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Lessons from reforestation of agricultural landscapes in south-eastern australia
Extensive areas spanning billions of hectares within the world’s arable landscapes are heavily degraded, have suffered losses of biodiversity, and require major restoration efforts. Indeed, the United Nations declared 2021-2030 to be the decade of restoration. The restoration challenges facing so...
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Advances in understanding poultry digestive anatomy and physiology
A well-functioning digestive tract is key to a sustainable poultry production. Significant progress in our understanding of the digestive tract functionality has allowed for further improvements, and will continue to do so. Feed intake is a prerequisite for a high performance, where feed particle...
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The use of phytogenics in optimizing gut function and health in poultry
Gut function and health are pre-requisites for sustainable poultry production and product quality. Phytogenics are bioactive components of plant origin that can protect poultry from the detrimental effects of modern stressor challenges in intensive farming systems via the enhancement of gut integ...
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Poultry feedstuff management and feed formulation utilizing big data
A feed formulation program is used to determine a compound feed that meets all of its nutritional requirements and is at the lowest possible cost (least cost). This chapter addresses current challenges facing feed formulation programs, including the need to account for sustainability issues as we...
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Advances in understanding and improving the use of macro-minerals in poultry nutrition: the example of phosphorus
This chapter describes advances in understanding and improving the use of macro-minerals in poultry with a particular focus on phosphorus (P). The chapter begins by outlining the challenges to optimising mineral nutrition in poultry, covering the characterisation of the P value in feed ingredient...
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Maintaining the safety of poultry feed
Natural and artificial contaminants in poultry feed may result in deteriorated feed quality, reduced performance, and increased incidence of disease in poultry, ultimately leading to a significant economic loss for producers. Moreover, since poultry are raised to produce meat and eggs for human c...
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Advances in understanding poultry feed intake regulation
Poultry production is facing substantial challenges. Among these are the necessity to feed the future in the face of increased human population, and the need to adapt to (global warming and scarce natural resources. As feed costs continue to rise due to severe drought conditions and the diversion...
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The use of probiotics and prebiotics to improve gut function and immunity in poultry: unlocking the secrets of avian wellness
Probiotics and prebiotics boost poultry gut health and immunity. This chapter discusses current research and practical applications of these microbial-based supplements for chicken production. The chicken industry has struggled recently with gastrointestinal disorders, poor meal absorption, and v...
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High protein corn fermentation products for poultry derived from corn ethanol production
Corn Fermented Protein (CFP) is the first commercially viable new source of high level (>50%), high quality vegetable protein, developed in the past twenty years and available for feeding to livestock, aquaculture, and companion animals. The protein product is derived from the sustainable fuel...
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Genetic factors affecting feed efficiency in meat-type chickens
To meet the global demand poultry meat, poultry should be produced efficiently and sustainably. Feed constitutes 70% of the cost of poultry production, meaning improvements in feed efficiency would be beneficial to producers, consumers and the environment. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) is an econom...
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Emerging protein sources for poultry feed
The global poultry industry tends to depend on a limited number of feed ingredients, which face a number of environmental and other problems. The objective of this chapter is to examine emerging, alternative ingredients for potential use locally or for development into global protein sources for ...
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Advances in synthetic biology to improve poultry production
Synthetic biology is an evolving area that can advance poultry science and production in achieving a more sustainable future. This chapter outlines multidisciplinary studies of synthetic biology to solve pressing problems within the poultry industry. It introduces state of art tools in synthetic ...
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Advances in broiler breeder nutrition
Poultry meat is the most important protein source in human diet, and global demand increased annually. Broiler breeders are the parents of broiler and has a substantial impact on the poultry meat chain producing first class hatching eggs with healthy chicks. This is becoming increasingly challeng...
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Digestive kinetics of feedstuffs in broiler chickens
Growth performance of broiler chickens may be sub-optimal because starch is digested too rapidly and protein too slowly. This chapter reviews how a better understanding of digestive kinetics can address this challenge and contribute to least-cost formulation of broiler diets to enhance chicken-me...
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Advances in understanding and improving the use of amino acids in poultry nutrition
Knowledge of amino acid formulation minimum constraints in the nutrient matrix are pivotal in order to allow for formulation flexibility, and subsequent broiler productivity at minimum nitrogen supply. Four key amino acid minimums that beg for more research are: arginine, glycine and serine, hist...
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Using macroalgae/seaweed and microalgae in poultry feed
This chapter describes the main nutritional characteristics of algae and the current knowledge on their effects in poultry production with consideration to their impacts on animal health, growth performance, and product quality (eggs and meat). The chemical and nutritional value of algae is explo...
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Nutrient requirements of broilers: an overview of factors affecting feed formulation
The information available on the nutrient requirements of broilers to maximize production or economics returns, is abundant but the data are often inconsistent because of factors such as the methodology used to estimate bird requirements and the differences in the nutritional value attributed to ...
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Advances in understanding the cellular basis of feed efficiency in poultry muscle
Feed efficiency is a complex and very important genetic trait in broiler production. Content in this chapter is an overview of over 20 years of research of investigating mitochondrial physiology, gene and protein expression that enables a ‘proteogenomic picture’ to be ‘painted’ to aid in understa...
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Advances in understanding and improving the use of enzymes in broiler nutrition
The supplementation of exogenous enzymes in diets is a common practice in the poultry industry. Different enzymes are used to target specific substrates: phytase acts on phytate, protease acts on proteins of peptides, xylanase acts on arabinoxylan, and amylase acts on starch. The utilization of t...
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The use of soil stabilizers to prevent erosion
Soil and water conservation is essential for sustaining agricultural production and for protecting the soil ecosystem. This chapter discusses an alternative approach for soil erosion mitigation, which advocates modification of soil properties that are linked to processes that control degradation ...
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Advances in tracking sediment transport from agricultural land
The distance particles are transported is important because (i) is necessary for reconciling measurements of erosion made at different scales; (ii) it impacts on travel times of pollutants that adhere to eroded soil particles; and (iii) it is important for identifying sources of pollutants in wat...
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Advances in understanding soil erodibility
Soil erodibility refers to the vulnerability of a soil to erosion. This chapter discusses approaches to defining soil erodibility. It then reviews two key soil properties affecting erodibility: aggregate stability and shear stress stability. The chapter assesses individual and combined techniques...
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Advances in modeling soil erosion risk
Soil erosion is particularly affected by climate change, especially increases in the amount and intensity of rainfall. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE2) developed by USDA-ARS has been developed to quantify soil erosion. However, it does not consider current climate and topographic...
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Assessing the impact of climate change on soil erosion by water
This chapter focuses on assessing the impact of climate change on soil erosion by water. It begins by first describing the influence of climate change on event and annual erosivity, then moves on to discuss the influence of climate change on the protective effect of crops. A section on snowmelt e...
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Assessing the effectiveness and history of buffer strip implementation in preventing soil sediment and nutrient losses to surface waters
Buffer strips are one of the most widely utilised mitigation measures to reduce sediment and nutrient transfer from soil erosion and surface runoff on fields to neighbouring surface waters. Their effectiveness in terms of retaining sediment and nutrients has been documented by numerous experiment...
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Soil erosion by water processes and prediction technology
Soil erosion by water is a natural phenomenon that occurs on upland areas when soil is detached from a surface by impacting raindrops or by flowing water that exerts shear forces. This chapter will describe and discuss various soil erosion by water processes, particularly at agricultural field sc...
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Advances in proximal instrumental techniques for measuring gully and rill erosion of agricultural soils
Ephemeral gully and rill erosion have significant effects on agricultural land around the world. The characterization and quantification of these phenomena require us to determine their geometry and evolution, through either 3D or 2D approaches. 3D techniques are able to cover large areas at the ...
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The effects of no-till and related practices in preventing soil erosion
This chapter discusses the effects of no-till (NT) and related practices in preventing soil erosion. It starts by first focusing on the effects NT practices have on soil properties related to erosion risk, such as bulk density, pore size distribution, saturated hydraulic conductivity, available w...
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Addressing gender inequities in accessing agricultural extension and advisory services
Extension and Advisory Services have historically been challenged to meet the needs of both women and men producers in environments where women typically have benefited less. However, there are examples of projects and programs where gender equity in access to these services has been improved. In...
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Understanding and changing attitudes toward eating protein derived from insects
This chapter covers understanding and changing attitudes towards eating protein derived from insects. In recent years, there has been growing interest regarding the role of insects as novel protein sources to meet the increasing global demand for sustainable and nutritious food. However, though i...
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Developing alternative sources of protein in pig nutrition: insects
Over the past 50 years, global pig production has quadrupled and is predicted to continue to rise. Combined with a changing climate, the pig production industry needs to adopt new feed sources and production systems to remain efficient and sustainable. This chapter reviews the current state of in...
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Co-products and other alternative feedstuffs for sustainable pig production: an overview
This chapter provides an overview of co-products and other alternative feedstuffs for sustainable pig production. It opens with a discussion of feed evaluation, animal growth and carcass characteristics. Focus then moves to meat quality and animal health. After this, the chapter highlights the co...
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Understanding and optimizing the use of prebiotics in pig nutrition
This chapter discussed the use of prebiotics in pig nutrition. It begins with a section covering dietary fibre and prebiotics, then moves on to describe types of prebiotics, including: oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and non-carbohydrate prebiotics. Next, mode of actions for prebiotics is expl...
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High protein corn fermentation products for swine derived from corn ethanol production
Corn Fermented Protein (CFP) is the first commercially viable new source of high level (>50%), high quality vegetable protein, developed in the past twenty years and available for feeding to livestock, aquaculture, and companion animals. The protein product is derived from the sustainable fuel...
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Developing nutritional guidelines for pigs
Pig feeding and nutrition is a crucial aspect of pig farming, as it directly impacts growth, health, and productivity from birth to market weight. In this chapter the authors consider the key factors in the setting of nutritional guidelines, such as breed and genetic traits affecting nutrient and...
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Gastrointestinal development in pigs: implications for nutrition and performance
This chapter discusses the pivotal developmental changes within a pig's gastrointestinal system (GIT) across various life stages, emphasizing their importance for achieving growth, health, and feed efficiency. The authors begin by describing how during the prenatal phase, the GIT experiences subs...
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Understanding and optimizing the use of amino acids in pig nutrition
This chapter discusses the principles and practical aspects of meeting amino acid requirements and the use of functional amino acids in pig nutrition. The authors begin by exploring protein and amino acid metabolism, then the principles of amino acid needs, including maintenance and growth. They ...
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Green feed in organic pig farming
An organic diet based on regionally produced feed components is a fundamental goal in organic pig production. There is a huge unexploited potential in implementing local produced “green feed components” in organic pig diets as a sustainable alternative to the current high reliance on concentrates...
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Modelling feed requirements for pigs to optimize feed efficiency
To ensure sustainable pig production in terms of cost and environmental impact, it is essential to focus on enhancing feed efficiency. This necessitates a precise understanding of the nutrient requirements of both sows and growing pigs, enabling the development of tailored feeding strategies to o...
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Advances in understanding pig nutritional requirements and metabolism
This chapter focuses on the advances in understanding pig nutritional requirements and metabolism. The authors begin by outlining optimising sow nutrition throughout gestation and lactation, covering the management of gilt weight on herd entry, nutrition to prevent sow lameness, minimising variat...
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Ensuring pig feed safety
This chapter covers the safety of feed for pigs. Reducing the risk of biological hazards in feed manufacturing facilities is an important part of the complete biosecurity plan for livestock producers. Research in the past several years has demonstrated the ability of pathogens to survive in feed ...
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Understanding and optimizing the use of exogenous enzymes in pig nutrition
For more than 30 years, feed enzymes have been used to reduce ration formulation costs by saving on costly nutrients. In this chapter, the authors discuss how the enzymatic capacity of neonate and mature pigs can be augmented through the addition of protease and amylase in respect to the contrast...
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The water-energy-food nexus (wef)
This chapter briefly introduces the nexus approach, focussing on water issues. It is not an attempt to summarise the vast literature on the topic but rather to illustrate the concept by presenting selected examples of each element of the nexus and their interlinkages (water–energy, energy–food, a...
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Forecasting future global agricultural water demand: current projections and future challenges
Population and economic growth, urbanization, and lifestyle changes are key drivers of water demand estimation. Climatic change and risks add another dimension to the calculus. However, unreliable baseline information and future uncertainties of many drivers are barriers to accurate demand projec...
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Monitoring agricultural water use: challenges and solutions for sustainable water management
As the largest sectoral user of water globally, agriculture is both impacted by and a major driver of water scarcity. Monitoring of agricultural water use is essential to identify and design effective strategies for balancing water demands with those of other sectors and the environment amidst fu...
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Managing the impacts of climate change, droughts and water scarcity on agriculture
This chapter discusses the challenges of managing climate change, droughts, and water scarcity in the context of agricultural food crop production. We highlight the various strategies that can be implemented to address these challenges, including adaptation, mitigation, water management, governme...
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Integrating biophysical and hydraulic models to assess the agronomic and environmental impacts of precision irrigation
Precision irrigation offers scope to save water, improve yields and support the sustainable intensification of agriculture. It could also contribute to the sector’s transformation to reduce the environmental impacts of food crop production linked to nutrient leaching and greenhouse gas emissions....
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Precimed: development of a decision support system (dss) for precision irrigation in mediterranean agriculture
Agriculture is one of the most dynamic and productive sectors in the Mediterranean region, but it is also the most vulnerable to water scarcity. Currently, it is facing certain challenges, which compromise the sustainability and environmental impact of our food production system. In response, and...
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Developments in water sharing and water trading
Different strategies in water management exist to deal with water scarcity issues in agriculture. This chapter provides an overview of the fundamentals and developments of two water allocation/demand management strategies, i.e. water sharing and water trading, with a focus on the Australian exper...
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Managing energy demands in irrigated agriculture
The modernisation of irrigation districts, where traditional networks based on open channels are replaced by pressurised pipe networks, represents a change in the delicate balance between water and energy use. In this way, water use efficiency is increased, but energy consumption is highly augmen...
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Managing the irrigation efficiency paradox to “free” water for the environment
Reducing water consumption (equivalent to depletion) in irrigated agriculture ‘saves’ water, freeing it up to be allocated to other sectors, for example, to restore environmental flows. However, this task is not straightforward because consumption is difficult to adjust; there are many scales, mo...
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Advances in drainage design and management for irrigated agriculture
Investments in drainage in irrigated agriculture are lagging well behind investments in irrigation. As a result, salinity and waterlogging problems now affect about 10–16% of these irrigated areas. To combat these problems and to cope with gradual changes in land use and a changing climate, the r...
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Agronomic practices for optimising soil water retention
Soil water retention is an important factor that influences cropping systems and environmental sustainability and can be affected by various agronomic practices. Agronomic practices including tillage, cover cropping, crop rotation, and animal grazing practices have been implemented over several c...
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Modernizing major and medium irrigation schemes in india: formulating a programme of change
This chapter outlines the establishment of a national multi-year, multidisciplinary programme to modernize major and medium irrigation (and drainage schemes in India) under the Support for Irrigation Modernization Program. The programme is supported by the Asian Development Bank and implemented b...
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Reconciling water needs for food, the environment, energy and society – a quadrilemma facing the future of global irrigated agriculture
Improving agricultural water management is widely viewed as being crucial to achieving a more environmentally sustainable, resilient and productive agro-food sector. However, how do we reconcile the needs of water for food production with those of the environment and for energy and society – a wi...
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Solar-powered irrigation systems: recent developments and future trends
Recent developments in harnessing solar energy have transformed solar powered irrigation systems (SPIS) into a cost-effective, reliable, and environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional fossil fuel energy-based irrigation systems. This chapter reviews the current developments and futur...
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Crop physiological responses to irrigation and regulatory mechanisms
Irrigated croplands are especially productive but increasing costs of irrigation infrastructure, and political pressures on abstraction, requires enhanced irrigation efficiency. Farmers may be risk-averse to growing with less irrigation, requiring that the irrigation science community develop tec...
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Improving agri-food supply chains in asia
The agri-food supply chains in Asia face multiple challenges and threats, such as malnutrition, environmental degradation and unexpected risks. Here, we suggest possible interventions to improve nutrition and health, increase resource use efficiency and reduce adverse environmental impacts. To co...
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Agri-food supply chains and food security in asia
This chapter discusses agri-food supply chains in Asia from the perspective of ensuring food security, to provide consumers with their agri-food consumption requirements. Following this perspective, it takes stock of the latest food security outcomes in Asia with a focus on food utilisation (i.e....
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Improving agri-food supply chains in north america: the case of the sugarcane agro-industry in mexico
This chapter discusses improving agri-food supply chains in North America, using the case of the sugarcane agro-industry in Mexico as a discussion point. The chapter focuses on sugarcane production in Mexico, then goes on to highlight factors determining the competitiveness of the sugarcane agro-...
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State of the art in agri-food supply chain infrastructure design
Globalization, urbanization, and advances in the agricultural industry have put agri-food supply chain management (AFSCM), including agri-food chains and their associated organizations, on the agenda today. The main purpose of this study is to present the current developments in the literature by...
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Improving agri-food supply chains in africa
Agricultural value chains in the African context play a pivotal role in the attainment of increased food security, sustainable development, and economic growth when properly integrated into the broader global value chains. Nevertheless, African value chains confront substantial challenges, includ...
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Agri-food supply chains in southern and eastern europe
This chapter describes the fundamental characteristics of the food systems of Eastern and Southern Europe, paying particular attention to their agro-export nature and the late predominance of large-scale distribution companies in their markets. The chapter then reviews the unsustainability of thi...
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Studying agri-food supply chains: an analytical framework
Agri-food supply chains have unique characteristics and challenges for which we need an appropriate analytical framework. In addressing these issues, we first discuss agri-food supply chain characteristics, after which we provide a framework for designing agri-food supply chains. The chapter also...
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Supply chain resilience capabilities in european food supply chains: the impact of covid-19 in the netherlands
This chapter discusses supply chain management responses used by companies in the food supply chain during the recent COVID-19 pandemic. The chapter first discusses the relevant literature on supply chain resilience. The chapter subsequently reviews supply chain responses in relation to different...
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Agri-food supply chains in the united states
With a focus on the USA, this chapter traces the development of the country’s agri-food supply chain, which has experienced significant consolidation across all echelons. Types of agri-food supply chains are discussed, highlighting local agri-food supply chains which have become more prevalent re...
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Information and communication technology in agri-food supply chains
Food production builds on the cooperation of enterprises within agri-food supply chains reaching from agriculture to retail. The interdependencies between enterprises require coordination of decisions and activities for assuring efficiency in production along the chain and serving the expectation...
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Planning and control in agri-food supply chains
In contrast to durable good supply chains, planning and control of agri-food supply chains are more challenging, e.g. due to perishable nature of the sensitivity of agri-food products. To provide managers with adequate decision-making support, it is crucial to understand the underlying planning p...
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Agri-food supply chains in western and northern europe
Western and Northern Europe are important regions for food production and supply for Europe and globally. With a combination of new supply chain management techniques and technological advancement, there are useful insights from the region on modern food production, value addition and associated ...
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Understanding and improving global agri-food supply chains in an interconnected world: a systems approach
Agri-food supply chains (AFSCs) are complex, interconnected networks that span the world, yet they are highly influenced by regional contexts, as the chapters from this book have illustrated. From large-scale farming in countries like the United States to small and medium-sized farmers in Latin A...
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Advances in crop disease forecasting models
Diseases are widespread and destructive, causing severe yield quantity and quality losses, increasing agricultural production costs, and cumulative human health and environmental risks and impacts. Climate change is anticipated to exacerbate current losses, by introducing complexity and uncertain...
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Trends in farm information management systems
Farm managers must make numerous decisions every day. Farm management information systems (FMIS) can assist farmers in their daily collection of data, decision-making and reporting as well as in communication with stakeholders. After defining FMIS, this chapter defines functional requirements and...
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Using data mining techniques for decision support in agriculture: support vector machines
This chapter introduces data mining in agriculture, focusing on support vector machines (SVM). SVM employs optimal hyperplanes in high-dimensional space for linear classification, aiming to find the maximum-margin hyperplane, crucial for accurate classification. The SVM model, a non-probabilistic...
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Smart farming in extensive livestock production: the australian experience
There is little doubt that agtech, and in particular connected things will play an increasingly important, enabling role in extensive livestock production systems in improving productivity, safety, workflow, sustainability and resilience in the face of climate change and market access. But the ke...
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Key issues in incorporating proximal and remote sensor data into farm decision-making
This chapter presents five study cases on the application of smart technologies in farming and forestry systems. The first of these study cases presents the results of a long-term study to calibrate a Grassmaster II capacitance probe to estimate pasture productivity in the Mediterranean Montado e...
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The role of digital technologies in achieving sustainable agriculture
This chapter follows the role of digital technologies in achieving sustainable agriculture. The authors first track the evolution of agriculture from its inception to the digital age, then discuss efficiency indicators in agriculture and the need to overcome inefficiency in agricultural productio...
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Developing decision support systems for irrigation/water management on farms
This chapter reviews basic considerations in the development of tools to assist a decision-maker in making informed decisions and improve decision outcomes. This chapter reviews software engineering guidelines that facilitate the development of easily maintainable software tools. Water in the far...
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Improving fault detection and isolation in agricultural robotics
The robotization of agricultural tasks is booming globally, made possible thanks to the development of robotic platforms equipped with agricultural tools. These technological tools (sensors, effectors, etc.) can cause faults which compromise productivity. This chapter presents a review of state o...
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Advances in the use of robotics in greenhouse cultivation
This chapter discusses the role of robotics in greenhouse cultivation, starting with key challenges. Current technology is then presented, grouped by the main tasks executed by the robots. The selective harvesting of major greenhouse crops (e.g. tomato, cucumber, sweet pepper, strawberries and fl...
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Advances in soft grasping in agriculture
Robotics and automation face several challenges in agriculture due to the high variability of products, task complexity, crop quality requirement, and dense vegetation. Such a set of challenges demands a more versatile and safe robotic system. Soft robotics is a new yet promising field of researc...
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Advances in mobility platforms for agricultural robots
Agricultural robotics is one of the most challenging research areas in robotics given the complex challenges posed by terrain, crop and environmental conditions. This chapter reviews the use of (unmanned) ground robots in agriculture, focusing on the main different solutions in terms of mobility ...
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Advances in local perception for orchard robotics
The development of digital technologies, cost pressures and the increasing need for sustainability have heightened interest in the application of robotics and automation to improve the efficiency of agricultural operations. Sensors for autonomous navigation require precise positioning and percept...
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Advances in human–robot collaboration in agricultural robotics
Introduction of robotics into agriculture has the potential to lower production costs, reduce the drudgery of tedious manual labor, increase the level of accuracy of mechanized operations, and improve environmental control. Unlike industrial applications that often deal with relatively simple, re...
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Autonomous navigation and path planning for agricultural robots
Navigation and path planning are essential technologies for increasing the productivity of agriculture machine systems performing modern precision agriculture tasks. Production agriculture requires efficient methods for complete coverage of agricultural landscapes to complete the critical product...
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Advances in agricultural unmanned aerial vehicles: focus on sensing applications
In the current chapter, we aim to present an overview of the advantages and limitations of UAV-RS platforms and their applications in PA. To properly review these applications, we formulated the following questions: What are the available UAV sensors for PA applications? How should one select the...
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Advances in grasping techniques in agricultural robots
This chapter provides an overview of the state of the art for grasping and manipulation in agricultural settings. It begins with a review of the robotic mechanisms commonly used for manipulation and grasping. The discussion then addresses issues associated with the integration of different techno...
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Advances in the use of robots in field crop cultivation
This chapter reviews the use of robots in field crop cultivation. The chapter begins by providing an overview of current requirements for robots involved in field cultivation, then goes on to describe enabling technologies for in-field robots. The chapter also provides several examples of in fiel...
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Advances in machine learning for agricultural robots
This chapter presents a survey of the advances in using machine learning (ML) algorithms for agricultural robotics. The development of ML algorithms in the last decade has been astounding, and there has therefore been a rapid increase in the widespread deployment of ML algorithms in many domains,...
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Advances in world modeling for agri-food robotics
Performing tasks in the agri-food industry can be complex due to the organic, unstructured environments and natural variation in product. Successfully implementing robotic systems in such contexts is highly dependent on their capacity to adapt to variability, unpredictability and incomplete senso...
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Advances in the use of robotics in crop phenotyping
This chapter reviews advances in the use of robotics in crop phenotyping. It first highlights the role of robotics in phenotyping, then moves on to discuss three forms of dimensional imaging and analysis: two dimensional (2D), 3D and 4D. A section is dedicated to each. The chapter also provides t...
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Advances in the use of robotics in orchard operations
Agriculture has witnessed transformative innovation and technology adoption over the past 100 years including tractors, combine harvesters, and auto-steering techniques. These mechanized or automated machines relieved a huge population around the world from hard labor in challenging farming envir...
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Service crops as a source of nitrogen in temperate europe
Service crops (SCs) are widely used in low input systems as a source for nitrogen (N), and in intensive cropping systems for reducing N leaching by taking up residual soil N after the harvest of the main crop. This chapter discusses benefits of SCs, which are defined here as crops grown for provi...
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Characterizing soil nitrogen availability to improve nitrogen fertilizer recommendations
Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is one of the most common field production inputs in agriculture. It is necessary to achieve high productivity but threatens ecosystem integrity as it is readily transported to water bodies and emitted to the atmosphere. This chapter reviews a series of studies conducted b...
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Optimizing livestock manure as a source of nitrogen and other nutrients
Manure has long been recognized as a valuable source of nutrients. The product is dynamic, and an understanding of both chemical and biological mechanisms is required to optimize its use. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of manure. Here, the basics of manure composition, collection,...
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Improving the effective use of nitrogen on major field crops across the globe: a new paradigm
Foundational concepts for characterization of nitrogen (N) nutrition in field crops are necessary to define true N gains in crops under different genotype-environment-management (GxExM) scenarios. A study (Ciampitti and Lemaire, 2022) emphasized the requirement to redefine N use (herein termed as...
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Synchronizing nitrogen fertilizer application to crop nitrogen needs
Nitrogen synchrony refers to nitrogen (N) availability in the soil being closely aligned in space and time with the N requirements of crop plants. However, due to large temporal and spatial variability in the availability of soil N across regions, there is considerable potential for asynchrony be...
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Advances in understanding nitrogen cycling in soil
Anthropogenic alterations in the nitrogen cycle, dominantly through synthetic fertilizer applications, have allowed for greater crop production since the nineteenth century. However, these changes have also allowed for rapid increases in environmental adverse nitrogen loss pathways such as nitrat...
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Developments in proximal sensors to detect crop nitrogen status
Improving nitrogen use efficiency is a key objective in crop production. The development of proximal sensors represents a significant stet forward in achieving this objective. This chapter describes: i) the principles of proximal sensing, ii) proximal sensor types and iii) applications for crop n...
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The role of ammonium transport proteins in improving nitrogen use efficiency in crop production
Nitrogen (N) is a key macronutrient required for plant growth and reproduction. Ammonium (NH4+) is a readily available nitrogen source for plant growth and an important contributor to net plant nitrogen uptake and utilisation. It is suggested that members of the high-affinity ammonium transporter...
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The economics of nitrogen in farming systems and beyond
Nitrogen fertilizer is a key factor determining the physical and economic productivity of agriculture. Decisions about nitrogen involve various economic considerations, at the farm, regional or national level. Beyond the farm level, the economics of nitrogen are important in designing policies to...
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