig meat
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) new animal drug approval process evaluates veterinary drugs intended for use in food-producing animals for safety and effectiveness. As part of the human food safety evaluation, new animal drugs are evaluated for microbial food safety, toxicology and res...
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Advances in lettuce cultivation
Modern lettuce production systems are dominated by the need to produce a high-quality product cost-effectively. However, environmental and human health considerations are increasingly important with regard to the use of water, fertilizer and pesticides and are driving particular developments in t...
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Developing varieties of arabica coffee
About 60% of the annual world coffee production is harvested from Arabica (Coffea arabica) coffee, with the remainder harvested from Robusta (C. canephora) coffee. The former is superior in beverage quality, but more expensive to cultivate. The demand for quality coffees is steadily increasing, b...
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Improving dairy herd health
This volume reviews advances in on-farm herd health management to prevent and limit disease amongst dairy cattle. It surveys advances in disease epidemiology and monitoring, ways of optimising cattle immune function as well as enhancing health at different stages in the life cycle.
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Closed-loop precision farming technologies to optimize resource use
Agriculture continues to play an integral role in the growth of the economy of any country, not only as a means of livelihood for the population but also as their main source of food. Therefore, identifying strategies that can promote the productivity of agriculture is a key priority as it enhanc...
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Control of infectious diseases in dairy cattle
This chapter describes the developments to control infectious diseases in the dairy cattle industry, and outlines recent research in this area. A risk analysis approach is presented as a framework for managing infectious diseases at global and farm level. Disease hazards, and the release and expo...
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Instant insights: regulatory frameworks for new agricultural products and technologies
This book provides a unique overview of the legal and regulatory challenges facing the development and commercialisation of new agricultural products and technologies, including cultured meat, genome editing, bioprotectants, biopesticides and novel animal feed ingredients.
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Development of rice varieties with improved iron content in grain
Iron deficiency constitutes one of the most prevalent forms of micronutrient deficiencies affecting human health. Biofortification of food crops is suggested as a suitable approach to address iron deficiency in a sustainable and cost-effective manner. Rice, a staple food for over half of the worl...
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Integrated disease management of wheat and barley
Diseases remain a serious problem in cereal cultivation. The first parts of the book review current research on fungal diseases of cereals and the challenge of fungicide resistance. The book then discusses breeding resistant varieties and methods for integrated disease management of cereals.
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Management of diseases on banana fruit in the field
This chapter outlines the management of bacterial and fungal diseases on banana fruit from a practical and real-life banana farmers perspective and can be used as a guide to identifying diseases occurring on banana fruit. Different options for control and prevention are outlined and discussed fro...
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Improved energy and water management to minimize the environmental impact of dairy farming
As demand for animal products such as milk increases, the livestock sector places increasing demands on already scarce resources such as land, water and fossil fuels, while also contributing to environmental problems such as climate change. In this chapter, we consider how dairy farms can manage ...
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Modelling the environmental impacts of agriculture, focusing on oil palm
Cultivation of crops affects the environment via flows of energy and materials. Impacts are felt in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, surrounding terrestrial ecosystems and the field itself. Models are useful tools for improving our understanding of the processes and predicting how they might be affec...
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Instant insights: rust diseases of cereals
This collection provides a comprehensive overview of the range of rust pathogens affecting cereal production, focussing on wheat, barley and sorghum production. Chapters discuss the epidemiology of key rust pathogens, as well as the current challenges faced by farmers wishing to control cereal ru...
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The use of gene editing techniques in dairy cattle breeding
As the global population increases and incomes rise, global demand for dairy products is predicted to grow rapidly. The dairy industry will need to produce more product with fewer resources in the face of an ever-changing climate. Gene editing could complement existing technologies to increase pr...
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Host–pathogen interactions and genetic tools for resistance to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) is responsible for serious losses to the global pig industry and is emblematic of the modern infection disease problem. Respiratory disease caused by PRRSV is the result of a complex interaction of the virus with lung macrophages. PRRSV is unique...
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Chemical composition of soils: role in soil health
Integrated nutrient management systems that use a holistic approach, using inorganic fertilizers as well as management practices aimed to increase soil organic matter, are needed to improve soil health. Management practices need to take into account differences in soil properties, climate and ava...
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Key issues in the regulation of microbial bioprotectants in the european union: challenges and solutions to achieve more sustainable crop protection
Microbial bioprotectants, like chemical pesticides, are required to pass a risk assessment and risk management procedure prior to use in plant protection, which in many countries is an obstacle for market access, in particular, the European Union. Administrative issues and data requirements, adap...
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Egg washing to ensure product safety
The structure of eggs poses specific problems for washing, especially in large commercial operations. However, washing is a valuable process, both to make eggs look clean and to reduce the bacterial load on the shell. This chapter reviews those properties of eggs that are relevant to the washing ...
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Seed dormancy and germination: a critical update
Seeds are the prime source of food in the world, not only from a nutritional point of view but also as the basis of crop production. A key requirement for farmers is vigorous and fast-germinating seed to guarantee a uniform crop of high yield. This is quite opposite to the natural behaviour of se...
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Insect pests affecting coffee: understanding agroecosystems and alternative methods of control
This chapter reviews some of the most important insect pests affecting coffee plantations worldwide. In each case the chapter discusses the damage they cause, insect biology and ecology, and how this understanding can be used to develop alternative more environmentally-friendly and sustainable me...
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Developing cultured meat as a food product
This chapter examines developing cultured meat as a food product. It first focuses on the importance of meat structure when considering the development of cultured meat products, which is then followed by an analysis of appearance and consumer attitudes. The chapter also reviews the importance of...
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Towards improving the salt tolerance of soybean
The growth and production of soybean, an important cash crop, are severely restricted by salt stress. Salt-tolerant soybean varieties can contribute to sustainable soybean production. This chapter describes different approaches to developing salt tolerance in soybean, including a study of germpla...
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Progress in understanding viruses affecting sugarcane
There are currently around ten diseases of sugarcane known to be caused by viruses. In recent years our understanding of these diseases has greatly benefited from access to low-cost sequencing technologies which have revolutionized virus discovery, improved our understanding of genetic variation ...
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Advances in greenhouses and other protected structures used for cultivation of vegetables
Research work conducted during recent years (e.g. structure design, covering, climate control, energy use efficiency, water and nutrient management, supplemental lighting, new cultivars) has revolutionized greenhouse vegetable production. This chapter reviews the current situation of such protect...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of rice volume 2
Volume 2 reviews ways of improving cultivation of rice, from planting to soil management, nutrition and irrigation as well as techniques such as integrated crop management. It also discusses key pests and diseases and methods for their control in making cultivation more productive and sustainable.
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Sorghum diseases and their management in cultivation: seedling, seed, panicle and foliar diseases
As sorghum continues to grow in significance in large parts of the world, attention is given to the many different types of disease that can affect this crop, and how they might be successfully avoided or managed. All physical structures and tissues of the sorghum plant may become diseased with o...
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Optimising the use of barley as an animal feed
Barley is a highly significant feed grain, especially in colder regions where other feed grain crops such as wheat, sorghum and corn cannot easily grow. It is used to feed ruminant and non-ruminant species. Despite 80% of the worlds barley being used as feed, most of the emphasis on breeding an...
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Climate change and tropical forests
Climate change is a major global challenge. In recent decades, tropical forests have contributed to greenhouse gas emissions due to deforestation and forest degradation, but intact and recovering forests are taking up carbon and the contribution of tropical forests to the global carbon cycle is c...
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Factoring biodiversity into the agri-food sector: international best practices and experiences from south africa
The importance of sustainable agriculture cannot be understated. Responsible farming practices which address the growing demand for food with social and environmental imperatives are essential for the long-term viability of organisations in the agri-sector and, at the national and international l...
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Modelling climate change impacts on agricultural systems
This collection summarises the wealth of research on ways to improve models predicting the impact of climate change on agricultural systems, as well as their application to understanding impacts in particular regions.
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Designing and formulating microbial and non-microbial biostimulants
This chapter provides the first overview of the optimal design and formulation of microbial and non-microbial biostimulants. The production steps for a plant biostimulant are first presented and discussed, and then two successful case studies of plant biostimulant development are reported in deta...
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The economics of groundwater development and governance
The last century has seen a dramatic increase in the demand for groundwater, first as a source of drinking water, and more recently for agricultural use in arid and semi-arid regions. This sudden surge in demand can be explained by several attractive properties of this resource: it is free, avail...
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Advances in fertigation techniques to optimize crop nutrition
Improving fertilizer application involves the ‘4Rs’: applying the right fertilizer source at the right rate, time and place. This chapter reviews the latest research on the ways fertigation can meet these objectives. Topics discussed include nutrient consumption curves and supply, optimizing irri...
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Ruminal protein breakdown and ammonia assimilation
Ruminal nitrogen (N) metabolism has long been associated with adequate degradation of fiber, feed intake, and productivity by ruminants. To reduce environmental impact, minimizing N waste per N intake oversimplifies the issue. Instead, animal product per unit of dietary N should be optimized, thu...
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Advances and challenges in monitoring insect pests of major field crops in the united states
This chapter will review current insect pest monitoring systems for native and invasive pest species of corn, soybean, and cotton in the U.S. We present case studies of European corn borer, corn earworm, western bean cutworm, and corn rootworm as pests of corn; soybean aphid, stink bugs, and Japa...
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Factors affecting sheep carcass characteristics
This chapter describes the characteristics of a sheep’s carcass and explains the principles of carcass composition (the weight or proportion of muscle, fat and bone in the carcass). Understanding carcass characteristics and finding techniques for altering the characteristics are important for max...
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Factors affecting the reproductive efficiency of boars
Efficient artificial insemination (AI) is essential for future challenges in the pig industry. Core business for AI companies worldwide is diluting semen from high fertile breeding boars, and by that inseminating many sows. Efficient use of AI boars with high genetic merit is important to maximis...
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Maintaining soil health in oil palm cultivation
Many existing oil palm plantations were set up after clearing equatorial and tropical rainforests. In tropical forests, the topsoil is where the fertility lies due to its physico-chemical properties, developed through an accumulation of organic matter and intense biological activity. In the first...
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