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Weed management in perennial conservation agriculture systems: optimising use of groundcover
This chapter reviews ways of optimising use of ground cover in perennial cultivation for weed control. It reviews the multiple roles of ground cover in perennial systems and ways of selecting between different types of ground cover (non-selected or select spontaneous plants; sown grass, legume or...
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Weed management in no-tillage vegetable cultivation: using the sistema de plantio direto de hortaliças to achieve an agroecological transition
This chapter describes cultivation of vegetables using the no-tillage cultivation system developed in Brazil (SPDH+: Sistema de Plantio Direto de Hortaliças). Based on agroecological principles, this allows more sustainable cultivation of vegetables without reliance on synthetic fertilizers and p...
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Weed management in conservation agriculture-based production of annual crops
This chapter reviews the benefits and use of cover crops in no-till (NT) cultivation systems such as Conservation Agriculture (CA) in order to control undesirable plants (‘weeds’) in different annual crop production systems, whilst minimizing the use of herbicides. It begins by situating use of c...
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Understanding and optimizing the physical properties of soil to promote soil microbiomes
The physical environment of soil is characterized by a number of macro- and microscale physical properties that control the heterogenous distribution of microbes, as well as water, air and chemicals within the soil matrix. Heterogeneity occurs at any spatial scale; yet among the most important ar...
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Fungi: advances in understanding the role of root-associated fungi in soil
This chapter highlights the varied roles that root-associated soil fungi play in agricultural ecosystems. The authors begin by describing the relationship between fungi with plants before detailing the beneficial, antagonistic, and dynamic interactions between the two. Next they present an overvi...
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Advances in understanding and exploiting the role of soil microbiomes in protecting crops against pathogens and pests
The soil microbiome has the potential to protect crop plants from biotic stress caused by pests and pathogens. Studies have, for example, shown the role of root exudates in recruiting and enriching beneficial bacteria to protect against pathogens and pests, paving the way for developing strategie...
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Advances in soil viromics in understanding viral diversity and function
This book chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution and advances in soil viromics, highlighting key methodologies, such as metagenomics, dsRNA extraction, and virus-like particle extraction, and their contributions to understanding soil viral diversity. It explores the intricate ...
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Assessing the impact of inorganic fertilizers on soil microbiomes
This review aims to demonstrate the influence of farming systems on biological indicators that are relevant to soil health. Empirical data from published studies informs the hypothetical model that soil health outcomes are related to more diverse cropping systems, coupled with high inputs of orga...
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Advances in understanding the role of soil microbiomes in promoting crop resilience to drought stress
Agricultural productivity varies frequently as a result of environmental changes. Abiotic stresses, such as nutrient deficiencies, drought, salinity, flooding, high temperature, heavy metal toxicities, and oxidative stress, cause irretrievable damage, resulting in plant growth and yield loss. The...
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Understanding how land-use management affects soil microbiomes
The soil microbiome is essential for ecosystem health, supporting functions like nutrient cycling and decomposition. However, human-induced land-use changes, such as deforestation and intensive agriculture, disrupt this delicate balance, impacting microbial diversity and functionality. These alte...
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Advances in understanding actinobacteria in soil
The improved detection methods have led to a better understanding of the diversity and ecological functions of Actinobacteria. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive review of recent findings on soil Actinobacteria, with a focus on their classification, genetics/characteristics, what we kno...
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Advances in metaproteomics for analyzing soil microorganisms
Soil metaproteomic, the protein profile of a sample, gives both taxonomical and functional information and has the potential to improve knowledge of mechanisms underlying the important ecosystem services by soil. This chapter aims to discuss the challenges facing protein extraction from soil, the...
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Advances in understanding the role of the soil microbiome’s effects on nitrogen cycling
Understanding the soil microbiomes function is critical for the sustainable provision of food and fibre and the prevention of undesirable environmental impacts. Nitrogen, an essential element for agricultural production, is cycled through the soil-plant continuum by the soil microbiome. Discrete ...
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Advances in understanding soil microbiomes in ecosystem functions across trophic chains
Soil is an essential part in every terrestrial ecosystem and soil microbes are contributing to several ecosystem functions. Different abiotic and biotic factors impact soil microbiomes and a disturbance of soil microbial communities can have severe consequences for soil health and its ecosystem f...
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Advances in understanding microbial communities in the rhizosphere
This chapter explores the dynamics of rhizosphere microbiomes, focusing on their composition and functional aspects. It evaluates host-specific selection, plant species, genotypes, domestication, and agricultural ecosystem management practices. The chapter also investigates the legacy of plant de...
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Advances in understanding the role of soil microbiomes in carbon cycling in soil
This chapter explores the advances in understanding the role of soil microbiomes in carbon cycling in soil. The author begins by reviewing the contributions of bacterial and fungal necromass to soil carbon, and the roles of soil microbial biomass in carbon cycling. Here, he describes how soil mic...
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Advances in understanding the genetics of and breeding for resistance to infectious disease in pigs
Pigs are exposed to numerous infectious disease pathogens, with large economic and welfare implications. How pigs respond to disease is in part determined by genetics. Thus, genetic improvement is one of the tools that can be used to mitigate the impact of disease, complementing biosecurity and v...
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Nutritional strategies to optimize reproductive performance of the highly prolific sow
The feeding of a prolific sow is a complex process that involves proper nutrient formulation, feed delivery, and an understanding of the biological challenges that she will undergo within her lifetime. In addition, the timeframe in which a sow within the herd is productive is spent predominantly ...
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Advances in understanding the genetics of sow prolificacy: reproductive performance, trade-offs and management solutions
Genetic selection for higher ovulation rate has increased the number of piglets born per litter. The increase in litter size has been accompanied by an increased proportion of low birthweight piglets and piglets with signs of intra uterine growth restriction (IUGR), Conception rates have increase...
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Assessing pig genetic diversity
The preservation of genetic diversity is particularly important because human selection processes have resulted in a small number of commercial breeds and a large number of small, residual populations. This chapter looks at ways of analyzing pig genetic diversity. It then reviews what these techn...
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Gilt development to improve offspring performance and survivability
This chapter reviews current knowledge on gilt development-related key management and nutritional strategies that improve longevity and their production, as well as enhance offspring performance and survivability.
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Improving the reproductive efficiency of boars: past, present, and future
This chapter provides a critical review of key developments in understanding and improving boar reproductive efficiency, tracing its development from seminal discoveries to contemporary advances in artificial insemination (AI) and sperm analysis technologies. Key developments in identifying ferti...
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Tools and strategies for optimizing the reproductive performance of sows
Fertility of the swine breeding is high when considering measures for estrus, farrowing and litter sizes. The success in reproduction is a result of an array of factors that involve genetics, health, environment, and reproductive technologies. The population of females in the breeding herd is man...
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Understanding ovarian function in pigs
This chapter summarizes the basic physiology of porcine female reproduction, including: ovarian structure and function, ovarian follicle development (folliculogenesis), the role of the corpus luteum in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, biosynthesis of steroid hormones (steroidogenes...
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Neonatal piglet nutritional supplementation to increase growth and survival: a review
Survivability of piglets during the neonatal period has been decreasing as genetic selection for highly prolific animals continues across the swine industry. Piglets considered medium weight at birth (1.0-1.3kg) provide the greatest opportunity to improve survival. Colostrum consumption by the ne...
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Accelerating genomic improvement in pigs by using reproductive biotechnologies
To meet the food demand of the growing population, there's a need to increase the amount of protein produced from animals. Pork is the second largest contributor of global meat consumption. Identifying ways to increase the efficiency of pig production is pivotal to meeting the US and global deman...
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Advances in understanding and exploiting the pig genome
In recent years, pig genetics and breeding has been revolutionized by advances in genomics. This chapter outlines current developments in pig genetics and genomics including long-read sequencing, telomere-to-telomere assembly, low-pass sequencing for genomic prediction, functional genomics, fine-...
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Understanding and controlling salmonella in poultry meat: the role of microbial ecology
In this chapter, understanding and controlling Salmonella in poultry meat is explored. The authors suggest that studies in model systems based on bacteriophage and vaccines could in turn, more generally serve as an invaluable guide for efforts to limit Salmonella and the emergence of resistance i...
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Official control of poultry processing operations: a european perspective
This chapter is about official control of poultry processing operations from a European perspective. Official control is a cornerstone of food safety, fair trade, animal health and welfare. In poultry processing, official control comprises of ante- and post-mortem inspections of poultry and food ...
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Understanding and dealing with antibiotic resistance in poultry production
This chapter explores patterns of antimicrobial use (AMU) in poultry production, reviews recent modifications in AMU use and assesses their impact on trends in antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The chapter also examines examine the common antimicrobial-resistant bacteria associated with poultry and...
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Use of antimicrobials in poultry processing plants: the case of the united states
Poultry is one of the most consumed meats in the United States, and processors strive to provide consumers with safe and wholesome products. Consequently, poultry processors are challenged to reduce the abundance of pathogens such as Salmonella and Campylobacter jejuni in raw poultry products. De...
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Biotic alternatives to antibiotics for poultry gastrointestinal health and food safety applications: prebiotics, postbiotics and associated compounds
Despite several efforts to develop control measures to reduce the contamination of poultry products, foodborne illness remains a major concern to the processors as well as the consumers. A wide range of interventions have been applied both in postharvest settings as well as in preharvest live bir...
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Escherichia coli in poultry meat
Escherichia coli is a common gastrointestinal bacteria that has a vast genetic, physiologic, and biochemical diversity in E. coli, which allows this organism to thrive in many environments. But E. coli contains several pathogenic groups (e.g., pathotypes) which can cause disease and morbidity in ...
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Use of alternative feed ingredients and additives to minimize the environmental impact of poultry production
This chapter discusses the potential use of more sustainable alternative feed ingredients in poultry feed. It introduces the range of alternative protein-contributing ingredients, including crop sources such as legumes, peas and beans, as well as by-products from food and oilseed processing such ...
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Advances in microbiological assessment of the shelf life and spoilage of ready-to-eat (rte) poultry meat products
Ready-to-eat (RTE) poultry meat products can be contaminated with pathogens and spoilage microorganisms after the cooking step, contributing to food spoilage losses and increasing the risk to consumers. Antimicrobials applied to RTE meats tend to be broad-spectrum in their activities with differi...
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Advances in rapid detection of zoonotic pathogens in poultry production and processing environments
In recent years poultry meat and egg consumption has seen an exponential increase worldwide. There is therefore a strong demand for ensuring the microbiological safety of poultry products. The main pathogenic bacteria in poultry meat and eggs are Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter spp., Listeri...
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Valorizing byproducts from broiler processing: biologics and sustainability
Poultry production and processing continue to expand globally. In addition to traditional poultry meat products, a wide range of byproducts are also produced which do not end up as human food. Poultry coproducts are generally classified as edible or nonedible, however, their downstream use depend...
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Managing poultry litter to improve safety and reduce environmental impact
Poultry litter can be both a low-cost and nutrient-rich fertilizer for farming and a possible vector for environmental or microbiological hazards, highlighting the importance of proper treatment or handling the poultry litter. This chapter explores the microbiological quality and safety aspects o...
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Biosecurity measures to prevent zoonotic and other diseases in poultry farm environments
Safety and biosecurity of animals, particularly farm animals and workers, are a major concern for agricultural industry as well as public health. Designing and implementing effective biosecurity measures are crucial for preventing the spread of animal diseases and controlling zoonotic disease to ...
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Optimising microbiological and food safety in free-range and organic poultry meat production
This chapter provides an overview of free-range poultry production systems and the consequent potential meat product safety issues that can occur. The chapter discusses two infections which have particularly significant food safety implications: Campylobacter and Salmonella. It also considers oth...
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Understanding the use of vision and olfaction by thrips and other small flying insects to enhance biological control
Biological control is important for the management of small insect pests such as thrips, aphids, psyllids and whiteflies, and options to enhance the effectiveness of the natural enemies of these pests are urgently needed. Stimuli associated with host plant finding, mostly vision and olfaction, pr...
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Key issues in formulation of biocontrol agents for plant protection
The potential of biocontrol agents (BCAs) for plant protection has been known for a long time. Their reduced risk for non-target organisms makes them interesting candidates for use in plant protection. Due to their instability against environmental factors such as UV, humidity and temperature, th...
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Challenges in risk assessment of biopesticides for insect pests
Biopesticides are important tools for controlling insect pests, and demand for them is growing globally. While biopesticides are generally considered to be of low risk, robust risk assessments are still needed to support their registration. Addressing testing questions and challenges will help be...
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Exploiting plant phenotypic plasticity in promoting crop resistance to insect pests
This chapter explores how an understanding of crop phenotypic plasticity might inform and improve pest management. In crops, plant-mediated interactions among herbivores and other organisms may have implications for pest management by, for example, altering thresholds or recommendations for scout...
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Developments in peptide-based biocontrol agents to manage insect pests
Chemical insecticides are beset by the twin problems of regulatory pressure and insect resistance. New mode-of-action Plant Protection Products (PPPs) will play a vital role in securing food for the future due to existing and emerging pest and disease pressures and will be directed against a wide...
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Using gene silencing (rna interference) techniques to produce safe insecticidal compounds
RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural defense mechanism in organisms that detects and neutralizes foreign genetic materials, particularly viral RNA. This process involves the creation of single-stranded micro RNAs that target and inhibit complementary messenger RNA (mRNA), thus halting gene expres...
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Challenges in commercialising microbial-based biopesticides for controlling insect pests
Biopesticides, pest control products based on microbes or their bioactive compounds, are a growing segment of the biocontrol market, including those targeting insects. Biopesticides, including those targeting plant diseases and weeds, currently comprise ~10% of the total pesticide market, with bi...
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Developments in application technologies for biocontrol agents for pest control
This chapter considers the challenges associated with the use of biocontrol agents in foliar spray applications, including the equipment, spray parameters, formulation and their impact on treatment efficacy. It discusses the various factors that affect effective foliar treatment and provides exam...
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Developing plant-based insect biocontrol agents
Botanical pesticides and specifically essential oils have gained popularity as novel, safe pesticides to replace the traditional synthetic products. They are well known to act throughout different modes-of-action against insects causing different neurotoxic effects ranging from repellency to toxi...
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Genetic engineering of insects to inhibit insect pest reproduction
This chapter reviews key few methods of genetic biocontrol focusing on those systems that have been developed for crop insect pests. These include “sterile release systems” where e.g. sterilized males produce sperm which carries dominant lethal mutations that result in their offspring failing to ...
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Assessing the benefits of temperate agroforestry in enhancing carbon sequestration
Implementation of tree-based land management strategies, such as agroforestry, can provide greater benefits for mitigating climate change through increased carbon sequestration in soils and plant biomass. However, the carbon sequestration benefits of temperate agroforestry practices at the system...
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Modelling and optimising associated biodiversity in alley cropping systems
The mechanisms shaping biodiversity in agroecosystems and particularly in agroforestry are difficult to understand and predict. The relation between planned biodiversity, the species chosen by the farmer, and associated biodiversity, the species that are able to adapt and thrive in agroforestry s...
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How can organic dairy farming address and improve biodiversity and healthy ecosystems?
This chapter explores the degree to which organic farming, and specifically organic dairy systems, has a part to play in biodiversity conservation in the land sparing-land sharing continuum of approaches. The chapter begins with a brief review of evidence for organic farming being nature-friendly...
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Improving the management of parasites in organic dairy farming
Parasites of animals constitute an important part of any ecosystem, including livestock production systems. This chapter summarizes the most important internal parasite infections and problems typically recognized in organic dairy farming, including cryptosporidiosis and coccidiosis in young calv...
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The value of one health and one welfare approaches in promoting the health and welfare of organic dairy cattle
There is a clear need for an integrated approach to human, animal and ecological health reflecting the four organic principles of Health, Ecology, Fairness and Care and their supporting text. In the early 2000s, the One Health approach was established to recognise the strong links between human h...
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Organic dairy cattle breeding: possibilities and challenges
This chapter discusses challenges and options for developing dedicated organic dairy breeding programmes with a focus on developing cows best suited to low-input production in particular local contexts. It reviews ways of identifying target traits and establishing breeding goals as well as when t...
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Market structures of organic dairy farming and consumer attitudes towards organic milk processing
Since 2021, the established retail chains remain dominant, discount retailers are gaining, and traditional organic stores are losing market share. There is growing competition with other labels, especially regional labels, animal welfare labels and hay milk (e.g. grass-fed) labels. A literature r...
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Improving herd health management and disease prevention in organic dairy cattle farming
This chapter focuses on supporting animal health and welfare at herd level and giving more emphasis to preventative animal health and welfare planning (AHWP) with less reliance on antibiotics. It outlines some of the major challenges currently facing improvements to dairy cow health and welfare a...
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Optimizing soils, pasture and grassland management for organic dairy farming
Organic dairy cows should be able to rely on homegrown forages, especially pasture, as their main source of nutrition. A critical aim is to ensure cows have the optimum body condition at calving and inevitable lactational loss of condition are minimised. Some of the desired attributes of an organ...
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Assessing milk quality from organic production
This chapter explores the concept of quality in organic milk. Quality encompasses many extrinsic properties of dairy production like animal welfare, the impact on biodiversity, climate change, and fair treatment of everybody along the supply chain. This chapter focuses on composition of the milk ...
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An ethical framework for the responsible use of technology in organic dairy farming
Despite its potential benefits, organic farming has a complex relationship with technological innovation which has sometimes been associated with intensive forms of production. This chapter discusses the ways precision and other new technologies can fulfil the core organic values of health, ecolo...
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The use of plant bio-active compounds and other alternative therapeutic strategies in organic dairy farming
Under organic legislation farmers are encouraged to use natural methods to keep animals healthy. In addition to appropriate breed, feed, balanced productivity, environmental management and hygiene, this includes the use of homeopathy, phytotherapy and minerals, providing they are effective. Since...
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Organic dairy farming as part of sustainable ecological and social food systems
There have been great advances in many aspects of organic dairy farming, which has become increasingly efficient and productive with a strong market. However, in some cases this has occurred through increasing specialization and scale of production, which risks the sector not being able to fully ...
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Organic dairy farming in europe: building on the past to develop the future
The founding principles of organic farming (health, ecology, fairness and care) guide the overall ethos of organic farming in an ever-changing environment. Using these principles, this introductory chapter discusses the key environmental, welfare, economic and other challenges facing contemporary...
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Integration of organic dairy cows into a whole farm context
Integration within natural cycles and between farmed enterprises are routes through which we can develop organic dairy farming into an ecologically principled form of food production with animal and human welfare benefits. Integration requires relationships of varying degrees of synergy and compl...
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Advances in production of house flies as food and animal feed: key challenges and solutions
The common housefly (Musca domestica), a ubiquitous presence in various environments, has been a subject of scientific investigation for over a century. This chapter explores the potential use of housefly larvae as a sustainable animal feed ingredient. Their ease of rearing, rapid growth, high nu...
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Advances in nutrient/substrate sources/composition for rearing yellow mealworms as a protein source
This chapter focuses on the impact of various substrates on the nutritional quality – in particular protein content - of the yellow mealworm larvae. The authors begin by describing the characteristics of rearing substrates for optimal yellow mealworm growth, including nutritional composition, bio...
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Use of protein from black soldier flies in fish feed
The global population is increasing rapidly, and with it comes a growing demand for food, particularly protein sources. The aquaculture industry, which provides fish for human consumption, is expanding to meet this demand. The aquaculture expansion is not without impacts and constrains. Among the...
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Pathogens and diseases affecting large-scale production of black soldier fly
Black soldier flies (BSF) (Hermetia illucens, Diptera: Stratiomyidae) are produced on a large scale using various production methods and food substrates. This chapter reviews organisms that have true pathogenic relationships with the BSF which could cause negative effects on insect culture. These...
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Black soldier fly meal: an alternative protein source for pigs
Black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) is a main species of edible insects, which has been found to be well suited to scalable commercial scale production and efficiency to provide sustainable protein for livestock. This chapter will focus on the current knowledge of feeding BSF as an alterna...
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Use of protein from yellow mealworms in fish feed
Yellow mealworm (T. molitor) is a safe and sustainable alternative protein source for aquafeed, given advantages such as high protein content and better amino acid profile when compared to alternative plant-protein sources. This chapter provides an overview of the current use of T. molitor as alt...
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Use of protein from yellow mealworms in poultry feed
The purpose of this chapter is to appraise the current work done on the use of the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) as an alternative and sustainable protein source in poultry diets. The incorporation of insects in animal diets is regarded as an interesting topic in animal nutrition. Their popu...
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The chemical and microbial safety of insect-based feed and food
This chapter discusses chemical and pathogen hazards related to industrial production of selected insect species such as the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and house cricket (Acheta domesticus), both of which are authorized for human food and animal feed in the European Union (EU). The chapte...
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Diseases affecting production of yellow mealworms as a protein source
Yellow mealworms, Tenebrio molitor, are increasingly being used as a source of protein for humans, as well as for feeding animals. However, as with any other type of livestock, yellow mealworms can be affected by diseases, which can lead to reduced productivity. In this chapter, the authors revie...
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Use of protein from black soldier flies in poultry feed
Successful inclusion of black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) in the diet of broilers and laying hens requires a precise determination of its nutritional value. These issues are discussed in the first part of this chapter together with the current understanding of amino acid content, amino acid d...
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Advances in mass breeding/rearing techniques for yellow mealworms as a protein source
In recent years, the yellow mealworm has undergone a significant transformation, from a global pest species to a prominent insect species for feed and food purposes. However, farming mealworms is still a relatively new business venture, offering ample opportunities for optimization and innovation...
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The international context: the role of codex alimentarius in setting safety and quality standards for global agri-food supply chains
This chapter reviews the origins and development of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, established by the United Nations (UN) Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). It describes the Codex organizational structure and standard setting process. The chapter ...
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The role of standards and certification in delivering safe, sustainable and socially responsible agri-food supply chains
The evolution of standards and certification in agri-food chains has taken place over nearly 40 years. The dynamics that led to this form of private governance have also changed over time. Contemporary issues such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and seeking to develop a food system that is ...
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The role of governments in driving sustainability standards: governance structures and green finance
Agri-food supply chains have been linked to a number of negative environmental and social externalities, including environmental pollution, biodiversity loss, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and labour abuses and there are growing societal demands that such negative impacts should be addressed. Th...
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Measuring and improving good agricultural practices (gap) related to safety of fresh produce: the case of controlled environment agriculture
Measuring and improving good agricultural practices (GAP) related to food safety of fresh produce is important, especially as many crops, such as leafy vegetables, are sold as ‘ready to eat’ at the point of purchase. Previous approaches to food safety-related hazard analysis and risk assessment f...
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Improving sustainable agricultural principles and practices: the sustainable agriculture network (san)
Recognizing a need for sustainability approaches beyond current models of certification, the Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN) established the Sustainable Agriculture Framework (SAF) in 2018, an outcome-based approach designed to guide organizations and local stakeholders towards greater and ...
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Biodiversity and nature credit markets: opportunities and challenges for landowners and land managers
This chapter provides an overview of some of the nature markets and finance mechanisms, which may provide farmers and land managers with opportunities to integrate farming for nature into their businesses, generating new revenue streams, and also offering opportunities to draw private finance int...
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The role of non-governmental organisations (ngos) in improving safety, quality and sustainability standards in agri-food supply chains
The agri-food sector can be seen as one of the drivers of climate change-related problems whilst also being greatly affected by it. Sustainability standards have a role in promoting and supporting the uptake of sustainability practices, promoting agroecological farming and reducing the negative i...
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Carbon farming, regenerative agriculture, and environmental sustainability: practices and standards
The carbon cycle has always been a crucial element of agri-food production. However, the rise in atmospheric CO2 from around 280 parts per million (ppm) in 1780 pre-industrial revolution to 424 ppm in 2023 has led to focus both on how farming has contributed to this imbalance and, in particular, ...
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Developing good agricultural practices (gap) across global agri-food supply chains: challenges and opportunities
Good agricultural practices (GAP) define the practices at the farm level that can be adopted to assure safe and healthy food is produced profitably with appropriate standards in terms of animal welfare, worker welfare and environmental protection. This chapter describes GAP, notions of good farmi...
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The role of technology in monitoring and verifying safety, quality and sustainability in agri-food supply chains
Despite investment in regulatory and private governance approaches, food safety incidents, poor quality products and misleading declarations still occur. This chapter will consider the developing role of technology in monitoring and verifying safety, quality and sustainability in agri-food supply...
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Fulfilling the promise of sustainability certification: reflections from the rainforest alliance
Since the emergence of voluntary sustainability standards in the 1990s, certification has gone mainstream, boosting traceability, providing a platform for diverse stakeholders to collaborate, accelerating corporate due diligence policies and driving many on-farm improvements such as higher crop y...
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Measuring and modelling on-farm greenhouse gas emissions : the basis for achieving climate-neutral farming
Greenhouse gas emissions on the farm have different sources: livestock, soils, plants on crop- and grasslands, and fuel and energy consumption. For livestock, methane emissions are most relevant, whereas on crop- and grasslands, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide show the most impact. There are a r...
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Sustainability standards and certification for agriculture: an overview
The number of sustainability standards and certifications applied in agricultural supply chains has grown considerably in the past decade, creating confusion for consumers and challenges for producers, particularly small-scale producers in developing countries. This chapter provides an overview o...
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The role and range of voluntary standards and certification systems governing sustainable agricultural practices
This chapter charts the development and progressive broadening of sustainability as a concept, focusing on the particular role of voluntary sustainability standards set up by individual companies as well as sectors such as coffee and palm oil. It discusses the challenges of coordinating the multi...
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Socio-cultural factors affecting women smallholder farmers’ empowerment in uganda
Promoting women’s empowerment and gender equality plays a key role in accelerating equitable and sustainable agricultural systems in Africa, yet efforts to better integrate women in agricultural development often ignore the underlying social-economic drivers that underpin gender inequalities. Thi...
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Developments in agri-environment schemes (aes): north america
This chapter presents an economic perspective on significant agri-environmental policies that affect U.S. agriculture and assesses some of the environmental outcomes of these policies. The authors first present a conceptual framework for designing and assessing environmental intervention in agric...
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The impact and design of field margins in promoting biodiversity in agricultural landscapes
Heterogeneous agroecosystems with diverse natural areas are more resilient than homogeneous landscapes. One way of achieving this is by creating field margins in order to establish a network of semi-natural vegetation across the landscape. Field margins support biodiversity within agricultural sy...
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Animal rewilding in theory and practice: australia and new zealand
Rewilding is the deliberate (re)introduction of animal species into local or regional areas with the joint aims to assist the conservation of those species and promote the re-establishment of lost or degraded ecological processes. In Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand rewilding is particularly im...
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The future of animal rewilding in agricultural landscapes
Ecosystem services obtained by returning wild animals to agricultural landscapes can outweigh the disservices (e.g., livestock predation) of those same animals. We foresee three key management trends that will facilitate a balancing of economic and environmental gains in animal rewilding: (1) cap...
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Stick your wellies on: messy development and co-design processes with england’s new environmental land management (elm) policy
Following the UK’s departure from the European Union, new Agricultural and Environmental Acts were passed providing legal frameworks for new policy actions in these areas. This chapter focuses specifically on the ongoing development of England’s new Environmental Land Management (ELM) schemes. Th...
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Implementing sustainable land use change programmes
This chapter covers implementing sustainable land use change programmes. It explores how these schemes have evolved alongside the principles of sustainable land management, how they are shaped by the culture of the UK nations within which they develop, and how the role and importance of the lando...
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Engaging local voices: farmers, rural communities, and ecological restoration
This chapter outlines engagement frameworks and strategies for understanding and improving the involvement of farmers and their communities in ecological restoration initiatives. It considers approaches for bringing together participants with differing perspectives and interests to address enviro...
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Developments in agri-environment schemes (aes): australia
This chapter explores the developments in agri-environment schemes in Australia. Agri-environment schemes have been a part of Australia’s environmental policy for more than two decades. During this time, schemes have evolved from community-based initiatives addressing land degradation issues, suc...
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Soil health and ecological restoration
Soil health is central for provisioning and supporting ecosystem services for both agriculture and restored natural lands. Agricultural systems create different challenges for soil health that can degrade land and require implementation of restoration strategies. It is important that restoration ...
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