This chapter reviews wheat stem sawfly and its effect on wheat production. The chapter first reviews the pest's historical distribution, then moves on to examine how it damages crops, focusing specifically on life cycle driven losses and yield losses. A section on ways to manage the pest is also included, drawing specific attention to the use of insecticides, cultural tactics and various methods of biological control. The chapter also reviews host plant resistance then concludes by analysing future directions for wheat stem sawfly research.