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Enhancing the flavour of poultry meat
Understanding the chemistry of poultry meat flavour and factors affecting poultry meat flavour is vital in order to produce the most flavourful and consistent product possible by preserving and/or enhancing the flavour of poultry meat. This chapter describes different mechanisms and chemical comp...
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Advances in understanding plant root responses to root-feeding insects
This chapter presents an overview of the interactions between plant roots and root-feeding insect herbivores, focussing on changes in growth and physiology and crucially how roots are defended against insect attack. Several reviews have covered the ecology and management of insect root herbivores...
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Developing animal feed products
This volume reviews key research and the challenges faced in developing new livestock feed products that promote growth whilst also enhancing both product quality and safety. This collection also summarises recent key developments in the sector, including a better understanding of gut function an...
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The role of pasture in the diet of ruminant livestock
Grazed pasture is the single most important forage feed for ruminants due to its low unit cost and widespread global availability. However, there is a growing use of arable crops in ruminant rations, which may exceed that used by humans by 2050. This chapter describes the ways in which grazed pa...
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Welfare issues affecting free-range laying hens
Free-range laying hen production systems involve providing flocks of hens with the chance to use minimally controlled outdoor areas, rather than keeping them in intensive, environmentally controlled, indoor housing. Such systems are considered more natural and ethical. However, highly productive ...
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Advances in testing seed health
Many different plant pathogens can be seed transmitted. In a world of global trade seeds infected with different plant pests are a potential risk. Seed health testing is important to prevent the spread of diseases. For the detection of these seed transmitted pests many methods are available e.g. ...
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Life cycle assessment and carbon footprint of banana cultivation
This chapter presents concepts and tools around the life cycle assessment (LCA) and carbon footprint (CFP) of the banana value chain. Bananas are the world’s most exported fresh fruit in volume and value and a key crop for millions of households in developing countries providing food, nutrition a...
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Breeding barley for durable resistance to net and spot forms of net blotch
This chapter focuses on breeding barley for durable resistance to net and spot forms of net blotch. It starts by reviewing how Pyrenophora teres f. teres can cause net form net blotch. The chapter then goes on to examine the molecular markers that can be identified to provide resistances to net f...
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Quality defects associated with poultry muscle development: pale, soft and exudative meat
Pale, soft and exudative (PSE) describes a meat quality defect resulting from an extremely rapid pH drop while the temperature of the carcass is still high. First identified in pigs, the condition has also been observed in turkeys and broilers. Despite the progress in the understanding of the und...
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Insect pests affecting cacao
Pests have a major impact on cacao production: estimates of losses due to pest and disease range from 30% to 40%. The use of chemical inputs, for example, pesticides and fertilizers, for pest and disease control and production enhancement, respectively, can have numerous negative impacts on the ...
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Assessing alternative protein sources from by-products
This chapter examines the most commonly used protein-based by-product feeds in dairy cattle diets. The chapter focuses on 1) protein quality of by-products; 2) characteristics of grain-sourced by-products; 3) characteristics of oilseed by-products; 4) rendered by-products; 5) environmental impact...
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Advances in detecting tree nut allergens
Food allergy remains a major problem affecting consumers. Together with peanut, tree nuts belong to a small group of allergens responsible for the great majority of food allergies. This chapter begins by providing an overview of tree nut allergies and their prevalence. It then discusses allergeni...
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Fast pyrolysis for biofuel production
Pyrolysis is a thermal depolymerization and fragmentation process carried out at moderate temperatures in the absence of oxygen and with a wide range of reaction residence times. It can convert a wide range of solid materials, ranging from woody biomass and algae to waste plastics, into complex m...
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The contribution of environmental enrichment to sustainable poultry production
Environmental enrichment comprises stimuli added to the poultry housing environment to enhance the biological adaptation of the birds and improve their welfare. By promoting species-typical behaviour, it has the potential to reduce the risk of harmful behaviours and health conditions, and to guid...
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Assessing soil health by measuring fauna
This chapter provides examples of the impact of soil fauna on soil health within different ecosystems and how the soil habitat changes in relation to this biodiversity. It focuses specifically on mesofauna in agriculture, grasslands, woodlands and as bioindicators, before concluding with an overv...
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Methods for detecting pathogens in the beef food chain: detecting particular pathogens
The main food-borne pathogens of concern in the beef food chain are Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Salmonella; other pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter spp. may also be present. These pathogens pose contamination concerns in both the cattle productio...
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Developments in inorganic materials, synthetic organic materials and peat in soilless culture systems
Soilless substrates utilised in traditional hydroponics are often inorganic or synthetic materials, as opposed to organic substrate components utilised in other forms of soilless culture. As growers seek more precision production applications, more operations are shifting to soilless culture prod...
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Chemical contaminants in foods
This book reviews and synthesises the wide range of recent research which is redefining how best to assess health risks from chemical contaminants in food to improve safety.
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Beef carcass grading and classification
This chapter reviews the three main beef carcass grading or classification systems used across three continents. These are used for a large proportion of beef production and processing in the world. One is the ‘EUROP’ system for EU countries, another is the USDA Beef Carcass Grading system in the...
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Instant Insights: Managing arthropod pests in cereals
This collection provides a detailed overview of the management strategies available for controlling arthropod pests in cereals, focussing primarily on pests affecting wheat and corn/maize production. Chapters explore the use of insect monitoring technologies as a means of managing future infestat...
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Achieving carbon-negative bioenergy systems from plant materials
This collection reviews advances in producing next-generation biofuels from plant materials. Part 1 discusses technologies such as biomass gasification, fast pyrolysis and torrefaction. Part 2 assesses advances in production of biofuels from crops such as jatropha, oilseeds, Miscanthus, switchgra...
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Pastoralism and organic animal farming: are they complementary?
A general absence of reliance on purchased inputs as well as a focus on natural pastures and free-ranging animals prompts comparison between pastoralism and organic farming. Pastoralism frequently occurs in the marginal lands that can be found where humans and herds of domesticated animals living...
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Sweetpotato genetic resources: today and tomorrow
The sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) is the sixth most important food crop on a global scale. While China accounts for about 80% of global production, Nigeria, Uganda, Indonesia and Tanzania are also large producers of sweetpotato. The chapter examines the origin and dispersal of sweetpota...
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Advances in understanding root development in forest trees
In forest ecosystems, root systems represent up to 40% of the biomass, and around 75% of the annual net primary production is allocated to the fine root component (roots with a diameter of less than 2 mm). Fine roots are involved in nutrition, whereas coarse roots (more than 2 mm in diameter) con...
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Genetic improvement of sugarcane by transgenic, intragenic and genome editing technologies
The grand social, economic and environmental challenges of the twenty-first century are demanding the acceleration of the genetic improvement of sugarcane to sustainably produce sugar and biofuel and to support the emerging bio-based economy. This chapter focuses on the contributions and future p...
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Advances in carrot breeding
The carrot (Daucus carota L.) is an important temperate root crop that has undergone many years of breeding. This chapter first provides a background to the origin of this species, going on to describe the main types of cultivars. The large number of wild relatives of carrot are also discussed. S...
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The response of forest trees to abiotic stress
Trees, as long-living organisms, have to face varying growing conditions during their lifetime. This chapter introduces abiotic stress in trees, considering its interaction with biotic stress and examining the links between environmental dynamics and changes in stress. This chapter addresses the ...
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Developing new cassava varieties: tools, techniques and strategies
The significance of cassava as a crop in tropical countries means that developing improved varieties is key to the sustainability of cassava production. This chapter examines how understanding the utilization of cassava can inform breeding objectives for developing improved varieties of cassava. ...
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Smart farms
This collection reviews recent advances in processing and analysing data to provide actionable outcomes for farmers to be able to achieve a more sustainable agriculture and reduce the sector’s contribution to climate change.
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Improving production and utilization of sorghum in Asia
Sorghum was once a major crop in dry regions. However, its production area has decreased drastically, especially in Asia. In order to revitalize sorghum production, we must reorient sorghum research in the contexts of present and future demands, and resolve specific production constraints, thereb...
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Development of dairy breeding programmes
Genomic selection has revolutionized dairy cattle breeding programs. Young bulls can be selected at a young age without progeny testing at a much lower cost than previously. This reduction in generation interval makes it possible to double genetic trend. This chapter explains the context of dairy...
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The rumen as a modulator of immune function in cattle
The rumen and its microbiome play essential roles in supplying key nutrients, such as energy, protein, minerals and vitamins, to the host and also shapes the cow’s immune system. Rumen health disorders, such as subacute ruminal acidosis, cause ruminal dysbiosis provoking epithelial barrier dysfun...
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Genetics and genomics of feed utilization efficiency in poultry species
Feed utilization efficiency is a trait of high economic importance in livestock production. In poultry meat and egg production, feed accounts for over 70% of the total production costs. Consequently, improving feed utilization efficiency has been a major goal in the poultry industry. The efficie...
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A conceptual approach to the mathematical modelling of microbial functionality in the rumen
This chapter discusses the concepts and the approaches taken with the quantification or mathematical modelling of rumen microbiota. The consequences from the perspective of mathematical modelling of microbial functionality at the whole rumen level are discussed as it is thought that models need t...
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Mango cultivation practices for the subtropics
Mango is well adapted to hot, tropical climates. However, it can also be grown in the mild subtropics, where cooler winter temperatures improve flower induction and cause early bearing and lower annual growth rates, which help to control size and favour high-density plantings. There are also disa...
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Biological weed control in temperate grasslands
This chapter provides a critical review of international research on biological weed control as it applies to weeds of temperate grasslands. The chapter outlines the ways in which ‘classical’ biocontrol agents, due to their natural ability to spread and find their host plant, are appropriate for ...
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Women and smallholder farming
This book highlights the day-to-day challenges faced by women smallholders in regions such as Africa, Asia and South America, whilst also considering how key stakeholders across the agri-food supply chain can support, empower and sufficiently compensate women smallholder farmers for their contrib...
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Certification schemes for Conservation Agriculture systems
For many centuries, soil health or soil quality has been defined as the capacity of soil to function as a vital living ecosystem for sustaining plants, animals, and humans; being the base of life. Hence, the concept of a correct soil management as an essential tool to keep soils sustainable for f...
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Wheat pests: insects, mites, and prospects for the future
Wheat pests are the subject of this chapter and the previous one. There are four major taxa of wheat pests. Rodents and nematodes were discussed in the previous chapter. Insects and mites are discussed in this chapter. Case studies are presented for eight species: Hessian fly, orange wheat blosso...
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Advances in managing wireworms in cereal crops: challenges and future directions
Wireworms are the immature stage of click beetle (Coleoptera: Elateridae) species. Several species of wireworms are considered serious pests of agricultural crops, including small grains. Limited information with respect to objective species- and crop-specific economic injury levels, effective in...
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Bacterial soft rot of banana
Bacterial soft rots of banana and plantains involve two different diseases caused by related but distinct pathogens: rhizome soft rot or head rot by Pectobacterium carotovorum. subsp. carotovorum and pseudostem wet rot and rhizome rot - in some parts of the world called rhizome necrosis and corm ...
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Silicon as a biostimulant in agriculture
Silicon (Si) is a mineral element that is well known to protect plants against several environmental changes. While the exact mechanism is not known, beneficial responses across a broad range of crops highlight Si’s role in maintaining internal homeostasis. All plants accumulate Si to either macr...
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Advances in the use of barrier coatings and additives in the preservation of fresh horticultural produce
This chapter reviews developments in edible coatings and surface treatments to preserve whole and fresh-cut fruits and vegetables. The chapter reviews the different purposes and properties of coatings and their applications in such areas as maintaining appearance, preventing water loss and decay ...
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The emergence of antibiotic resistance in poultry farms
The use of antibiotics in poultry farming has enhanced production via effectively controlling infectious diseases and promoting growth of birds, allowing the industry to cope with the increasing consumer demands and provide safe and affordable products. However, the use of antibiotics results in ...
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Modelling climate change impacts on agricultural commodity markets
This chapter provides some insights on how climate change can affect agricultural commodity markets in the medium to long term. It includes some methodological aspects on how different quantitative tools, ranging from earth system models to farm-level production decisions, can be combined in the ...
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Targeted improvement of Cavendish clones
Despite hundreds of different domesticated banana cultivars, both consumers and growers prefer the Cavendish subgroup for the export industry. The Cavendish cultivars are triploid and parthenocarpic. But despite the sterility characteristic, Cavendish banana plants portray a diverse range of morp...
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Understanding gut microbiomes as targets for improving pig gut health
This collection summarises current research on the structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract in pigs, the factors that can influence its effectiveness, as well as the nutritional strategies that can improve gut development and optimise gut function.
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Beneficial compounds from coffee leaves
Leaves are the leading source of carbon for plant growth and reproduction, and possess a wide range of protection systems against environmental stress. The leaves of the coffee plant, characterized by a high antioxidant potential, have a significant impact on fruit quality, and identifying marker...
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Welfare assessment of pigs
If the aim of a welfare assessment is to describe the welfare on-farm, not only here and now but for a longer time period, then the measures to be used have to be chosen with this in mind. It is by choosing relevant but common indicators that the assessment is representative of the farm over time...
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Advances in dairy cattle breeding to improve resistance to claw disorders/lameness
Foot and claw disorders are, along with reproductive and udder health problems, major reasons for involuntary culling in dairy cattle. Culling due to lameness accounts for 8-15% of all culls. This chapter describes the key factors needed to achieve genetic improvement of claw health and discusses...
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The sustainability and ‘carbon footprints’ of conventional and alternative beef production systems
The beef industry faces a significant challenge in producing sufficient food to supply the requirements of the growing population, while maintaining a culture of continuous improvement and reducing environmental impacts per unit of beef produced. Since the late 1970’s, the US beef industry made s...
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Mycotoxins in cocoa: causes, detection and control
Mycotoxins are produced as secondary metabolites by various species of filamentous fungi, and may affect many agricultural crops and products. The potential health risks associated with these chemical compounds mean that significant attention has been given to their detection and control. However...
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Developing corn hybrids with improved performance under water deficits
This chapter reviews the key stages in corn plant development when water deficits can most impact on productivity. It reviews progress made in genotyping and phenotyping that enable selection for improved productivity in water-limited growing conditions. Technical approaches to experimental desig...
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Understanding and improving crop root function
Part 1 in this collection reviews recent research on understanding root system architecture and growth together key interactions in the rhizosphere. Parts 2 and 3 assess how roots respond to biotic and abiotic stresses whilst Part 4 explores how this understanding can be used to optimise root fun...
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How pathogens develop resistance to fungicides: an overview
This chapter examines how pathogens develop resistance to fungicides, it first reviews the ways to detect and measure resistance. It then moves on to examine mechanisms of resistance, such as target site mutation and oppression and multi-drug resistance. The chapter also reviews the evolution of ...
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Landscape genomics: application in poultry breeding
Landscape genomics has become an important tool to study the neutral genetic structure of populations and to identify loci and genomic regions under natural or artificial selection. The understanding of the actions of selection on the genome and their association with specific environmental and l...
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Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in wheat
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have become a very popular method for dissecting the genetic basis of complex traits in plants, including wheat. The benefits of GWAS are a relatively detailed mapping resolution and that no population development is required. The surge of interest in GWAS h...
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Genetic and genomic dairy cattle evaluations in developing countries
Genetic improvement programmes have delivered huge economic returns in developed countries. Supporting these successful genetic improvements are efficient genetic evaluation systems (GES) for the accurate evaluation of animals on which selection is based. Thus, GES is not only an integral and imp...
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Factors affecting fat content and distribution of fat in cattle and carcasses
Beef cattle are highly efficient at depositing fat, and they deposit fats in a specific order: first abdominal, then seam (intermuscular), then subcutaneous and finally marbling (intramuscular, interfascicular) fat. The development and composition of these fat deposits are influenced by the diet ...
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The development of crop root architecture and optimization of nutrition acquisition: the case of rice
Plant root system architecture (RSA), the spatial configuration of a root system in the soil, is critical for water and nutrient acquisition. Rice generates a root system consisting of seminal, lateral, and crown/adventitious roots, whose growth and development are regulated by plant hormones and...
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Improving the welfare of ewes
Ewes are often grazed in large flocks in extensive pastoral production systems, and it is relatively uncommon for ewes to be individually identified or tallied. Given the relatively low economic value of adult ewes, health or production problems may go unnoticed for some time. Health problems aff...
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Instant Insights: Mycotoxin detection and control
This collection features five peer-reviewed literature reviews on mycotoxin control in agriculture.
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Improving fault detection and isolation in agricultural robotics
The robotization of agricultural tasks is booming globally, made possible thanks to the development of robotic platforms equipped with agricultural tools. These technological tools (sensors, effectors, etc.) can cause faults which compromise productivity. This chapter presents a review of state o...
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Understanding crop responses to controlled climates in greenhouses
Understanding plant responses to environmental factors is crucial in controlled environment crop production. This chapter summarizes current understanding of interactions of key aerial environmental factors affecting plant growth and their strategic applications to improve the productivity, profi...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of wheat Volume 1
This book reviews advances in breeding techniques as well as their application to produce drought-resistant and other improved varieties. It also discusses wheat nutritional quality. Finally it reviews developments such as disease-resistant varieties and other techniques to combat pests and disea...
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The use of nutrigenomics in poultry breeding for sustainable production
Selection for economic phenotypic traits has significantly improved poultry productivity over the past 70 years. However, there have been a number of undesirable changes in the regulation of energy homeostasis, fat deposition (mainly in breeders), increased sensitivity to high environmental tempe...
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Advances in understanding species ecology: phenological and life cycle modeling of insect pests
The modeling of insect phenology has been an important component of IPM decision support systems for several decades. This chapter describes general concepts and methods of the systems approach using applied phenology modeling as an example. The authors outline the steps of model construction fro...
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Supporting smallholder farmers in developing countries to improve postharvest management of staple grains: the role of loss reduction technologies
Smallholder farmers constitute the bulk of staple grain producers in developing countries but there is inadequate support in the postharvest management (PHM) phase of the food supply chain. Several effective PHM technologies have been developed to tackle food grain losses. However, minimum impac...
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Assessing the effects of no-till cultivation practices on soil health
The goal of this chapter is to assess the effect of no-till (NT) practices on soil health. NT is a long-established method for controlling erosion, and has been increasingly recognized as improving soil physical, chemical, and biological health without compromising yield. This chapter explores t...
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Diseases affecting grain legumes and their management
Legume plants are peculiarly susceptible to diseases due to their association with Rhizobium bacteria, their large seeds and stress intolerance. Specific and generalist disease species are well documented, but pathogen virulence evolves rapidly making management a continual challenge. This challe...
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Biodiversity and ecosystem services in tropical forests: recent findings and implications for sustainable forest management (SFM)
Tropical forests are some of the biologically richest areas on Earth. The biodiversity in tropical forests, specifically species and functional groups and the ecological processes resulting from species behaviors and interactions provide important ecosystem services. These ecosystem services are...
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Supporting smallholders in achieving more sustainable cocoa cultivation: the case of West Africa
Sustainability initiatives, including associations, platforms and networks, voluntary sustainability standards, corporate and non-governmental and civil society initiatives, have all been developed as solutions to the multiple, long-running challenges facing cocoa growers and producers. Largely i...
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Advances in energy-efficient lighting and ventilation for food production systems
Estimates are that 15 percent of agricultural production costs are energy related. The best way to lower these costs and cut energy consumption is by becoming energy smart. This chapter highlights energy-efficient lighting, considers potential of novel UV technology, acknowledges ventilation adva...
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Organic fertilizers and biofertilizers
In recent years, both in the European Union and in the world, there has been intense development of organic agriculture, whose aim is to produce high-quality crops and healthy food while maintaining the biological balance of agroecosystems. An alternative to chemical fertilizers are products of n...
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Understanding the banana industry: monoculture and beyond
The dominance of monoculture in banana cultivation has produced numerous agricultural, social and political problems. This chapter examines the way in which monoculture has affected the banana industry. It outlines the available banana varieties and the dominant Cavendish monoculture, looking at ...
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Supporting smallholders in organic crop cultivation: the case of East Africa
The value chains of several vegetables and other crops in Eastern Africa are growing in volume and value and are potentially making an impact on the livelihood of the involved producers, processers, transporters, retailers and sales-sites. This chapter reports the outcomes of selected ProGrOV cas...
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Mapping and exploiting the citrus genome
The citrus gene pool displays a huge diversity for useful traits such as fruit quality, resistance to diseases and abiotic stress adaptation. Efficient exploitation of this germplasm by conventional citrus breeding requires the developments of early selection methods, particularly the one based o...
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Nematodes in banana
Banana production is threatened by nematodes that parasitize the root system. The damage that nematodes inflict when feeding destroys the banana’s root system, limiting nutrient and water uptake, and reducing the efficiency of the root system to anchor the plant, resulting in toppling, especially...
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Organic mango production: a review
In recent years the demand for organic mango, along with the health concerns of consumers, has increased. Few technologies are currently available to support organic mango production systems in the main mango-growing regions. This chapter explains current technologies for field sustainable and or...
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Soil and soil health: an overview
Soil health is an urgent concern because of the need to manage soil resources better to meet food and other security imperatives. The different meanings of soil ‘quality’ and ‘health’ are explained. Soil health is defined as an integrative property of the biotic and abiotic components of the soil...
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The synergism of biocontrol and plant resistance: a path to advance IPM to higher levels of integration
This chapter reviews the future evolution of integrated pest management (IPM). It identifies the ways modern agriculture has disrupted plant defences and the control of pests by their natural enemies. The chapter discusses ways of restoring and enhancing these controls both through breeding and t...
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Advances in understanding grain legume physiology: stomatal behaviour and response to abiotic stress
Grain legumes can fulfill several roles: they can be an immediate seed crop for consumption or marketing, a means to increase soil fertility as a result of their nutrient-rich residues and a key component of livestock feed. They are therefore likely to have an increasing role in agriculture in bot...
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Collection and evaluation of wild Musa species
The genus Musa includes about 70 species distributed throughout the Asian tropics and subtropics from India, Southern China and Southern Japan in the north to Northern Australia in the south and the islands in the western Pacific Ocean. The haploid chromosome number in the subgenus Musa is 11 whi...
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Instant Insights: Improving the welfare of growing and finishing pigs
This book offers a detailed overview of best practices to improve the welfare of growing and finishing pigs, focussing on elements of nutrition, behaviour, housing, transport and handling.
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Genetic selection for dairy cow welfare and resilience to climate change
Narrow breeding goals focused on milk production traits have been detrimental to the reproductive performance and health of dairy cattle. There is, therefore, a need to develop breeding strategies that balances both production and non-production traits. In this chapter, we discuss the principles ...
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Advances in assembling gRNA/Cas9 constructs in genome editing of plants
This chapter reviews the principles of CRISPR cloning in binary vectors and the different methods and elements employed, including the nucleases alternative to Cas9. It pays special attention to modular cloning strategies and multiplexing tools as well as the engineering of expanded Cas activitie...
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Assessing and minimizing the environmental effects of herbicides
Herbicides are widely used to control weeds; however, they can have other effects on the environment. Herbicides can move from the site of application through spray drift, volatilization from surfaces, surface run-off or leaching to groundwater. This chapter examines the sources and fate of herbi...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of bananas Volume 1
Bananas are the world’s most popular fruit and the fourth most important crop in the developing world after rice, wheat and maize. The volume reviews current production around the world and how developments in cultivation practice can be used to improve yields sustainably.
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Biochemical and physiological determinants of feed efficiency in dairy cattle
The energetic, physiological or metabolic efficiency of an animal depends on various factors, including the ingredients and physical form of the animal’s diet; the bacterial population in their digestive tract; and the interactions between their hormones, receptors, organs and metabolism patterns...
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Understanding soil organic carbon dynamics at larger scales
This chapter focuses on the effects of biotic and abiotic factors controlling soil organic carbon dynamics at continental to global scales. On the side of natural effects, it highlights processes that can control carbon inputs, turnover and stabilization in soils. On the side of anthropogenic eff...
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Advances in Conservation Agriculture Volume 1
By focussing on soil health, Conservation Agriculture (CA) is seen as more sustainable than conventional production. This volume summarises research on key components for successful CA including no-till techniques, soil cover and cropping systems as well as the role of livestock and agroforestry.
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Advances in soil and nutrient management in apple cultivation
This chapter explores the emerging issues that are likely to influence future approaches to soil and nutrient management in apple orchards. These include climate change and variability, the degradation of soil and water resources, and the future availability and cost of fertilizers. We then consi...
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Tissue engineering using scaffolds in cultured meat product development
This chapter focuses on tissue engineering using scaffolds in cultured meat product development. The chapter first provides an overview of the key scaffold properties as 3D meat cultivation platforms, focusing on aspects such as tissue engineering-related criteria and additional scaffold constrai...
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The use of genome editing in poultry breeding
Genome editing technology permits the creation of precise changes to the genome of animal species. These changes can be as small as a single base pair change in a gene or can span several megabases of DNA. Genome editing has a potential role in animal breeding as it permits the rapid and selectiv...
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Integrated weed management in sugarcane cultivation
Weeds reduce sugarcane yield by competing for water, nutrients and light. They may also act as alternative hosts for disease and insect pests and increase production costs and lower land value. Implementation of integrated weed management (IWM) in sugarcane is essential to reduce the negative imp...
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Improving the environmental performance of horticultural production: fruits and vegetables
Horticultural crops (fruits and vegetables) are generally considered to have a relatively low environmental impact compared to other food types, yet there is huge diversity among crops and their impact. For fruit crops, the largest impacts occur at the farm level, most often related to machinery ...
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Practice and benefits of Conservation Agriculture systems
This chapter discusses Conservation Agriculture as a basis for sustainable soil, land and natural resource management and production intensification. It reviews the process of transforming conventional systems into Conservation Agriculture systems and provides an overview of the main practices an...
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Modelling the effects of temperature and photoperiod on soybean reproductive development
It has long been recognized that the development rate and yield of soybean are sensitive to temperature and photoperiod. This chapter considers a range of experimental evidence concerning the precise effects of these factors on soybean reproductive development, and reviews ten diverse methods of ...
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Key challenges in modelling of agricultural activities and their environmental impact
Modelling agricultural activities gives insight into the environmental impact of current practices. Furthermore, modelling allows testing the effect of mitigation strategies or management changes and supports decision making towards environmentally friendlier products. Model quality depends on ac...
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Improving the breeding, cultivation and use of sweetpotato in Africa
Sweetpotato is a low-input crop with significant potential for improving public health and nutrition and developing food security in sub-Saharan Africa. This chapter examines the nutritional contribution made by OFSP (orange-fleshed sweetpotato) in poor rural communities in Malawi, Ghana, Nigeria...
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