Developments in the use of enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers

To sustainably feed a growing population, we need to increase the efficiency of nitrogen (N) fertilizers while reducing their negative impacts on the environment. Enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs) show promise in reducing the loss of reactive N (Nr: all species of N except N2) to the environ...

Molecular interventions for improving crop nitrogen use efficiency: trends, opportunities and challenges in rice

Crop improvement for nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) has been complicated by too many definitions for NUE, different forms of N inputs and different harvested outputs, apart from the large number of genes and processes involved. The recent characterization of the NUE phenotype in rice and the a...

Minor fungal diseases of banana

This chapter gives an overview of a number of minor diseases which affects bananas in different parts of the world. It gives an overview of the occurence, causal agent, key disease symptoms, host susceptibility and control of the the following diseases: Cordana leaf spot, Deightoniella leaf spot,...

Nematodes in banana

Banana production is threatened by nematodes that parasitize the root system. The damage that nematodes inflict when feeding destroys the banana’s root system, limiting nutrient and water uptake, and reducing the efficiency of the root system to anchor the plant, resulting in toppling, especially...

Other viral pathogens of banana

In this chapter, minor viral pathogens of banana, plantain and abacá are discussed. Some such as banana bract mosaic virus and the abacá strain of sugarcane mosaic virus have the potential to cause much more serious problems if they are allowed to spread unchecked around the world. Other viruses ...

Banana streak disease

The chapter gives an overview of the biology, epidemiology, diagnostics, and control of the banana streak complex of viruses in bananas.

Bacterial soft rot of banana

Bacterial soft rots of banana and plantains involve two different diseases caused by related but distinct pathogens: rhizome soft rot or head rot by Pectobacterium carotovorum. subsp. carotovorum and pseudostem wet rot and rhizome rot - in some parts of the world called rhizome necrosis and corm ...

Banana blood disease

Blood disease of banana is a bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis. The symptoms of Blood disease include wilting, chlorosis and necrosis of leaves, red/brown vascular staining, and pulp-rot of the fruit. The disease was first reported in 1905 from southern Sulawesi and w...

Managing banana bunch pests: towards more ecological approaches

Blemish-free bananas are a modern life staple. This chapter reviews management trends of bunch pests of bananas for export which cause cosmetic damage or trigger quarantine prohibitions in the context of changing regulatory and market requirements. The authors review six major insect pests of the...

Banana bunchy top virus

This chapter reviews current knowledge on banana bunchy top disease, the most important virus disease of banana, worldwide. It provides an overview of the historical aspects of the disease and the early studies, outlines the symptoms of the disease and biological characteristics of the pathogen r...

The banana weevil borer

This chapter discusses the impact of the banana weevil borer (Banana black weevil), Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). It provides an overview of the spread of the pest, its life cycle and the impact on plant health and yields. The chapter then discusses control mea...

Controlling black leaf streak disease (blsd) in banana: the case of costa rica

The main foliar disease in bananas is black leaf streak disease (BLSD), also known as black Sigatoka, which is caused by the fungus Pseudocercospora fijiensis. Since most commercial banana varieties are susceptible to BLSD, the disease can only be controlled in the wet tropics, with frequent fung...

Phytoplasma diseases of banana plants

Phytoplasmas are obligatory bacteria associated with diseases in over 1,000 plant species, which live in phloem tissues and are transmitted between plants by sap-sucking insects. Phytoplasmas have been recorded from banana plants in different parts of the world, but they are still considered a pa...

Towards sustainable management of nematodes in banana

Plant-parasitic nematodes present a major constraint to production of bananas and plantains world-wide. Early efforts in management in the mid-twentieth century relied on applications of fumigant nematicides followed by non-fumigant organophosphates and carbamate compounds. The development of int...

Management of diseases on banana fruit in the field

This chapter outlines the management of bacterial and fungal diseases on banana fruit from a practical and real-life banana farmers perspective and can be used as a guide to identifying diseases occurring on banana fruit. Different options for control and prevention are outlined and discussed fro...

The sigatoka leaf disease complex in banana

There are three major leaf diseases, now called Pseudocercospora leaf spot diseases of banana, which form the sigatoka leaf spot complex: Sigatoka disease (yellow Sigatoka) caused by Pseudocercospora musae, black leaf streak disease (black Sigatoka) caused by P. fijiensis and Eumusae leaf spot di...

Postharvest diseases of bananas and their sustainable management

This chapter discusses crown rot and anthracnose in detail, with a briefer coverage of the minor diseases such as mokillo fruit speckle, squirter and ceratocystis fruit stem-end rot. These diseases are discussed with regards to their causal agents, described and illustrated symptoms, disease cycl...

Towards sustainable management of fusarium wilt of banana

Since the start of growing bananas in large plantations the industry has been plagued by the introduction of numerous pathogens and none more troublesome than Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB). The introduction of Fusarium race 1 in the Gros Michel plantations in Latin America led to one of the major...

Freckle disease of banana

Freckle disease on banana is becoming more prevalent and in recent years has emerged as a disease of economic importance in some parts of the world. In places where the disease occurs it is a challenge to produce high quality, unblemished banana fruit for export markets. Although freckle disease ...

The past, present and future of fusarium wilt of banana caused by tropical race 4

Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB) Tropical Race 4 (TR4) is caused by the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium odoratissimum. At present, the spread of TR4 has been documented in at least 21 countries throughout all major Cavendish banana-producing regions of the world. It seems inevitable that TR4 will c...

Fusarium wilt of banana: impact, epidemiology and management of fusarium wilt race 1 and 2

The soil-borne fungus F. oxysporum forma specialis cubense (Foc), causing fusarium wilt of banana (FWB), is one of the most devastating diseases affecting banana. The fungus has a polyphyletic origin and strains and races have evolved with different wild banana species in various areas of the Ind...

Moko bacterial wilt of banana

This chapter discusses Moko bacterial wilt, the most serious bacterial disease affecting bananas and plantains. It starts by describing the main external and internal symptoms of the disease. The chapter then reviews advances in understanding the taxonomy and classification of disease-causing str...

Assessing the impact of pesticides on natural capital and biodiversity

Pesticides used prophylactically in intensive farming negatively affect non-target organisms, contributing to the acceleration of species extinction. This chapter considers key issues of pesticide toxicity that harm biodiversity and the natural world, including the adjuvant problem and the cockta...

Advances in understanding pre-harvest apple fruit development

Fruit growth is a complex mechanism linking biochemical and biophysical processes promoting water and dry matter uptake in fruit tissues. This chapter describes growth mechanisms in apple fruit at different phenological stages and relates phases to key physiological parameters for fruit growth, i...

Biodiversity reporting in the fast-food industry

The fast-food industry has a significant impact on global biodiversity. The industry members are well placed to address these impacts through initiatives encouraging no-net-loss/net-gain biodiversity policies. A review of prior academic research identifies the key challenges faced by the fast-foo...

Advances in understanding the nutritional and nutraceutical properties of apples

This chapter reviews the latest scientific studies on the health benefits of apples, including fresh, canned, frozen, dried and/or juice (clear and cloudy) and their phytochemicals. Due to their popularity, accessibility and high nutritional content, apples have been the subject of many scientifi...

The role of global investors in protecting natural capital and delivering ecosystem services within agriculture, food and other land use value chains

This chapter summarises key sector developments and challenges, outlines the ‘five pillars of a sustainable food system’ and points to the role of financial markets products and investor engagement initiatives as potential enablers for medium- to longer-term transformative solutions in the sector.

Exploring corporate weather accounting by the uk food retail industry

This chapter explores the extent to which companies in the UK food retail and production industries are disclosing information on weather-related risk, especially in relation to climate change-induced weather risk, in their annual/integrated reports, their sustainability (or equivalent) reports a...

Postharvest management of apple quality

This chapter briefly focuses on various aspects of postharvest management of apple fruit quality, including harvest maturity, pre-cooling, storage (conventional cold storage, control atmosphere and dynamic control atmosphere), packaging, ethylene and respiration management by using pre-storage ri...

Avocado cultivation and biodiversity challenges

Avocados, also referred to as alligator pears, butter fruits and ‘green gold’ are a blessing and a curse. The fruits are a high-value crop which can be used by farmers in emerging economies to generate much-needed income. Avocados are high in calories, vitamins and minerals and, as a result, can ...

Natural capital and biodiversity accounting in the dairy industry: the case of valio group

This chapter addresses the enhancement of and reporting on natural capital and biodiversity within the dairy industry as part of one company's broader sustainable development strategy. The chapter focuses on the dairy industry, as it is heavily dependent on natural and animal resources and also u...

Biodiversity considerations in the marine aquaculture and fisheries industries

The marine aquaculture and fisheries industries play an important role in global food security and nutrition. However, the natural (aquatic) resources are subjected to over-exploitation. The marine ecosystem also faces significant biodiversity threats that impact the long-term viability and susta...

Using data to assess the impact of agriculture on pollinators and pollinator services

Nature and agriculture are dependent on pollinators and the ecosystem services they provide. Using land for the production of food, feed and energy inevitably has an impact on other organisms. Without good data about production methods as well as abundance, diversity and health status of pollinat...

The circular economy and sustainable soybean farming in brazil: an integrated approach

This chapter provides an overview of a circular economy system combined with principles from the International Integrated Reporting Council’s integrated reporting framework. The model proposes that the circular economy and the principles of integrated thinking must be considered at the national l...

Natural capital accounting and biodiversity in the italian winemaking industry

Biodiversity is a key resource for our planet’s natural systems. This chapter analyses the Italian context by exploring the relationship between biodiversity and the winemaking sector. This chapter first introduces the Italian winemaking sector. It then discusses how biodiversity is defined in th...

Factoring biodiversity into the agri-food sector: international best practices and experiences from south africa

The importance of sustainable agriculture cannot be understated. Responsible farming practices which address the growing demand for food with social and environmental imperatives are essential for the long-term viability of organisations in the agri-sector and, at the national and international l...

Natural capital and biodiversity accounting in the swedish agri-food sector

This chapter describes how Swedish agri-food companies account for their impact on natural capital/ecosystem services and biodiversity. Sustainability reports or annual reports from 36 of the largest companies in the agri-food sector have been studied. Although most companies in the study have a ...

Developing and implementing plans to conserve insect biodiversity in agricultural landscapes

Insects are abundant and mobile biotic organisms that perform essential functions beneficial to humans. While insects are a vital component to agricultural landscapes, the agricultural systems that require their inputs create stressors to populations through farming practices affecting habitat re...

Natural capital and biodiversity accounting in palm-oil production

This chapter reviews natural capital and biodiversity accounting in Malaysian palm-oil production. It outlines the palm-oil industry’s impact on biodiversity and natural capital. It then assesses the transparency of sustainability information in the Malaysian palm-oil industry. Five initiatives f...

Advances in corporate natural capital accounting

Several attempts have been made to classify business accounting approaches with respect to environmental issues. This chapter provides a short overview of such approaches, underlining their diversity in framing, methods and applications, and highlights recent attempts to standardise corporate nat...

Breeding for fruit quality improvement in apple

Breeding for fruit quality improvement is critical for sustaining consumer interest and providing long-term profitability for the apple industry. Priority breeding targets consist of eating quality, appearance, and storability traits (to ensure year-round availability of fruit). Apple breeding is...

Advances in understanding the development of nutraceutical compounds in apples

This chapter provides an overview of the antioxidant nutraceutical compounds found in apples. Apples have always been recognised as foods with high nutritional value. In addition, their health benefits have always been the subject of intense research. This chapter summarises the characteristics a...

Protecting natural capital and biodiversity in agricultural supply chains: introduction

This chapter provides an introduction to protecting natural capital and biodiversity in agricultural supply chains. After a brief overview, the chapter goes on to summarise what the volume is about by focusing on the areas that are covered in the rest of the chapters, such as ways to address biod...

Regulatory frameworks and standards for agricultural robotics in the european union

Agricultural robotics is profoundly shaped by existing regulation, in particular relating to product safety certification, civil liability, and data access and usage. The chapter provides an overview of said topics, taking into account existing proposal for future regulation, namely the so-called...

Developing corn hybrids with improved performance under water deficits

This chapter reviews the key stages in corn plant development when water deficits can most impact on productivity. It reviews progress made in genotyping and phenotyping that enable selection for improved productivity in water-limited growing conditions. Technical approaches to experimental desig...

Identifying and exploiting photosynthetic genes in improving drought resistance in cereals

This chapter reviews the photosynthetic response of plants to drought stress. It first describes the indicators for photosynthetic traits, then goes on to discuss the different factors that can affect photosynthetic efficiency. The chapter also considers how drought stress can affect photosynthet...

Identifying genes for yield-related traits under drought stress conditions in durum wheat

Abiotic stress strongly affects yield-related traits in durum wheat. In particular drought is one of the main environmental factors reducing grain yield. Hundreds of quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been identified for yield-related traits across different genetic backgrounds and environments. ...

Safe and sustainable use of bio-based fertilizers in agricultural production systems

Recycling and/or upcycling of agricultural byproducts containing valuable nutrients back into agricultural systems as bio-based fertilizers can improve the circularity and sustainability of food production. However, in some instances, there may be negative environmental consequences or safety con...

Developing bioplastics from agro-industrial wastes for applications in food packaging

This chapter uses the principles of the circular economy to present alternatives to plastic food packaging in order to face the plastic environmental problem. One of the most promising solutions is the substitution of fossil-based polymers for bio-based and biodegradable polymers, among which pol...

Producing biogas from livestock manure and agricultural biomass

Climate change has driven the European Commission to set a strategy towards a climate-neutral Europe by 2050. There is a need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In the case of the agricultural sector, biogas production can replace fossil-based energy sources and reduce methane emissions re...

Multi-feedstock biorefineries for converting agricultural wastes and microalgae into co-products

This chapter reviews developments in the types, processing and use of biomass to develop a range of co-products. It begins by assessing availability of biomass feedstock from agricultural sources. It then reviews the range of biological and thermochemical biomass conversion processes together wit...

Optimizing slurry management

This chapter discusses optimizing slurry management in agricultural practices. It begins by first highlighting current decision tools for optimizing manure management, then goes on to review modifying animal slurry pH to enhance its value as a biobased fertilizer through methods such as bio acidi...

Closed-loop combined crop-livestock farming systems

The global demand for animal-sourced foods has led to an expansion and intensification of livestock production, resulting in complex environmental and ecological challenges. In the 1960s and 1970s, leys played a crucial role in cropping systems. However, the pursuit of increased production to mee...

Advances in phenotyping to identify drought-resistance traits in cereal roots

This chapter examines advances in phenotyping to identify drought-resistance traits in cereal roots. The chapter first describes current root phenotyping strategies and challenges, which is then followed by an overview of important root traits to improve drought adaptation, such as root system ar...

Aquaponics: challenges and opportunities for commercial application

Aquaculture is the production, under controlled conditions, of freshwater or saltwater aquatic organisms for human consumption and non-food use. Worldwide aquaculture has increased remarkably in the last decades and now accounts for approximately half of the total production of aquatic animals. T...

Understanding and developing closed-loop nutrient cycles in crop production

This chapter focuses on developing closed-loop nutrient cycles in crop production. It starts by first discussing the importance of understanding nutrient cycling in agri-food systems, then goes on to highlight current options for achieving closed-loop nutrient cycles. A section on manure manageme...

Closed-loop precision farming technologies to optimize resource use

Agriculture continues to play an integral role in the growth of the economy of any country, not only as a means of livelihood for the population but also as their main source of food. Therefore, identifying strategies that can promote the productivity of agriculture is a key priority as it enhanc...

Using crop residues/by-products as livestock feed in a circular economy

In this chapter, we will provide an overview of the nutrient profile of commonly used by-product feeds, how they are generated, and the limitations associated with their use in animal rations. We will focus on dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) because of its use across different lives...

Optimizing livestock manure as a biofertilizer and bioenergy source

This chapter provides an overview of the main technologies for manure valorization into bioenergy and biofertilizer products. It discusses developments in more established technologies such as solid-liquid (S/L) separation, anaerobic digestion and composting. It also reviews more innovative techn...

Developing polyphenols from agricultural wastes

Large volumes of organic waste are generated from growing, harvesting and processing crops. These organic bioresidues contain large quantities of diverse bioactive molecules, including phenolic compounds. These compounds have significant antioxidant and health-promoting properties. A more sustain...

Circular, closed-loop agricultural systems: key principles and challenges

This chapter discusses the relationship between circular economy and bioeconomy as they relate to agriculture.

Genetics of drought tolerance in cereals

This chapter discusses some of the latest findings related to the genetics of drought resistance of the world's most widely grown cereals. The chapter starts with rice because of its key role as an ancestral founder species and phylogenetically pivotal role for cereal evolution. The chapter then ...

Developing closed-loop dairy value chains and tools to support decision-makers

Food loss and waste (FLW) is a significant global challenge, and the dairy sector is an important contributor to the problem. There are a number of management options available to utilise dairy FLW in a close-looped system, particularly for developed dairy chains. In this chapter, we identify the...

The role of drought-induced proteins in regulating drought tolerance in cereals

Cereals provide a majority of caloric intake of the human population on earth. Projected population growth will require future increases in global grain production in the coming decades. However, many studies have demonstrated that increasing global warming trends will lead to hotter and drier cl...

New approaches for determining the nutritional value of pig feed

Precision feed formulation is a key component of precision feeding programs that requires accurate, dynamic assessment of numerous nutrients and chemical compounds that have positive (functional nutrients) and negative (anti-nutritional) effects on health, efficiency, and productivity of pigs. Re...

Behavioral changes towards sustainable food consumption

Sustainable food consumption is one key factor that affects the transition towards a sustainable food system. This chapter attempts to highlight the factors that affect this transition considering the multidimensionality of food (e.g. environmental, social, economic, health and ethical effects) a...

Sustainable food consumption attitudes and behavior: generational cohort differences

This chapter explores generational cohorts’ attitudes towards and purchasing behaviour relating to different dimensions of sustainable food consumption (SFC). It examines differences in attitudes to SFC between generational cohort differences. It then develops a typology characterizing participan...

Geographical patterns of food-purchasing behaviour: the example of sub-saharan africa

This chapter seeks to provide an overview of the multiplicity of factors that are shaping the food marketing and purchasing behaviours of consumers in SSA and the implications they carry for policy, strategy, and future research in the field. In terms of structure the discussions continue after t...

Understanding consumer attitudes to environmental sustainability issues in agricultural and food production

Understanding consumer attitudes to organic food: using profile deviation analysis for consumer benchmarking

The purpose of this chapter is to examine to what extent misalignment with an organic food consumer benchmark profile affects two key consumer performance indicators: consumer satisfaction and loyalty. The chapter performs a profile deviation analysis on a cross-sectional sample of 1011 Australia...

The effects of consumer perception of food safety and quality in food purchase decisions

Consumers expect their food to be safe and of high quality. However, food safety issues can and do occur. This chapter covers a wide range of topics that explain consumer perceptions of food safety and quality and how they relate to subsequent purchase decisions. It begins with a discussion of th...

Neuropsychology of consumer food choice

The neuropsychology of food consumption is a vast subject. This chapter concentrates on how value is established at the neurophysiological level and how it is related to behaviour. This is especially pertinent to the analysis of consumer choice, which refers here to being faced with two or more o...

Understanding consumer perceptions and attitudes towards nutrition labels and health claims in food

Healthy food choices have an important role to play in one’s personal health and wellbeing and in the prevention of chronic diseases. Nutrition labels and health claims (NLHCs) on packaged foods are important instruments used by food and health policy makers seeking to reduce the consumption of u...

Using duality models to understand how consumers process information about food and nutrition

This chapter focuses on using duality models to understand how consumers process information about food and nutrition. The chapter begins by discussing the elaboration likelihood model, arguably the most prominent dual-mode model in nutrition research. This is then followed by a discussion of the...

Trends in consumer preference for locally sourced food products

Recent years witnessed an increase in academic, policy and consumer interest in local foods. Yet, overwhelmingly positive attitudes toward local foods are often not translated into purchases. This chapter reviews the literature regarding the conceptualization of local food as well as consumer mot...

Advances in finding a vaccine for african swine fever

Advances in understanding the characteristics and epidemiology of african swine fever

This chapter reviews recent research on the causes and epidemiology of African swine fever (ASF). It discusses the causative agent for ASF, its origins in Africa to its spread into other regions of the world. It looks at the distribution of genotype I and II strains. After summarizing clinical in...

Advances in surveillance and diagnostic techniques for tracking the spread of african swine fever

African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most important viral diseases of domestic and wild suids. Over the last 15 years, ASF has gone truly pandemic and with that, fast, reliable, but also pragmatic diagnostic approaches are needed for early detection and surveillance. In the following chapter, ...

Banding nitrogen fertilisers and the implications for enhanced efficiency fertiliser technology

Fertiliser placement and type are key factors which regulate on-farm nitrogen (N) use efficiency. However, the interaction of these two management strategies is often overlooked. Efficacy assessments of enhanced efficiency fertilisers (EEFs) must consider the mode of application to not misinterpr...

Tissue engineering using scaffolds in cultured meat product development

This chapter focuses on tissue engineering using scaffolds in cultured meat product development. The chapter first provides an overview of the key scaffold properties as 3D meat cultivation platforms, focusing on aspects such as tissue engineering-related criteria and additional scaffold constrai...

Scaling cell production sustainably in cultured meat product development

Cultured meat is an emerging novel food with potential to address many of the shortcomings of meat produced through intensified animal farming. To date, only one cultured meat product has received regulatory approval for commercialisation in Singapore. However these are still available on an orde...

Developments in cell culture media for cultured meat applications

Cell culture media is one of the key inputs for cultured meat production. It provides a physiologically favorable environment for cells, nutrients for cell consumption and utilization, and signaling molecules to instruct cell behavior. For all cell culture, media should be optimized towards speci...

Cell line sourcing and characterization for cultured meat product development

This chapter explores the use of bioreactors for cell multiplication in cultured meat product development. The chapter begins by first providing an overview of the principles and structure of a bioreactor, which is followed by a breakdown of bioreactor operation modes: batch cultivation, fed-batc...

Creating a regulatory framework for cultured meat products: singapore

The Singapore Food Agency’s regulatory framework for cultured meat and the principal considerations behind Singapore’s food safety system is presented as a case study in this chapter. A review of the regulatory framework is covered in detail, including considerations for safety assessment of cult...

Consumer attitudes to cultured meat products: improving understanding and acceptance

This chapter reviews consumer attitudes to cultured meat products, focusing on improving understanding and acceptance of these products. Chapter 12 begins by examining the challenges regarding consumer acceptance of novel food technologies and cultured meat, drawing specific attention to perceive...

Developing cultured meat as a food product

This chapter examines developing cultured meat as a food product. It first focuses on the importance of meat structure when considering the development of cultured meat products, which is then followed by an analysis of appearance and consumer attitudes. The chapter also reviews the importance of...

Assessing the environmental impact of commercial-scale cultivated meat production

This chapter draws attention to assessing the environmental impact of commercial cultivated meat production. To provide some context, the chapter first focuses on the environmental impacts of livestock production, specifically the impact of land use and biodiversity, climate change as well as the...

Techno-economic analysis for cultivated meat production

Techno Economic Analysis and Techno-Economic Modeling are key activities in the development of emerging technologies and play a critical role in cultivated meat commercialization. The production scales required to replace a meaningful portion of current meat consumption are significant and will r...

How pathogens develop resistance to fungicides: an overview

This chapter examines how pathogens develop resistance to fungicides, it first reviews the ways to detect and measure resistance. It then moves on to examine mechanisms of resistance, such as target site mutation and oppression and multi-drug resistance. The chapter also reviews the evolution of ...

Understanding resistance to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides

The Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor (SDHI, Carboxamide, Group 7) compounds represent the fastest growing fungicide class. The spectrum of activity of SDHIs encompasses Ascomycete, Basidiomycete, and Deuteromycete pathogens on a wide variety of hosts. SDHIs are a structurally diverse class, curr...

The role of extension in fungicide resistance management

Extension specialists and agents have played an integral part in proactively relaying resistance management information to fruit producers – generally through face-to-face meetings, farm visits, phone calls, newsletter articles and a myriad of traditional venues. This chapter features three case ...

Crop disease control efficacy and selection for resistance: two sides of the same coin?

Fungicides are used to control plant disease, so any resistance management strategy of practical relevance needs to provide effective disease control. In general, a more intense treatment programme, with higher dosages and/or more applications will exert a higher selection pressure to the pathoge...

Fungicide resistance: evolutionary questions and practical implications

The evolution of resistance is a major threat to the efficacy of fungicides. Therefore, to achieve more durable crop protection, we must understand the evolutionary processes driving resistance, in order to apply more effective strategies to manage the risk. The inherent resistance risk of a fung...

Tracking the development of fungicide resistance

This chapter focuses on tracking the development of fungicide resistance. It starts by first providing an overview of the key objectives and requirements in tracking fungicide resistance. The chapter then moves on to review phenotyping tracking of fungicide resistance, which is followed by a disc...

Key challenges in developing new fungicides

The use of fungicides to provide effective economic control of plant diseases has been an integral component of crop production systems since their widespread introduction from the 1940s onwards. Despite industry having been very successful in discovering and bringing new fungicides to the market...

Fungicide resistance risk assessment

New fungicide active substances are at risk of losing efficacy due to the development of resistance in target pathogen populations. In the European Union, an assessment of resistance risk is required by regulatory authorities for the approval of each fungicide product This chapter will review the...

Quinone outside inhibitor fungicide resistance: selection patterns and the current situation

This chapter focuses on Qol fungicide resistance, specifically drawing attention to selection patterns and the current situation of Qol resistance. The chapter begins by describing the history of resistance and resistance mechanisms, then goes on to provide three case studies to describe differen...

Understanding resistance to oxysterol binding protein inhibitor fungicides

Downy mildews and late blight are important crop diseases caused by oomycetes which often require the use of fungicides with a cost of control estimated at $2 billion annually. In recent years, the crop protection industry has been rather successful in discovering and introducing plant protection...