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Assessing the sustainability of organic egg production
Organic food production has increased in popularity in the last few decades, although it still remains a small portion of global food production. As questions arise about the sustainability of conventional egg production systems with regard to environmental protection and animal welfare, there ha...
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Developments in surface irrigation techniques
Surface irrigation has long been an important tool for farmers. This chapter will review the development of surface irrigation techniques. Section 2 provides a brief historical overview, and then Sections 3 and 4 consider the development of furrow, basin and border irrigation in detail. Sections ...
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Improving nutrient management in potato cultivation
Potatoes require 14 mineral nutrients, which are often applied in fertilisers. This chapter describes management practices that maximise crop production and minimise nutrient losses to the environment. First, it describes the development of the crop and its temporal demands for macronutrients (ni...
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Advances in understanding reproductive development in fruit-bearing plants
In recent years, a physiological understanding of the reproductive development process in fruit trees has accumulated through numerous molecular and genetic studies. Although the physiological traits of perennial or woody fruit trees often hinder studies of the mechanisms driving their reproducti...
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Caseins and casein micelles
Caseins play a central role in the dairy sector, as it is their controlled coagulation that allows the conversion of milk into cheese, yoghurt and caseinates, but also the creation of high-quality co-products from whey. Understanding caseins, their association into casein micelles and the propert...
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Fertigation techniques for efficient water and nutrient use in agriculture
Irrigated agriculture constitutes about 20% of the total cultivated land in the world, has much higher crop productivity compared to rainfed agriculture and contributes significantly to meeting the challenge of feeding the world. However, water resources are very limited, especially in the arid a...
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Key issues in the welfare of dairy cattle
Concerns about dairy cattle welfare are widespread. Cattle welfare is influenced by various circumstances and conditions, which are related to and dependent on each other. Confinement, restricted movements, high milk yield, disrupted social structures, painful and frightening management procedure...
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Understanding the genetics of C₃ photosynthesis in crop plants
Understanding the genetics of C3 photosynthesis, particularly its regulation, is essential to undertake photosynthetic improvement. The expression of the photosynthesis-associated genes is regulated at different levels (transcriptional, post-transcriptional, post-translational), but very little i...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of temperate zone tree fruits and berries Volume 1
Volume 1 in this collection summarises the wealth of research addressing the challenges facing temperate fruit cultivation, from breeding improved varieties to better crop management and protection methods
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Advances in digital soil mapping to assess baseline levels and carbon sequestration at the landscape scale
Mapping soil carbon, both organic and inorganic carbon, is gaining a lot of attention and interest, as it can be a substantial source and sink for climate change mitigation, food security and ecosystem services. Digital soil mapping and modeling spatiotemporal variations or changes are helpful to...
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Scope of collecting wild Musa species germplasm
The value of Crop Wild Relatives as sources of new genes that can help secure crop production is increasingly recognized. In banana (Musa spp.), past collecting and conservation efforts focused mainly on the two direct ancestors of cultivated bananas, M. acuminata Colla and M. balbisiana Colla. H...
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Key issues and challenges in disease surveillance in dairy cattle
This chapter provides an overview on the different aspects concerning disease surveillance programs. The chapter also describes a specific and conceptual framework related to disease surveillance of production diseases within the individual herd, including both animals and farmers. Regarding farm...
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Advances in understanding canopy development in forest trees
This chapter introduces the reader to physiological processes at the leaf, crown, and canopy level. It details the importance of light and water to these processes, then outlines the patterns that foliage at the three levels assume in order to maximize carbon uptake and tree performance. Summarie...
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Advances in using proximal spectroscopic sensors to assess soil health
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is a method that has been successfully used to estimate soil organic carbon, organic matter, and numerous other properties related to soil health. In this chapter, we introduce the concept of soil health and the need for sensor-based soil health measurements. We t...
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Soilless culture systems and growing media in horticulture: an overview
Soilless culture plant production presents a sector with unlimited potential for the horticulture industry. Soilless culture systems are environmentally friendly, resource-efficient, and support sustainable intensification in agriculture. Soilless culture system (SCS) crops in climate-controlled ...
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Advances in breeding of pistachio
Pistacia vera L. (pistachio) has the only commercially important edible nuts in the genus, and wild species are used for rootstock. Breeding in pistachio is very slow, time-consuming and expensive due to very long juvenile period and the plant’s dioecious character. This chapter describes the obj...
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Challenges and initiatives in reducing food losses and waste: Latin America and the Caribbean
The Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) Region is heterogenous in terms of socio-economic conditions and production systems, and is responsible for a significant amount of global food supplies. There is significant interest in addressing food loss and waste (FLW) as part of the region’s strateg...
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Integrated pest management in sustainable palm oil production
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is central to sustainable palm oil production. This chapter explores the rapid expansion of oil palm and its impact on the environment, the range of pest species found in plantations, and the impact of replanting on pest numbers. The chapter introduces the concept...
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Advances in understanding fungal contamination in cereals
Cereals are food security crops because of their high nutritive values for energy (carbohydrate-based energy) and other nutrients (proteins) and their long-term storability. They constitute the main food staples in many parts of the world and are primary animal feed ingredients. Cereal production...
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Assessing the sustainability impacts of rice cultivation
In an increasingly crowded, volatile and fragile world, rice represents a crucial driver of global food security. This chapter explores the environmental and broader sustainability challenges posed by rice production. After considering trends in rice production and consumption and its strategic i...
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Mitigating the impact of environmental, social and economic issues on sugarcane cultivation to achieve sustainability
Mitigating the impact of sugarcane cultivation on the environment and ensuring both economic and social sustainability is key to successful and enduring sugar industries. This chapter focuses on the impact of agrochemical use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and how these may be mitigated. Pe...
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Conservation Agriculture in Australian dryland cropping and in New Zealand: the lessons of 70 years
Australia and New Zealand have seen a rapid adoption rate in Conservation Agriculture in the areas of no-till and stubble retention. The two countries have different stories, and this will be highlighted in this chapter. For Australia crop diversification has not changed substantially, and the ba...
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Genetic factors affecting feed efficiency, feeding behavior and related traits in pigs
Feed resource efficiency contributes to sustainable production of pig meat, both economically and environmentally. This chapter describes different measures of feed efficiency and the underlying genetics of feeding in pigs, drawing on studies of genetic correlations of residual feed intake (RFI) ...
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Gastrointestinal diseases of poultry: causes and nutritional strategies for prevention and control
Gastrointestinal health plays a critical role in ensuring the overall health and productivity of livestock, including poultry. In this regard, antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) have been used to maintain and promote gastrointestinal health. With the industrial strategy of gradual phasing out o...
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Site-specific irrigation systems
Conventional irrigation management is based on uniform application of water across a field, which may result in both over- and under-irrigation. This chapter focuses on site-specific variable rate irrigation using center pivot and lateral move irrigation systems, which are mainly used for row-cro...
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Understanding and measuring plant water use
Plant water use is inextricably linked to both agricultural productivity and sustainable water resource management. Unlike plants in natural ecosystems, crops and horticultural species benefit from the active management of their growing environments. Tremendous advancements have been made towards...
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Mapping and exploiting the tea genome
Long-term cross-pollination has produced considerable heritable variation within and between populations of the tea plant and related species, resulting in a high level of genetic diversity. A good understanding and management of this pool of genetic diversity is of vital importance for crop impr...
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Lactose in milk: properties, nutritional characteristics and role in dairy products
Lactose is the main carbohydrate in milk and serves as a source of energy for the neonate, but also has other unique functionalities. Lactose is a low GI carbohydrate with low cariogenic potential, which are important to the healthy development of the neonate. These functionalities are derived fr...
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Sorghum tolerance to low-phosphorus soil conditions
Many sorghum growing areas in Africa are affected by phosphorus (P) scarcity. In these areas small-scale farmers depend on sorghum for food security and income, but have difficulty accessing or paying for P fertilizer. With the expected future price increases for P fertilizer, this problem is lik...
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Biofortification of grain legumes
Micronutrient malnutrition (MNM) is one of the world’s major health threats. Fe and Zn deficiencies affect more than a third of the world’s population, most severely women and children. Biofortified legume crops are being developed with higher levels of bioavailable Fe and Zn to alleviate MNM and...
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Advances in understanding soybean physiology and growth
Soybean is one of the world’s most widely grown and economically significant crops, having an extensive range of end uses. Understanding soybean growth and physiology is paramount to maximising its productivity and optimising its yield. This chapter highlights recent advances in understanding soy...
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Supporting smallholders in tea cultivation
This chapter describes how smallholder organization can be strengthened to support tea cultivation. Smallholders are weak in terms of productivity owing to low yields and lack of working capital in comparison with large state-owned and private plantations. The chapter describes how the transition...
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Defining and implementing best management practices in soybean production
In order to optimize the profitability of soybean production while minimizing adverse effects on the environment, it is important to define and implement the most effective management, agronomic and technological practices. The present chapter considers the following components of soybean product...
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Optimizing plant growth, yield and fruit quality with plant bioregulators
Plant bioregulators (PBRs) are used extensively in the tree fruit production industry. They influence many processes in a plant including shoot growth, branch angle, bud break, flower bud formation and fruit abscission, ripening, shape and finish, and as such can be used to optimize not only plan...
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Welfare of weaned piglets
Demands for improved animal welfare and animal handling systems from governments, non-government organizations and consumers are increasing. The weaning period in pork production has particular potential to positively impact animals. This chapter focuses on current practices that can be detriment...
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Constraints in adopting improved technologies for maize cultivation: the case of Africa
The adoption of improved technology is essential for increasing productivity in the production of maize in Africa. This, in turn, will contribute to food self-sufficiency and the alleviation of poverty and food insecurity. This chapter reviews the importance of increasing the adoption rate of imp...
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Targeting smallholder farmers to adopt improved cassava technologies: challenges and opportunities
This chapter examines the challenges and opportunities for targeting smallholder farmers to adopt improved cassava technologies for yield and profitability. Smallholder farmers are not a homogenous group and, therefore, a static technology promotion system cannot address the needs of a dynamic cl...
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Urban agriculture and local communities: encouraging engagement, building cohesion, and linking to global agreements
Urban agriculture (UA) is more than just the growth of food and raising of animals in urban and peri-urban spaces. It brings communities together, benefits people’s livelihoods, and helps to mitigate environmental issues in cities and surrounding regions. UA can be used within community-based res...
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Approaches to ethics
This chapter describes the field of ethics and surveys the three main schools of thought in contemporary ethics: utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics. The main tenets of each theory are explained, with particular attention paid to how they might be applied to issues in agricultural and e...
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Plant protection products in rice cultivation: critical issues in risk assessment and management to promote sustainable use
The use of plant protection products (PPPs) is a key issue in ensuring the sustainability of rice cultivation. It is essential to evaluate the risks these products pose to human health and the environment, and to determine what measures are required to keep the risks within acceptable limits. Thi...
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Instant Insights: Using manure in soil management
This book reviews recent advances in the utilisation of livestock manure to improve soil management and health. Chapters discuss best practices for the storage, treatment and processing of livestock manure, as well as the effects of manure application on the ability of soil to deliver a range of ...
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Advances in organic greenhouse cultivation
Organic greenhouse horticulture has expanded considerably during the last decades to meet consumer demand. Organic greenhouse cultivation constitutes a sustainable alternative to mitigate producer challenges related to new pest infestation, weed infestation, extreme temperature events, drought, f...
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Producing consistent quality meat from the modern pig
Pork producers have focussed, over many years, on producing pork efficiently and sustainably, in order to satisfy consumer demand for lean pork and remain competitive. Increases in efficiency and leanness have been achieved through genetics, targeted nutrition and the use of entire males and meta...
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Advances in conventional soybean breeding techniques
Soybean cultivar selection techniques and advances in variety development continue to evolve. The planning that goes into selecting superior soybean varieties is currently complicated by changing environments, a growing global population and decreasing productive farmland. In this chapter, the mo...
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Disease monitoring and decision making in integrated fruit disease management
Regular inspection of fruit crops for diseases is a vital part of integrated disease management. Combining this information with that generated from disease warning systems can play a significant role in achieving perfect fruit with minimal use of fungicides. This chapter includes general discuss...
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Restoring degraded grasslands
Grazed grasslands are complex ecosystems, and careful and responsible management is essential for their growth and maintenance. This chapter examines the inter-relationship of species, microbial activity, nutrients and environmental factors in restoring and maintaining their health, sustainabilit...
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Genetics and genomics of meat quality traits in poultry species
Beyond meat yield, technological quality has become a key factor of competitiveness while sensory, nutritional and image qualities have to be preserved in order to maintain the development of poultry production. However, the large usage of poultry meat for cutting and processing has revealed that...
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Tomato plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress
The major challenge faced by tomato production is the need to increase productivity by improving resistance and tolerance to crop stresses. Cultivar improvement depends on our ability to identify, study and leverage the genetic diversity present among tomato germplasm resources worldwide from whi...
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Post-harvest storage of potatoes
Storage is one component of the field to fork cycle and good storage can maintain the quality of the input tubers with positive benefits for the rest of the supply chain. This chapter reviews the mechanisms underlying potato spoilage and discusses key techniques for storing potatoes to maintain q...
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Advances in managing arable weed propagules
The soil propagule bank acts as a reservoir from where weeds colonize arable fields and is composed of weeds seeds and ramets, which are fragments from clonal growth of perennial weeds. This chapter first describes the ways by which weed propagules have been historically managed. It then discusse...
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The nutritional potential of grain legumes: an economic perspective
Present-day food systems leave a substantial share of the world’s population malnourished. Though rates of undernutrition have been falling, many people continue to suffer from micronutrient malnutrition and rates of overnutrition are rapidly increasing. This chapter argues that the increased rol...
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Genetics and genomics of skeletal traits in poultry species
Impaired skeletal function occurs in both meat-type and layer poultry, with different aetiologies. This chapter reviews the literature on quantitative genetics and genetic mapping of skeletal traits in both types of poultry. Both skeletal defects and bone quality traits in poultry are lowly to mo...
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Control of rodent pests in maize cultivation: the case of Africa
Rodents cause significant damage to maize at sowing, seedling and maturity stages . The major rodent pest species of maize in Africa are Mastomys and Arvicanthis spp. Rodent management programmes in this continent have been reactive but have not considered the population ecology of the target spe...
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Analysis and design of the shade canopy of cocoa-based agroforestry systems
Cocoa-based agroforestry (AF) systems are a conspicuous element of agricultural landscapes worldwide. Shade canopy analysis and design is a key component of crop husbandry, and requires a good understanding of the interactions, synergies and trade-offs between shade, yield and environmental servi...
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Disease identification and management on the pig farm
Endemic diseases constitute a major threat for a profitable and sustainable pig production worldwide. This chapter reviews the diagnosis and monitoring of pig diseases, and control measures that can be implemented on the farm. The most important issues to establish a diagnosis are discussed. Moni...
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Advances in understanding turfgrass physiology
Turfgrasses are frequently grown in environments with less than optimal conditions, which ultimately negatively impacts plant growth and development. Between a changing environment and a desire to reduce inputs, turfgrasses will be exposed to even more stressful conditions. Understanding a plant'...
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Advances in the potential use of non-thermal plasma in postharvest treatment of fresh horticultural produce
Fresh horticultural produce related foodborne illnesses outbreaks have increased around the world, and despite the adoption of good on-farm and postharvest practices, microbial contamination of fresh produce can still occur. Non-thermal plasma (NTP) has recently emerged as an option for killing/i...
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Instant Insights: Advances in detecting and forecasting crop pests and diseases
This collection provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in crop pest monitoring and forecasting models. Chapters address emerging technologies in the area, as well as some of the issues and challenges that can arise as a result of implementing particular models.
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Cocoa diseases: witches' broom
Witches' broom, caused by the hemibiotrophic basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa, is one of the most important cocoa diseases. The pathogen co-evolved with cocoa in the Amazon River basin and is currently restricted to South and Central America. Other cocoa-producing regions of the world are ...
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Ensuring the safety of feed for beef cattle
The unique ruminant digestive system of beef cattle enables them to eat and digest a wide range of feed products, including by-product or alternative feeds not utilized in other livestock production systems. It is important to ensure that the various feed products provided to cattle will not pose...
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Beef cattle nutrition and its effects on beef quality
Previous dogmas suggested that body composition and subsequent carcass characteristics of beef cattle are primarily tied to mature body weight and fat thickness. Subsequent research suggests that marbling can occur at different stages of growth when sufficient nutrition is provided and that the r...
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Understanding agroecosystems and pest management: from chemical control to integrated biodiversity management
Agroecology analyzes the different components that make up an ecosystem such as soils, climate, plants and animals, and their interactions within agricultural landscapes. Bringing together a wide range of disciplines, agroecology encompasses different scales from the individual field through to f...
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Improving poultry meat quality
This collection summarises recent research on genetic and environmental factors affecting the development of quality traits in poultry meat and their implications for breeding, husbandry and postharvest processing.
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Integrated management of tortricid pests of tree fruit
A group of relatively small moths in the family Tortricidae is commonly the most destructive insect pests of deciduous tree fruits throughout the world. This chapter summarizes the recent literature associated with several applied aspects of tortricid management. After an introduction to tortrici...
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Aquaponics: challenges and opportunities for commercial application
Aquaculture is the production, under controlled conditions, of freshwater or saltwater aquatic organisms for human consumption and non-food use. Worldwide aquaculture has increased remarkably in the last decades and now accounts for approximately half of the total production of aquatic animals. T...
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Controlling black leaf streak disease (BLSD) in banana: the case of Costa Rica
The main foliar disease in bananas is black leaf streak disease (BLSD), also known as black Sigatoka, which is caused by the fungus Pseudocercospora fijiensis. Since most commercial banana varieties are susceptible to BLSD, the disease can only be controlled in the wet tropics, with frequent fung...
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Pesticide residues in tea: challenges in detection and control
Tea growers require pesticides to prevent crop loss due to pest attacks, which are aggravated by climate change. As pesticides invariably leave residues, it is of utmost importance that samples of traded tea are monitored to ensure compliance to food safety standards. This chapter reviews researc...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of soybeans Volume 2
The second volume in this two-volume collection focusses on ways of improving the management of pests and diseases of soybean. It also reviews research on improving the nutritional value and shelf-life of soybeans as well as its uses in animal feed and biodiesel.
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Tracking the development of fungicide resistance
This chapter focuses on tracking the development of fungicide resistance. It starts by first providing an overview of the key objectives and requirements in tracking fungicide resistance. The chapter then moves on to review phenotyping tracking of fungicide resistance, which is followed by a disc...
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The effect of incubation temperature on embryonic development in poultry
The aim of this chapter is to examine the specific effects of exogenous and endogenous heat on embryonic growth during different stages of incubation, with an emphasis on controlled incubation temperature studies. The chapter explores the challenges inherent in establishing a temperature recommen...
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Effects of climate change on agricultural soils
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have increased considerably. In 2017, the atmospheric concentrations of CO2, N2O and CH4 had risen to 406 ppm, 330 ppb and 1859 ppb, respectively. Such high increases in GHGs have led to destructive and irreversible impacts on soil processes. The impacts range from ...
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Advances in fruit genetics
Sustainability of fruit production worldwide is heavily dependent on advances in fruit genetics. Changing environments, innovative production systems, increased pest and pathogen pressure and fluctuating consumer preferences are forcing fruit producers to adjust at a higher pace than ever before....
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Improving water productivity in rainfed agriculture: challenges and opportunities for small-scale farmers in dry lands
There is growing global recognition of the need to improve agricultural water management if we are to achieve sustainable food production systems which ensure future food security whilst maintaining ecosystem services, strengthening capacity for adaptation to climate change and averting degradati...
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Advances in identifying stripe rust resistance genes in cereals
Stripe rust is one of the most serious wheat diseases of the world, usually resulting in massive loss of grain production. The most effective and environmentally friendly way to control the spread of stripe rust is to plant wheat varieties that carry stripe rust resistance genes. The identificati...
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Role of prebiotics in poultry gastrointestinal tract health, function, and microbiome composition
Prebiotics have been established as a series of feed compounds that serve as specific substrates for gastrointestinal tract (GIT) bacteria. The general premise is that such compounds support GIT bacteria that benefit the host. In addition, GIT bacteria supported by prebiotics can be antagonistic ...
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Understanding and monitoring diseases of vegetables
In-depth background knowledge on detecting and identifying plant diseases is essential for helping to raise healthy crops. This chapter provides an overview of historical developments in understanding and monitoring plant diseases, including the invention of light and electronic microscopes, Koch...
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Managing irrigation for soil health in arid and semi-arid regions
Irrigated arid and semi-arid regions of the world account for more than 40% of the global crop production. Managing soil health while simultaneously increasing water use efficiency in these areas is challenging, but critical to future global food security. This chapter describes production practi...
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The challenge of sustainable water resources management under water scarcity
Historically, water control developments were mostly small-scale, locally managed and hydrologically independent, with annual rainfall, runoff and recharge setting the limits to annual use. In recent decades, the vast expansion of irrigation (the largest water user with about 70% withdrawal world...
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Probiotics, prebiotics and other feed additives to improve gut function and immunity in poultry
Poultry producers have been cautious in the application of probiotics, due to mixed experiences of their effectiveness and lack of knowledge regarding the scientific basis for their modes of action. Prebiotics have been more readily accepted because they can be added without any significant chang...
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The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in tea cultivation
Continuous application of chemical fertilizers in tea gardens may increase production, but it adversely affects the quality of tea. There is therefore growing interest in rhizosphere associates of tea, including symbionts such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). These colonize tea plant roots ...
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Measuring methane emissions from livestock
This chapter looks at the key techniques used for measurement of CH4 and other gas emissions from livestock production, ranging from individual animal measurements to herd scale measurements for grazing animals and whole farm emissions such as feedlots. Individual animal measurement techniques di...
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Advances in bioprotectants for plant disease control in horticulture
Microbial bioprotectants and natural substances have been increasingly available and implemented for disease management in horticultural crops. This chapter presents the status of registered products and their current insufficiency to fulfill farmers’ needs for disease control solutions. It hig...
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Improving cultivation of groundnuts
Genetic and management options are available to realize an optimal pod yield and quality of groundnut production that meets the needs of the processors and consumers, as well as ensuring food safety standards. This chapter discusses various options for groundnut cultivation, from the choice of th...
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The use of dietary fibre to optimize microbial gut function in pigs, with particular consideration of dietary cereal grains and legumes
This chapter examines interactions of dietary fibre components of pig diets with GIT microbiota, emphasizing cereals and legumes fed to pigs. Carbohydrate composition of these feedstuffs are described, and their relationship to metabolic activity of the porcine intestinal microbiota and interacti...
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Using data to assess the impact of agriculture on pollinators and pollinator services
Nature and agriculture are dependent on pollinators and the ecosystem services they provide. Using land for the production of food, feed and energy inevitably has an impact on other organisms. Without good data about production methods as well as abundance, diversity and health status of pollinat...
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Advances in breeding of cucumber and watermelon
The breeding of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) has changed over the last few hundred years, from open-pollinated populations, to inbred lines, to gynoecious hybrids. Speed breeding, marker-assisted selection and more efficient field testing have also led to advances with this crop. Production of inbr...
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Methods for detecting pathogens in the beef food chain: an overview
The main food-borne pathogens of concern in the beef chain are Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Salmonella; other pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter spp. may also be present. Furthermore, the occurrence and development of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) p...
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The use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to improve root function and crop nutrient use efficiency
Bacteria that colonize plant roots and promote plant growth and development, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can contribute to more sustainable intensification of agriculture while minimizing detrimental impacts associated with excessive fertilization. In this chapter we review recent...
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Plant influences on soil organic carbon dynamics
Plants play a central role in governing soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics, as a direct contributor, a mediator and fuel for microbial processing, and a regulator of soil physiochemical processes. The above processes may occur independently or interactively, sometimes inducing counteracting effec...
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Conservation Agriculture in Eastern and Southern Africa
Conservation Agriculture (CA) works, by building the soil health basis for climate-proofing agriculture. As a low cost innovation that smallholders in Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) can access and relate with, CA empowers smallholders to produce a surplus at minimal cost, which subsequently en...
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On-farm biomass technologies for heat and power
Biomass in its various forms, has long been combusted to provide useful heat on farms. Applications include heating of water, crop drying, animal housing, and heated greenhouses for protected vegetable and flower production. Biomass resources are often available on the farm including from crop re...
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Agroforestry as a solution for multiple climate change challenges in Africa
With appropriate management, agroforestry helps maintain ecosystem services for food, fiber, wood and biodiversity along with the expansion of bioenergy. This chapter consolidates various data on the role of trees for mitigation and adaptation, including the development of novel bioenergy solutio...
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Advances in crop modelling for a sustainable agriculture
Crop modelling has huge potential to improve decision making in farming. This collection reviews advances in next-generation models focused on user needs at the whole farm system and landscape scale.
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Advances in monitoring of native and invasive insect pests of crops
Early detection of insect pests is critical to successful integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. This collection reviews the wealth of research on improving monitoring techniques for the detection of both native and alien insect pests.
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The environmental impact of valorising agricultural by-products
Agricultural by-products, that is primary residue, industrial by-products and animal manure, are an important source of nutrients and carbon for maintaining soil quality and crop production but can also be valorised through treatment pathways such as fermentation, incineration or a combination of...
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Developing decision support systems (DSS) for weed management
The objectives of this chapter are to review what is achievable in DSS designed specifically for weed management, identify the obstacles in creating more effective DSS, and discuss how to increase adoption by farmers. DSS can model crop yield losses due to weed competition and set thresholds for ...
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Advances in fingerprint and rapid methods for improved traceability in agri-food supply chains
Agri-food supply and value chain markets have become increasingly complex due to the changes in consumers demands, the development of complex food standards associated with food safety and quality, advances in technology (e.g. big data, machine learning), and changes in the food industry structur...
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The anaerobic rumen fungi
Ruminants are characterized by the ability of microbes in the rumen to convert cellulosic feed into volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and proteins that meet the nutritional needs of the animal. Major advances in analytical techniques and genomics have transformed our understanding of rumen microbiology...
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Use of alternative feed ingredients and additives to minimize the environmental impact of poultry production
This chapter discusses the potential use of more sustainable alternative feed ingredients in poultry feed. It introduces the range of alternative protein-contributing ingredients, including crop sources such as legumes, peas and beans, as well as by-products from food and oilseed processing such ...
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Agricultural ethics – the farmer’s perspective
Modern, intensive agricultural production methods have attracted increasing criticism from a range of economic, ecological, and social perspectives. What moral responsibilities do farmer’s have to address these concerns? This chapter reviews responsibilities, constraints and motivations of farmer...
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