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Optimizing maize-based cropping systems: sustainability, good agricultural practices (gap) and yield goals
Sustainable maize production is profitable for the farmer, protects the natural resource base, including maintaining and improving soil productivity, prevents environmental degradation beyond the field, improves the quality of life of individuals and communities and ensures the nutritional value ...
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Understanding resistance to anilinopyrimidine fungicides
Anilinopyrimidines (AP) are a chemical class of fungicides that are effective against a broad range of phytopathogenic fungi. Cyprodinil, mepanipyrim and pyrimethanil belonging to this class are currently available in the market. Resistance to AP fungicides has been reported in various fungal spe...
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Omics technologies for connecting host responses with poultry gut function
Optimal gut function is of importance to the whole metabolism of a chicken and thus also central to efficient feed conversion and optimal meat and egg production. State-of-the-art Omics technologies are currently available to gain a deeper insight into animal physiology. This chapter summarizes t...
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Instant insights: controlled environment agriculture
This book provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in controlled environment agriculture, focussing on those implemented within plant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs), indoor vertical farms, soilless culture systems and screenhouses.
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Photosynthetic improvement of wheat plants
The light-driven assimilation of CO2 in photosynthesis is the primary determinant of the biomass of wheat. The current theoretical maximum efficiency of photosynthesis in wheat is 4.6%, but in practice it rarely exceeds 2% and averages less than 1% in the field (Zhu et al. 2008). Improving this c...
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Global coffee production and sustainability
This chapter discusses trends in coffee production, particularly factors affecting the low share of global revenue received by smallholders responsible for a large share of production. This situation has profound consequences for the economic and environmental sustainability of smallholder coffee...
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Postharvest handling of organically produced specialty crops
Worldwide demand for organically produced specialty crops continues to increase. Both conventional and organic postharvest handling practices require a comprehensive approach from selection of plant material through production, harvest, storage, and marketing. This chapter discusses the differen...
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Ruminal-ciliated protozoa
Research of the mammalian gut microbiome has in recent years been principally defined by the culture independent analysis of the genetic potential inherent to these microbial communities. However, there has been a renewed interest in culture-based studies of the gut microbiome to increase both th...
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The domestication, spread and uses of sorghum as a crop
Although only a minimal component of human food in developed countries, sorghum remains the fifth most important cereal crop in terms of production and acreage. This is due to its robustness as a cereal crop, biotic and abiotic tolerances, and diversity of both varieties and uses. This chapter de...
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Developments in activity and location technologies for monitoring cattle movement and behaviour
This chapter reviews the range of options for monitoring cattle location and activity, and highlight the application of these technologies rather than the technical aspects or algorithms behind them. Additionally, the focus will be placed on the research, development and adoption of these technol...
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Advances in understanding plant root behaviour and rootzone management in soilless culture systems
A healthy and vigorous root system is essential in soilless plant cultivation. The primary function of roots in soilless systems is water and nutrient uptake. Root nutrient uptake has three characteristics: (1) selective, (2) accumulative, and (3) genotype dependent. Many factors can affect root ...
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Modelling the impact of climate change on agriculture in south asia
This chapter reviews the vulnerability to climate change of the key agricultural sector in South Asian countries. After looking at India as an example of how to assess the specific impact of climate change on agriculture, the chapter summarises the ways climate change affects basic plant processe...
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Genomic selection, gene editing and genetic engineering for drought tolerance in cereals
This chapter provides the state of the art on genomic prediction of estimated breeding values (GEBV) for selection (or genomic selection) as well as on the use of genetic engineering for both gene editing and transgenic breeding in main cereals crops. Genomic selection has been successfully used ...
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Advances in high-throughput crop phenotyping using unmanned aerial vehicles (uavs)
The objective of this chapter is to introduce the agronomic community to remote sensing terms and technologies and show how remote sensing methods can be used in field phenotyping. This chapter discusses approaches to UAV remote sensing and data analysis for high-throughput field phenotyping and ...
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Advances in conventional sugarcane breeding programmes
All sugarcane cultivars currently grown throughout the world arise from breeding programmes which have used a reasonably similar approach sustained over many decades. This comprises a continuous pipeline of operations of regular (usually annual) crossing among selected parent clones to produce la...
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Exploiting current musa collections
Collections of Musa provide material for germplasm and genetic improvement; however, several challenges must be addressed by collections and information systems to optimize their use. In this chapter, we discuss conservation and germplasm integrity, accession characterization and information that...
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Egg quality: consumer preferences and measurement techniques
This chapter addresses consumer perceptions of egg quality and how the quality characteristics of eggs can be measured by using a variety of instrumental techniques. First, we consider what features consumers connect with egg quality. Fast, non-destructive techniques for providing an objective as...
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Modeling climate change impact on agro-ecosystem services
Agricultural landscapes are critical to producing food, and other ecosystem services - the vital benefits that flow from ecosystems to people. This chapter reviews how multiple ecosystem services may be impacted by climate change, broadly concluding that most impacts tend to be negative both on s...
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Advances in communication systems in agricultural robotics
Unmanned agricultural ground vehicles (UAGVs) represent substantial potential with their ability to optimize crop yields and increase sustainability, making them a high priority with many academic and corporate institutions. These systems need to be safe and robust while operating in suboptimal c...
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The effects of carcass chilling and electrical stimulation on visual beef quality and palatability
The conversion of muscle to meat during the rigor mortis process and the conditions under which this process occurs is most important for quality attributes of beef including colour, water holding capacity and tenderness. Electrical stimulation is used to prevent cold-induced toughening of beef, ...
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Biological control in integrated management of deciduous fruit insect pests: the use of semiochemicals
Over the past 25 years, semiochemical-based technologies have emerged as essential components of pest management programmes in deciduous fruit production systems. Pheromone-based mating disruption is by far the most widely adopted behavioural control, with nearly 800 000 ha of fruit crops treated...
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Diseases affecting ornamental geophytes and their control
Geophytes represent a significant segment of the world floriculture industry, particularly in cut flower production. This chapter reviews the main biotic and abiotic diseases affecting geophytes. It summarizes current good practice in integrated disease management with a particular focus on reduc...
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Frosty pod rot, caused by moniliophthora roreri
Frosty pod rot (FPR) of cacao (Theobroma cacao) is caused by Moniliophthora roreri. FPR commonly can reduce yields by over 80% and is extremely difficult to manage. This chapter reviews the origins, spread and impact of Moniliophthora roreri. It also discusses methods for managing FPR, from strat...
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Managing feed to optimize pig health
Pigs face challenges to their health and well-being throughout their lifetimes. Proper nutrition may increase their resilience and prevent disease. In this chapter, we first discuss the essential contribution of balanced energy and protein levels to achieving optimal health and performance. We th...
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The comparative and evolutionary genomics of sorghum
Sorghum has a relatively small diploid genome, and retains much of the chromosomal structure and organization of its common ancestor. It also has multiple origins of domestication in different regions of Africa, resulting in a highly diverse germplasm well adapted to drought and other challengin...
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Variety selection in wheat cultivation
Variation among wheat plants serves as the raw material for varietal development or plant breeding, allowing the selection of plants which are suited to particular environments, management methods or markets. The superiority of an identified line is normally validated through a series of trials, ...
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Conservation agriculture in eurasia
This chapter provides an overview of the current state, challenges and avenues for the further promotion of Conservation Agriculture (CA) in the Eurasia region . There is no unified statistics and data collection system for CA in the region. However, the estimated area under CA is about 10-11 mil...
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Understanding the plant-pathogen interaction associated with septoria nodorum blotch of wheat
This chapter discusses understanding the plant-pathogen interaction associated with septorium nodorum blotch of wheat. It begins by reviewing the necrotrophic effector-host sensitivity gene interactions in the wheat-P. nodorum system. It then reviews the genetic relationship between NE-sensitivit...
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Advances in genetic improvement of durable resistance to fusarium head blight in wheat
Wheat Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a destructive disease in wheat worldwide. Wheat resistance to FHB is a complex with five types. Each type of resistance is controlled by multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with most having minor effects and being affected by environments. This chapter desc...
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Ensuring the genetic diversity of apples
Widely-used apple cultivars exhibit low resistance to pathogens and low tolerance to climatic threats. This chapter reviews the threats to apple production and the resulting need for new varieties of apple. It considers the advantages of using progenitor species of Malus × domestica in traditiona...
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Advances in the understanding of barley plant physiology: factors determining grain development, composition, and chemistry
Crop improvement depends on fast and continuous scientific progress. Recent technological advances have led to remarkable breakthroughs in barley genomics and grain physiology. This chapter aims to highlight the progress in our understanding of barley grain, its functional architecture, and energ...
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Global tea science
Tea is the most widely-consumed beverage in the world. Tea cultivation faces a range of challenges in improving yields. The various parts of the book review ways of addressing these challenges, from breeding and cultivation to plant protection and improving sustainability.
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Preventing food losses and waste to achieve food security and sustainability
Around one third of all food production is lost or wasted. This book provides a comprehensive review of the causes and prevention of food losses and waste at key steps in the supply chain, for different commodities and across particular regions.
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Soil solarization: a sustainable method
Solar heating of soils, better known as soil solarization, involves heating moist and mulched soil (with a transparent polyethylene film) for several weeks. Its advantages include its non-chemical nature and its effective use in a wide range of agricultural areas worldwide. This chapter reviews t...
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Nutritional strategies to boost immune response in poultry
In this chapter nutritional modulation of immune function, with specific focus on research work from the year 2000 to present, is outlined with respect to immune responsiveness and disease resistance. In order to assess immune enhancement, suppression, and balance, independent sections for vitam...
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Hybrid potato breeding for improved varieties
Hybrid potato breeding promises to create new cultivars within a few years. This would facilitate the introgression of genes by marker-assisted selection. In addition, hybrid cultivars can be made available as true seeds, free of soil-borne pathogens, quick to multiply and easy to transport and s...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of grain legumes volume 2
Grain legumes are characterised by their nutritional value, an ability to grow rapidly and improve soil health. This makes them a key rotation crop in promoting food security. However, yields are constrained by factors such as pests and diseases as well as vulnerability to poor soils, drought and...
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The role of crop rotation, intercropping and tillage practices for foliar disease management of wheat and barley
The great majority of modern agro-ecosystems comprise rotations of a small number of crop species where each year’s crop is a genetically uniform monoculture. The narrow genetic basis for disease resistance in modern cultivars increases the potential for pathogens to overcome this resistance and ...
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Advances in papaya cultivation
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is one of the most nutritious fruits. Due to the presence of the enzyme ‘papain’, which has a number of uses, there is now an increased industrial demand for the fruit. This chapter reviews plant and floral morphology of papaya as well as advances in genetics and breedin...
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Advances in postharvest handling of citrus fruit
Consumers are the driving major trends in both fresh citrus production, and postharvest handling, storage and distribution. Both consumers and retailers are driving changes in different citrus types (such as increases in ‘soft’ citrus types) and postharvest management (such as reduced postharvest...
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Marker-assisted selection in cassava breeding
By reducing the number of seedlings using marker-assisted selection (MAS), field breeders of cassava can allocate their limited phenotyping resources to a smaller number of selection candidates for further phenotypic evaluation of complex traits such as yield and drought tolerance. This chapter d...
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The use and abuse of cereals, legumes and crop residues in rations for dairy cattle
The production of animal feed requires a significant amount of water, competes with food production through the allocation of arable land, and restricts organic matter availability for soil health. Once feed is consumed, inefficient conversion then contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and othe...
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Organic production of wheat and spelt
Wheat plays a major role in organic agriculture around the globe. This chapter reviews the current state of organic cultivation of wheat and of its close relative, spelt, with a focus on crop diversification, through rotational design, use of species mixtures containing wheat, and diversification...
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Developments in data analysis for decision-making in precision livestock farming systems
This chapter focuses on supervised learning techniques such as decision trees and linear prediction models, as well as unsupervised learning techniques such as clustering. Fitting the model to data and the phenomenon of overfitting are described. For each technique, an example has been added for ...
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Towards sustainable production of walnut (juglans regia l.)
Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) is the only species of the genus Juglans widely cultivated for nut production. Over the last 20 years, global walnut production has grown by almost 250%, with China, the United States and Iran as leading producing countries. This enormous growth is mainly attribu...
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Advances in molecular breeding of ornamentals
The history of flower breeding, discovery of genetic laws and their co-integration in early floricultural breeding programs led to an amazing array of seed- and vegetative-propagated ornamental floricultural crops for the worldwide market. While most early genetic research used flower crops as st...
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Improving gut function in pigs to prevent dysbiosis and post-weaning diarrhoea
Post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD) is a significant enteric disease causing considerable economic losses for the pig industry. There are multiple factors for why pigs develop diarrhea post-weaning and require treatment with antibiotics. The condition ‘dysbiosis’ can be considered as an ecosystem where ...
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Instant insights: novel biocontrol agents
This book features five peer-reviewed reviews on the development and use of novel biocontrol agents.The first chapter provides an overview of the development of botanical pesticides and focusses on the potential of essential oils in replacing traditional synthetic products. A case study on the us...
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Food losses and waste in meats
Poultry, beef, mutton and goat meat remain important components in the human diet, making food losses and waste (FLW) in livestock production a serious issue in terms of food security as well as economic and environmental sustainability. This chapter reviews the extent of FLW affecting meat and t...
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Disease surveillance, diagnostics and germplasm health in crop protection
Diseases caused by a range of established and emerging pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, oomycetes and viruses are among the persistent factors for the reduction in crop yields across sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Most damaging diseases are caused by introduced exotic pathogens and by locally evolve...
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Ensuring the genetic diversity of tea plants
Long-term cross-pollination has produced considerable heritable variation within and between populations of the tea plant and related species, resulting in a high level of genetic diversity. A good understanding and management of this pool of genetic resource diversity is of vital importance to t...
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Developing effective product dossiers for regulatory approval of new animal feed products
This chapter describes the key steps in compiling product dossiers required to gain regulatory approval for new animal feed products. As an example, the chapter describes the data needed for a feed additive dossier in the European Union (EU) as mandated by the European Food Standards Agency (EFSA).
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Cause and prevention of injurious pecking in chickens
Poultry is the most widely farmed land animal, comprising over 80% of the main livestock populations. The high prevalence of injurious pecking (IP) in poultry is a major concern from animal welfare, societal, and economic points of view. IP is defined as bird-to-bird pecking that results in or ha...
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The use of agricultural robots in orchard management
The use of robotic or automated machines in orchard operations is associated primarily with insufficient labour availability and rapidly increasing labour costs in tree fruit production and is critical for improving yield of high-quality fruit with minimal dependence on seasonal human labour. Thi...
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Energy and water use in poultry processing
Increasing poultry production also means increasing energy and water use in poultry processing. Assessing these inputs is critical to develop more efficient systems and requires analysis of individual steps in processing. This chapter reviews way of measuring and reducing water and energy us at d...
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Rethinking and engaging with animal health in organic farming
The organic principle of health highlights ‘the wholeness and integrity of living systems’. It is not simply the absence of illness, but the maintenance of physical, mental, social and ecological well-being. We often articulate health as simply ‘disease freedom’. However, this chapter argues that...
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Integrated pest management of insect, nematode and mite pests of tea
This chapter describes the various strategies that are being implemented in different countries to manage pests of tea using integrated pest management (IPM) programmes to ensure they do not reach economic injury levels. The chapter explores methods of mechanical, biological, cultural and chemica...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of potatoes volume 2
The second of this two-volume collection discusses ways of improving cultivation across the supply chain from seed selection and planting to post-harvest storage. It also reviews research on the better understanding and management of key pests and diseases.
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Instant insights: supporting cereal production in sub-saharan africa
This specially curated collection features four reviews of current and key research on supporting cereal production in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Advances in the use of robotics in crop phenotyping
This chapter reviews advances in the use of robotics in crop phenotyping. It first highlights the role of robotics in phenotyping, then moves on to discuss three forms of dimensional imaging and analysis: two dimensional (2D), 3D and 4D. A section is dedicated to each. The chapter also provides t...
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Protecting natural capital and biodiversity in agricultural supply chains: introduction
This chapter provides an introduction to protecting natural capital and biodiversity in agricultural supply chains. After a brief overview, the chapter goes on to summarise what the volume is about by focusing on the areas that are covered in the rest of the chapters, such as ways to address biod...
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Trends in dairy farming and milk production: the case of the united kingdom and new zealand
This chapter reviews the importance of dairy farming to the rural economies of the United Kingdom and New Zealand. It begins by assessing global milk production, considering producer and cow numbers, productivity and trade. It then turns to an examination of the situation in the European Union (E...
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Understanding the molecular biology of avian viruses and their role in poultry health
Different molecular aspects of avian viruses are presented such as the role and importance of capsid proteins and viral glycoproteins in viral pathogenesis, in development of diagnostic methods and the creation of recombinant vaccines is discussed. Mechanisms of viral evolution such as mutation, ...
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Measuring and auditing on-farm energy use
Food systems have been divided into several categories; cropping, livestock and fisheries, food processing, packaging, trade, and households. Agricultural operations include all farming operations that occur after the land is cleared and developed, such as tillage, planting, fertilizing, pest con...
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Plant secondary compounds: beneficial roles in sustainable ruminant nutrition and productivity
Plant secondary compounds, also known as phytogenics or phyotochemicals offer interesting opportunities to improve rumen function and livestock productivity in the current production systems as many plants produce secondary metabolites that, when extracted and concentrated, may exert modulation o...
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Advances in post-harvest storage and handling of apples
Harvest management and storage of apples in optimal conditions are critical factors in maintaining the sustainability of orchard operations. Post-harvest handling of apples, as for most horticultural products, is largely concerned with the maintenance of product quality after harvest. This chapte...
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Improving data management and decision support systems in agriculture
Part 1 reviews general issues underpinning effective decision support systems (DSS) such as data access, standards, tagging and security. Part 2 contains case studies of the practical application of DSS in areas such as crop planting and nutrition, livestock feed and pasture management as well as...
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Commercial products promoting plant health in african agriculture
The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) usually delivers its products free of charge to national programmes and farmers, but in two projects described in this chapter, most costs were transferred to users through commercialization. This chapter explores the development and appl...
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The sustainable intensification of smallholder farming systems
This volume reviews recent research on effective support to improve smallholder livelihoods. After discussing the economics of smallholder farming, the book looks at access to key inputs before assessing ways of improving extension and other services to support sustainable production practices.
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Genome editing of woody perennial trees
This chapter discusses the challenges facing woody perennial trees, namely the heterozygosity of outcrossing species and limited genomic resources. Gene knockouts (KO) represent the predominant applications of the CRISPR technology in woody perennial crops to date and will be the focus of this ch...
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Integrating economic simulation models with whole-farm system models for ex ante technology impact assessment
The key analytical challenge to developing agricultural system models is to predict the behavior of agricultural systems in the multiple dimensions that are relevant to their economic, environmental and social sustainability, under recent historically observed conditions and when they are modifie...
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Preventing spoilage of poultry meat
The shelf-life of fresh poultry meat is determined by the level of contamination of processed meat by spoilage microorganisms, storage temperature and storage atmosphere. This chapter looks at the various ways by which to extend the shelf-life of poultry meat: vacuum and modified atmosphere packa...
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Weed ecology and population dynamics
Agricultural trends, including a global rise in herbicide-resistant weed genotypes and a growing demand for food produced with minimal external synthetic inputs, are driving producer interest in reducing reliance on herbicides for weed management. An improved understanding of weed ecology can sup...
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Improving rumen function
Part 1 summarises advances in analysing the rumen microbiome. Part 2 reviews recent research on different types of rumen microbiota. Part 3 discusses the way the rumen processes nutrients whilst Part 4 explores nutritional strategies to optimise rumen function.
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Enhancing the nutritional quality of poultry meat
The pattern of poultry meat consumption has changed considerably, and these days, there has been a significant increase in the consumption of poultry meat products that are easily purchased and/or prepared. Genetic selection has largely helped to meet the market demand for increased poultry meat ...
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Bone health and associated problems in layer hens
Laying hens and associated commercial egg production is one of the most universal agricultural products across the globe. Housing and management systems are variable but must allow for appropriate skeletal and cognitive development during rearing to ensure the adult hen can support normal biologi...
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The evolution of trait selection in breeding: from seeing to remote sensing
As the global population moves towards 10 billion people, record high temperatures are being set on an annual basis, while agricultural soils and water resources are experiencing serious attrition. Clearly the challenge of food security is ever more urgent. Increasing genetic gains of staple food...
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Using phenotyping techniques to analyse crop functionality and photosynthesis
With climate change the occurrence of extreme weather events will increase, making stress resilience an essential trait for future crop breeding. Whilst we have a good understanding of the effect of single stress factors on photosynthesis, there is a knowledge gap on how combined stresses affect ...
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Closing yield gaps for small- and medium-scale oil palm producers: improving cultivation practices
The proportion of small- and medium-scale growers in the Colombian oil palm sector has increased in recent years both in terms of land area planted and in terms of number of growers. However, a yield gap has been found among producers, which depends upon their size, with large-scale producers att...
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Humic substances (hs) as plant biostimulants in agriculture
This chapter reviews how humic substances (HS) can be used as plant biostimulants in agriculture. It begins by describing how humic substances are produced and highlights different characteristics of these substances. It then goes on to review how humic substances can be used in terms of plant gr...
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Instant insights: sweetpotato
This specially curated collection features three reviews of current topics and key research in sweetpotato.
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Integrated management of nematodes of coffee
This chapter reviews the main soil-based nematodes affecting coffee plants. In each case, the chapter discusses pest distribution and range, symptoms and damage caused, diagnosis, life cycle and control measures. These include preventative measures to limit movement of infected material, use of r...
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Sustainably meeting the nutrient requirements of grazing sheep
In order to be sustainable, sheep rearing systems must be sufficiently flexible to respond to variable conditions and feed availability. This chapter argues that sustainable sheep management works with the resources available at a given place or time and learns from the sheep themselves. The chap...
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Balancing pasture productivity with environmental and animal health requirements
Plant breeders face the significant challenge of developing high-performing pasture and supplementary feed crops that maintain the profitability of temperate grassland farming systems while reducing the environmental footprint and animal health issues. This chapter provides examples of where new ...
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Advancing conservation biological control as a component of integrated pest management of horticultural crops
Conservation biological control is commonly considered to be a key component of IPM because it is compatible with and complementary to many other approaches available in the IPM ‘toolbox’. However, despite significant study of conservation biological approaches in horticultural systems, uptake ha...
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Establishment and root development in wheat crops
Good establishment lays the foundations for wheat yield. Here, we have used the term ‘establishment’ to encompass development and growth prior to the elongation of the main stem. We describe how the seedling root system establishes and then outline how four agronomic practices (time and depth of ...
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Understanding gut function in poultry: immunometabolism at the gut level
In poultry production, a trade-off has been made between growth and efficiency on the one hand, and immune potential and disease resistance on the other. The emerging field of immunometabolism, brought to the fore by research into human metabolic syndrome and cancer, is an opportunity in poultry ...
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Advances in understanding the development of immune function in pigs
Medicine preventive programs in swine medicine are focused on minimising the negative effects of diseases on pig production. In the case of neonatal diseases, the acquisition of maternally derived acquired immunity , through colostrum ingestion, is critical to providing enough humoral and cellula...
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Advances in augmentative biological control in integrated pest management
Augmentative biological control uses mass-reared natural enemies for releases in large numbers to reduce pest populations. Augmentative biocontrol is increasingly applied worldwide in many different crops. It is a cornerstone of integrated pest management (IPM) programmes and plays a key sustaina...
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Advances in abiotic stress-resistant varieties of ornamentals
Ornamental plants face a range of abiotic stresses which are likely to increase with the effects of climate. This chapter reviews ways of improving resistance to a wide range of stresses: low and high temperatures, drought, waterlogging and saline conditions as well as poor soil quality.
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Understanding sheep behaviour
The most important features of the behaviour of sheep are their marked sociality and the formation of a bond between mother and young. Sheep show a strong need to stay with their flock mates and become very distressed when isolated. Under farm conditions the social environment is mainly controlle...
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Ethical issues in integrated weed management
This chapter surveys the potential ethical issues and problems that surround weed science as a subdivision of agriculture. These include the implications of herbicide resistance, invasive species, the introduction of biotech/Genetically Modified Organisms and concerns about sustainability. This c...
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Advances in understanding the nutritional profile and health benefits of almonds
Almond (Prunus dulcis) is widely grown in countries with a Mediterranean climate and is considered a healthy source of many nutrients. This chapter discusses the nutritional composition of almonds and, in particular, those nutrients with nutraceutical properties, from phenolics and fatty acids to...
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Detecting pathogens in milk on dairy farms: key issues for developing countries
Testing for pathogens in cow’s milk on dairy farms has assumed importance these days. Pathogen testing is done to ensure milk quality and milk safety and on-farm pathogen testing is being explored. This chapter discusses this crucial issue, first by identifying the rationale for on-farm pathogen ...
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Characteristics, potential and challenges of plant factories with artificial lighting (pfals): introduction
Plant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs) or vertical farms can contribute to solving global and local issues of food safety and security, protecting the environment, increasing demands for higher quality fresh foods, and reducing food mileage and food loss. However, current PFALs consume ...
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Avocado: an introduction to the fruit and its pre- and postharvest processing
This chapter is a general introduction to avocado cultivation and crop, the development and current status of the avocado industry. It describes the origin and history of the avocados, the distribution, the global production and economical value. It demonstrates the high nutritional and health va...
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Powdery mildew: biology, epidemiology, and management of podosphaera spp. of tree fruit
Major economically important tree fruit, such as apple (Malus × domestica), pear (Pyrus spp.), and stone fruit (cherry, apricot, peach: Prunus spp.), are amongst the most susceptible crops to powdery mildews. The fungus mostly affects vegetative tissues but can also infect the reproductive organs...
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Zoonoses associated with pigs
Zoonoses are defined as diseases and infections that are transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans. Major food animal species occupy a special position within the framework of zoonotic disease. This is particularly the case in developed societies, where direct livestock contact has becom...
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Cassava cultivation in latin america
Cassava was domesticated from its wild species ancestors in the New World, probably in South America. This origin, with its connection to indigenous cultures, has been presented as both advantage and disadvantage. It has helped to maintain the production of cassava, but has also been the cause of...
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Plum pox virus: detection and management
Sharka disease, caused by Plum pox virus (PPV), is the most important virus inducing extended yield losses in plums, on account of reduced fruit quality, premature fruit drop and rapid natural virus spread by aphid vectors. This chapter provides general information on the status of this disease a...
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