Modifying mesophyll conductance to optimise photosynthesis in crops

Mesophyll conductance (gm), the ease with which carbon dioxide can diffuse into and through plant cells, is a promising target for improving photosynthetic rates in plants. Barriers including cell walls, membranes, liquid phases and the anatomy and orientation of the cells and their subcellular o...

Molecular evolution and mechanisms of fungicide resistance in plant pathogenic fungi

Since the introduction in the late 1960s of systemic fungicides with modes of action involving inhibition of single target sites, resistance to many of these products has evolved in populations of fungal pathogens. Many important pathogens have developed reduced sensitivity to many of the major c...

New technologies to improve the ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources

Access to plant genetic resources is fundamental to the development of more resilient and nutritious crops. The efficient and effective conservation of plant genetic resources is therefore key to ensuring global food security. There are more than 1750 genebanks around the world, storing various t...

Nutritional and anti-methanogenic potentials of macroalgae for ruminants

The livestock production sector is facing challenges to find alternative feed resources and nutritional strategies to mitigate enteric methane (CH4) emissions from ruminants. Recently, marine macroalgae have emerged as potential anti-methanogenic feed ingredients due to their ability to suppress ...

Origins and drivers of crop phenotyping

Plant phenotyping has seen rapid recent development in methods and technologies. This chapter outlines how plant phenotyping has developed over recent decades, driven by factors such as advances in optical sensors, image analysis and automation as well as multidisciplinary cooperation in establis...

Progress in precise and predictable genome editing in plants with base editing

Base editors are gene editing tools that allow targeted nucleic acid conversions, most commonly C>T and A>G, through pairing of deamination domains with impaired nucleases. Multiple deaminase domains and architectures have been demonstrated in planta across a wide array of species, with bot...

Quantifying captures from insect pest trap networks

In this chapter a high-level overview of the goals of trap networks, some examples and details for tephritid fruit flies, and then a detailed description of the TrapGrid model are given. TrapGrid can be used to quantify the probability of capturing insects instantaneously or over time using a fun...

Relaxing non-photochemical quenching (npq) to improve photosynthesis in crops

Sunlight intercepted by crop plants drives photosynthesis and growth. However, the light-harvesting antenna complexes that capture light energy for photosynthesis can also absorb too much light, which enhances the formation for reactive oxygen species and can result in damage to photosynthetic re...

Role of bioprotectants for disease control in integrated crop protection approaches

Bioprotectants have the potential to replace chemical pesticides in agricultural cropping systems and crop protection approaches. Development of new bioprotectants in combination with more restricted use of chemical crop protection will result in their much stronger market position in the future....

Sampling and statistics in assessment of fresh produce

New measurement technologies are facilitating new approaches to the improvement of safety and quality in agri-food supply chains. However, measurement uncertainty and choice of sampling strategy can influence the outcomes of assessment programmes. This chapter provides a sampler of calculations ...

Strategies for crispr/cas9-mediated genome editing: from delivery to production of modified plants

Despite the conspicuous and rapid development of genome editing tools, implementing this technology in plants often remains constrained by our inability to regenerate fertile genome-modified plants. Finding a viable combination of delivery method, genome editing reagents, and plant regeneration s...

Surveillance on swine farms using antemortem specimens

In the recent past, disease control on swine farms was based on vaccination or intentional exposure to pathogens to stimulate immunity and protect against clinical disease. This one-dimensional strategy became increasingly inadequate as farms increased in size and as pathogens resistant to immune...

Talking points on the cultural politics of cultured meat

Cultured meat is a technology that seeks to change the world for the better, by making meat products with a much lower burden on the environment, our health, and animals, compared to conventional meat production. However, any intervention that may cause significant changes to our planet and socie...

Tools for pest and disease management by stakeholders: a case study on plantwise

This chapter presents Plantwise as an innovative process for pest management in small holder crop production systems. The tools and applications developed under Plantwise constitute innovations that have potential to contribute to broad aspects of pest management. They can be easily repurposed to...

Towards an early warning system for wheat blast: epidemiological basis and model development

Wheat blast is caused by the fungus Pyricularia oryzae Triticum pathotype (PoT). Significantly damaging wheat blast epidemics are sporadic and limited to tropical wheat growing areas in South America. Unexpectedly, wheat blast was reported in Bangladesh and Zambia in 2016 and 2020, respectively. ...

Understanding plant-pathogen interactions in septoria tritici blotch infection of cereals

Zymoseptoria is a major fungal pathogen of wheat, responsible for the Septoria Tritici Blotch (STB) disease. Recently, STB has been the subject of intensive molecular studies. Notably, massive transcriptomic analyses have helped to explore this particular bi-phasic (asymptomatic/necrotrophic) inf...

Understanding the effects of humidity/ air composition on embryo and post-hatch chick development

Incubational conditions influence embryo growth and viability, which subsequently affect egg hatchability. Along with temperature, environmental factors in the incubator that are of primary importance for optimum hatchability and chick quality include humidity and vital gas (carbon dioxide (CO2) ...

Understanding the value of and reasoning behind farmer adoption of carbon centric practices

Understanding how to promote farmers’ use of carbon (C) centric practices known to increase soil C sequestration is needed to design information systems and orient policy, investment and environmental markets. Farmers undertake individual and collective actions using techniques that have varied o...

Use of bacillus spp. as bacterial biocontrol agents to control plant diseases

Biocontrol agents (BCAs) based on plant growth promoting rhizobacteria have recently been developed as alternatives to chemical pesticides. Among those beneficial bacteria, Bacillus spp. are one of the most promising BCAs. A wide range of bioactive secondary metabolites (BSMs) are involved in bio...

Use of pseudomonas spp. as bacterial biocontrol agents to control plant diseases

Most Pseudomonas biocontrol strains are associated with the rhizosphere of plants, where they control soil pathogens by antibiosis or competition, and leaf pathogens via induced systemic resistance. Genome mining and the division of the vastly heterogeneous genus Pseudomonas in phylogenomic (sub)...

Use of tannins as dietary supplements in dairy cattle nutrition

This chapter focuses on the use of tannins as dietary supplements in dairy cattle nutrition. It begins by first identifying sources of tannins for supplementation, focusing specifically on the tropics and temperate climates. It then moves on to discuss the effects of tannins in dairy cows, such a...

Using machine learning to identify and diagnose crop diseases

Crop diseases can cause major yield losses and the ability to detect and identify them in their early stages is important for disease control. Machine learning methods, in particular deep learning, have shown promise in classifying multiple diseases across many different crop types. In this chapt...

Viruses as vectors for the delivery of gene-editing reagents

A significant challenge for plant gene editing is the delivery of editing reagents to germline or regenerable cells to recover heritable genetic modifications. Reagent delivery using biolistics or Agrobacterium is only possible with a limited range of species and genotypes, and inefficient editin...

What is agricultural ethics and why does it matter?

This chapter begins by first providing an overview of the key concepts of ethics and common morality, then moves on to review common morality in agriculture and food systems. The chapter also highlights some of the topics involved agricultural ethics, before reviewing the various social science r...

Wheat flour fortification and human health

Using varied study designs (none of which can confirm causality), investigators assessed the health impact of wheat flour fortification after it was implemented at large scale in countries. Folic acid was the most studied nutrient and the most studied outcomes were neural tube defects, cancer, fo...

Wheat stem sawfly (cephus cinctus)

This chapter reviews wheat stem sawfly and its effect on wheat production. The chapter first reviews the pest's historical distribution, then moves on to examine how it damages crops, focusing specifically on life cycle driven losses and yield losses. A section on ways to manage the pest is also ...

Antibiotic residues as contaminants in agricultural soils

Antibiotics, which are extensively used to treat or prevent microbial diseases in animals and humans, can pose significant environmental risks when they enter soil ecosystems. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the pathways through which antibiotics reach the soil, the processes th...

Optimising breeding of dairy cows

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in dairy cow breeding, focussing on recent advances in the use of genomics, phenomics and other ‘omics’ technologies to improve the precision and applicability of dairy cow breeding.

Understanding and utilising soil microbiomes for a more sustainable agriculture

This collection summarises the wealth of recent research in understanding the fundamental importance of soil microbiomes in optimising soil and crop health. The book reviews advances in analytical techniques, the composition and dynamics of soil microbial communities and how they can be enhanced ...

Advances in the use of robotics in livestock production

Advances in visual perception for agricultural robotics

Advances in connectivity and distributed intelligence in agricultural robotics

Economics of agricultural robotics

Implementing a digital twin for flexible operation of agricultural robotics

Social and ethical considerations for agricultural robotics

Dssat crop modeling ecosystem

This chapter describes the DSSAT Crop Modeling ecosystem, its history, creation of multiple crop models, and tools for data preparation, analysis and applications. The chapter provides an overview of the structure and science of the crop simulation models that are included in DSSAT, as well as th...

Forest certification – an answer to the challenge of sustainable forest management?

Eco-labelling forest products through forest certification is a market-driven tool with a global influence. It is also met with challenges in acceptance and diffusion among stakeholders. Here the authors aim to provide a synthesis of forest certification impact and place this in the context of sm...

Impact and management of hedgerows in promoting biodiversity in agricultural landscapes

Farm hedgerows supply diverse benefits to agriculture including pollination, pest control and improved production related to biodiversity. They also provide additional ecosystem services including carbon sequestration, shelter for crops and livestock, human well-being, and a bucolic aesthetic. Th...

Key concepts for conserving biodiversity in agricultural landscapes

Agricultural lands that produce food, fibre and biofuels to sustain the human population represent the most widespread land use on Earth. Conserving global biodiversity will depend, largely, on how effectively species, communities and ecological processes are sustained in agricultural landscapes ...

Adjusting photosynthetic photon flux density (ppfd) to improve the quality of leafy vegetables in vertical farms

Extending shelf life, improving quality, and reducing waste of leafy vegetables during transport and storage are key to tackling the global food challenge. Leafy vegetables – as the most popular crop grown in indoor vertical farms – are considered an important contributor to a healthy diet but ge...

Assessing the environmental impact of ruminant production systems

One of the most common methods to evaluate environmental footprints of farming systems is life cycle assessment (LCA). Although LCA itself is suitable for and adopted by a wide range of industries far beyond agriculture, what separates agriculture, and in particular pasture-based ruminant product...

Digital phenotyping and genotype-to-phenotype (g2p) models to predict complex traits in cereal crops

The revolution in digital phenotyping combined with the new layers of omics and envirotyping tools offers great promise to improve selection and accelerate genetic gains for crop improvement. This chapter examines the latest methods involving digital phenotyping tools to predict complex traits in...

Soil health: definitions, history, key concepts and hurdles

This chapter reviews the history and trajectory of soil quality and soil health as global scientific objectives. Sections review definitions and drivers, key concepts, and hurdles that change this field of effort before considering evolving methodologies.

The decision support system for agrotechnology transfer (dssat) crop modeling ecosystem: evolution and advances

This chapter describes the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) Crop Modeling ecosystem, its origin, advancements in model capabilities, addition of models for new crops, examples of model simulations of genetic improvement, and tools for data entry, calibration, analysis, ...

Soil biology, soil health and ecosystem services: an overview

This chapter provides an overview of soil biology, health and ecosystem services. The authors present an update on previous work by integrating the chemical and physical components of soil health with that of the biologically mediated processes and further define how environmental conditions may ...

The role of women smallholder farmers in achieving global food security: an overview

Women smallholder farmers across the globe play pivotal roles in enhancing global food security by contributing to food production, accessibility, stability and utilisation. These roles lack sufficient recognition in global food policies and are hindered by prevailing structural gender inequaliti...

Integrating tree crops and livestock in silvopastoral systems

This chapter discusses the integration of livestock (or forage) production with tree crops, particularly fruit trees and vines. After reviewing the current extent of fruit tree-based agroforestry systems, the chapter highlights the opportunities this integration offers in increasing overall land ...

Creating resilient silvopastoral systems: mediterranean silvopastoralism as a model for agroforestry

By fostering a balanced and symbiotic relationship between livestock and their environment, silvopastoral systems also offer pragmatic solutions to contemporary environmental challenges, including climate change and wildfire management. This chapter investigates the complex interactions occurring...

Types of silvopastoral system: an overview

In temperate regions, as the main agricultural land uses are livestock grazing or tillage, the most applicable agroforestry practices are silvopastoral systems (where trees are grown in grazed or mown pasture in a regular or varied pattern) and silvoarable systems (where trees or shrubs are grown...

Developments in forest farming

The agroforestry practice of forest farming is gaining traction as a useful land practice. Demand for forest farmed raw material and products is high as evidenced by consumer interest in sustainable, domestic, and local products, and priority for conservation of wild populations. The goals are to...

Developing urban agroforestry in the current crisis

Urban agroforestry sub types are reviewed and the nature of current literature is described. Definitions for key concepts are clarified and steps in the design process are explained with a focus on dimensions of resilience and measures of effectiveness in the context of climate change resilience ...

Types of silvopastoral system: adding trees to pasture/rangelands

Silvopastoral systems (SPS) have been identified as efficient land management strategies to increase the performance of animal and tree production. The combinations of trees and/or shrubs with pastures and animals are present in diverse ways, generating different SPS. SPS design can be two or thr...

The impact of migration on women smallholders in ghana

This paper explores the effects of migration on women farmers in migration origins and destinations of Ghana, using 42 in-depth interviews and five focus groups. This exercise is timely and important as, first, many smallholder farmers are women, yet, they remain unrecognised and underpaid. Secon...

Rebranding and reconstructing masculinity in agriculture: an overview

This chapter provides an overview of the importance of masculinity (re)construction to the work of agricultural equity and discusses how contemporary capitalist agriculture has engaged a hegemonic agricultural masculinity in order to normalise a certain type of land use and land decision-maker to...

Supporting women smallholders involved in small-scale chicken production

By the end of the 1990s research had clearly established that women had a good control over the benefit resulting from small-scale chicken use and sale. This paper analyses the differences between gender-blind and gender-aware approaches in dealing with small-scale chicken production. Three case ...

Negotiating the intersection of gender and race in agriculture

Agri-food scholars have long documented the deep-rooted social, cultural, and political issues that plague global agricultural systems. Still, there is a noticeable lack of empirical research examining the intersections of gender and race and their profound impact on individuals' lived experience...

Women smallholder farmers and water resource management

Women smallholder farmers globally are confronting social, economic and environmental challenges related to water resource management with impacts on access to energy, drinking water and food. Furthermore, it is common for women in rural regions to be subjected to physical, economic and slow viol...

Financial support for women smallholders: experience in bangladesh

Women smallholders and technology: facilitating access to improve farm productivity and profitability

There are numerous studies on the interlinkage between gender and agricultural productivity and gender and agricultural technology adoption. However, most of these studies use the sex of the household head as a gender indicator, which ends up dismissing the contributions of males in female-headed...

Women in smallholder pig farming: negotiating inequalities in uganda’s pig value chains

Women play a central role in agricultural value chains by doing work and investing resources across value chains from production to consumption of the products. However, as agricultural value chains commercialize or upgrade, women risk being marginalized and eliminated from commercial activities ...

Women smallholder farmers growing beverage crops

Coffee and tea are two of the most ubiquitous beverage crops that are grown globally, and together they represent a significant share of the beverage industry overall. Even with the rise of packaged sodas, tea remains the second most popular beverage in the world, just below water. Coffee, though...

Sexuality and small-scale farmers

In this chapter, the authors invite gender in agriculture scholars and practitioners to consider the smallholder farmers who are gender minorities but do not fit into the category of “woman.” By deconstructing gender and sex, researchers and practicians are positioned to attend to a more holistic...

Women smallholder farmers growing horticultural crops

Gender-sensitive analysis is critical to understanding women's roles in agrifood systems. However, studies typically portray agrifood systems as mechanistic entities controlled by macro level structuring forces. In this chapter, we apply a new materialist perspective to examine how farmers from t...

Women smallholder farmers and the achievement of the un sustainable development goals

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals are internationally agreed aspirations to guide political action and development efforts until 2030. The guiding questions for this chapter were two-directional: What is the relevance of the SDGs for smallholder women? And, what do smallholder wome...

Agriculture, power and gender-based violence in the dedza and salima districts of malawi

Despite their significant contribution to agricultural production, women smallholder farmers suffer different types of gender-based violence including physical, emotional, psychological, and economic abuse perpetrated by their partners. This chapter considers the role of women smallholder farmers...

The adoption of climate change mitigation strategies by women smallholder farmers

This chapter brings an Australian perspective to the discussion of women smallholder farmers. It highlights that increasing climate induced disasters are having significant impacts on farmers across Australia with major consequences particularly on smaller farms. Assessing the impacts on women on...

Supporting women smallholder farmers: the role of the public and private sectors

This chapter examines the barriers facing women who re smallholder farmers or who produce a niche product on a larger farm. The most critical barrier for women wanting a career in agriculture is a lack of land ownership and the difficulties associated with proving their capacity. Their lack of ac...

Women smallholder farmers in south america, central america and the caribbean

Women smallholder farmers in this region have generally had to seek land in the interstices of large male-owned land holdings. Such smallholdings have been ignored in official statistics and the gender of their ownership rarely considered. European colonialism has strongly influenced farming and ...

Advancing a feminist intersectional lens in gender transformative work with women smallholder farmers

Gender Transformative Approaches (GTAs) are increasingly used in development research and practice as a way to transform constraining gender norms that limit smallholder women’s engagement in agrifood systems. The literature on GTAs underscores the need to consider diverse identities and experien...

Types of silvoarable system: multifunctional windbreaks and riparian buffers

In this chapter, the authors summarize historic and current research on multifunctional biomass production, and provide insights in current research trends and future possibilities. The chapter is oriented around a case study in which widespread deployment of riparian buffers and windbreaks is mo...

Macrofauna as indicators of soil health: earthworms and enchytraeids

Soil fauna represent a substantial portion of life in soils and play a critical role in providing ecosystem services and maintaining and enhancing soil quality. This chapter focuses on the potential of two key soil faunal ecosystem engineers—earthworms and enchytraeids—as soil health indicators i...

Perennial grains: from moonshot to farmers' fields

Recent advancements in breeding perennial rice and the perennial grain Kernza® illustrate progress in converting an agroecology moonshot into a deeply rooted reality. In this chapter we highlight research efforts underway to advance the scientific and sociocultural development of new perennial gr...

Advances in improving animal feed safety

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the main microbiological and chemical risks affecting animal feed, from bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella and E. coli, to environmental contaminants such as heavy metals and flame retardants. The book also reviews the risks from natural toxins a...

Advances in improving animal feed safety

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the main microbiological and chemical risks affecting animal feed, from bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella and E. coli, to environmental contaminants such as heavy metals and flame retardants. The book also reviews the risks from natural toxins a...

Improving the processing quality of wheat

This book reviews the wealth of research on how key components of wheat grains can affect the subsequent processing and sensory quality of the harvested product. The book also discusses recent advances in measuring wheat quality characteristics and how grain quality can be optimised for a range o...

Advances in precision pig farming technologies

Farmers around the world are increasingly under pressure to produce enough food to feed a rapidly growing population. As demand for certain food products continues to rise, such as pork, farmers are tasked with the need to increase the size of their herds, whilst also ensuring that the health and...

Advances in integrated wheat disease management

This book provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in understanding and monitoring major diseases affecting wheat, the challenge of fungicide resistance, as well the range of integrated management techniques used to prevent and/or control disease outbreaks.

Instant insights: soil carbon sequestration

This book reviews the global importance of soil carbon sequestration and the range of systems used to monitor, report and verify soil organic carbon, as well as the benefits of particular regenerative practices in enhancing carbon sequestration.

Advances in understanding and optimizing egg natural defenses against pathogens

The chicken egg is a valuable source of macronutrients and micronutrients of high interest for the human diet. Besides these nutrients, it also contains numerous bioactive molecules and a sophisticated antimicrobial defense system, that are initially required for the development and protection of...

Advances in understanding pathogen contamination of eggs

Eggs are considered healthy because they are a source of proteins, vitamins, and unsaturated fatty acids. However, they may also be subject to microbial contamination. Eggs possess numerous antimicrobial self-defence mechanisms, which include mechanical defences such as the cuticle, shell and she...

Advances in understanding and exploiting the genetics of egg quality

Today’s egg layer industry has been shaped by implementation of some of the genetic advancements and market feedback, which has guided egg quality trait definitions aligned to specific customer demands. In this chapter we will discuss the definition of egg quality traits from their genetic perspe...

Regulation of calcium metabolism in laying hens

In laying hens, calcium (Ca) is of great importance in the eggshell, which requires for synthesis the deposition of about 2.2 g of Ca in the form of Ca carbonate (CaCO3). As egg production will be repeated daily over a long period (50 to 80 weeks), the hen finally exports huge amounts of body Ca ...

Instant insights: environmental impact of poultry production

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the environmental impact of poultry production systems and considers best practices for mitigating key emissions.

Advances in innovative postharvest egg pasteurization and disinfection technologies to optimize egg safety and quality

Eggs and egg products are staple foods worldwide. The main pathogens associated with egg and egg products are Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter spp., Escherichia spp., and Staphylococcus spp. Composition of the egg products influence the inactivation or survival of microorgan...

Developing and implementing shell egg quality standards

This chapter presents a comprehensive overview of shell egg quality standards, emphasizing the importance of egg quality in poultry science due to its impact on food safety, nutrition, and commercial viability. It delineates the multifaceted nature of egg quality, examining both external (eggshel...

Instant insights: cultural and physical weed control methods

This book provides a detailed overview of the main cultural and physical methods used to control weeds in agriculture, ranging from the use of crop rotations and cover crops, to flame weeding and thermal weed control techniques.

Biofortification of eggs with micronutrients

This chapter underscores the potential of fortifying eggs with essential micronutrients to address widespread dietary deficiencies. It emphasizes the need to enhance nutrient intake in populations globally, summarizing recent research on enriching eggs with vitamins and trace minerals crucial for...

One-welfare approach to assessing egg quality

Once basic requirements are met, consumers’ perception of product quality is directed to animal welfare. Both in and beyond Europe, animal farming systems for egg production and laying hens are transitioning from indoor cage to cage-free systems (often still based on high stocking densities and s...

Assessing and reducing the environmental impact of egg production systems

Once basic requirements are met, consumers’ perception of product quality is directed to animal welfare. Both in and beyond Europe, animal farming systems for egg production and laying hens are transitioning from indoor cage to cage-free systems (often still based on high stocking densities and s...

The use of edible coatings to improve the safety and extend the shelf life of eggs

Eggs are consumed worldwide due to their nutritional profile and because they are the most affordable animal protein. Eggs are perishable and begin to lose quality immediately after the moment of laying. Storage conditions are particularly important, and the time and temperature of the storage lo...

Pasteurization treatments of whole and liquid egg products: optimizing safety and quality parameters

Eggs are consumed all over the world as table egg or egg products. The safety of eggs is thus a major concern for both egg industry and consumers, as they may be quite easily contaminated by both pathogenic and/or spoilage bacteria. Despite the natural arsenal of antimicrobial defenses of eggs, t...

Advances in non-destructive testing of egg quality

A wide range of non-destructive techniques have been proven to be useful tools for shell egg quality and freshness evaluation. They might be a strategic solution to replace – or highly reduce – traditional destructive and laboratory level methods for shell egg quality and freshness assessment. In...

Advances in understanding eggshell formation and its composition in table eggs

The shell is the only part of the egg that is not consumed, yet its quality is critical to the marketing of eggs. This is especially true as recent developments in egg production systems towards free-range hens and longer production cycles have affected shell quality, particularly its mechanical ...

Improving sustainability of egg production by extending the laying period for hens

This chapter explores the multifaceted impact of extending laying cycles in commercially kept laying hens, revealing its significance in achieving sustainability across biological, societal, environmental, and economic dimensions. Genetic selection for prolonged laying cycles has not only realize...

Strategies and solutions to reduce emissions from layer production systems in europe

This chapter focuses on the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), ammonia, particulate matter (PM), odours and volatile organic compounds from layer production systems. It discusses the types of emissions and the factors affecting them. The chapter then provides an overview of the options to miti...

Trends in herbicide resistance in latin america

Weeds significantly impact crop growth and productivity, posing a major challenge in Latin America, where agricultural productivity surged after the 1960s due to market regulation, economic openness, and land reform. Farmers heavily rely on herbicides as affordable weed control tools; however, re...

Developments in site-specific (ss) nutrient management systems for precision agriculture

In agriculture, SS nutrient management systems have emerged as pivotal tools for enhancing productivity and sustainability. These systems, grounded in the principles of precision agriculture, aim to tailor nutrient application to the unique characteristics of individual field zones, ensuring opti...

Developments in spray technologies for precision agriculture

This chapter reviews recent developments in crop sprayer technology. It adds to the content in a previous chapter in Precision agriculture for sustainability edited by John Stafford and published in 2019. This chapter particularly considers nozzle control on a boom, spray drift control, methods o...