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Managing surface water for irrigation
As the world’s population increases, so does the pressure on water resources to ensure that agriculture continues to meet global food demand. One way of coping with this increased pressure is to improve the management of surface water resources for irrigation, for instance to reduce water losses ...
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Advances in managing arable weed propagules
The soil propagule bank acts as a reservoir from where weeds colonize arable fields and is composed of weeds seeds and ramets, which are fragments from clonal growth of perennial weeds. This chapter first describes the ways by which weed propagules have been historically managed. It then discusse...
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Dna-based screening of brassica germplasm for sustainable and enhanced crop production
The Brassica genus contains many agriculturally important oilseed and vegetable crops. Brassica germplasm, including natural accessions and breeding populations, are maintained globally for sustainable management and enhancement of Brassica crop production which is critical to meet the demands of...
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Promoting pollination and pollinators in farming
This collection reviews the wealth of research on understanding pollination processes, the role of pollinators and how best to protect them and the ecosystem services they deliver in crop production.
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Quantifying the contribution of livestock health issues to the environmental impact of their production systems
The focus of this chapter is on the environmental impact consequences of endemic livestock health challenges that lead to deterioration in animal health, and on the potential impacts arising from their mitigations. The first part of the chapter concentrates on the potential of animal health to af...
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Beef cattle nutrition and its effects on beef quality
Previous dogmas suggested that body composition and subsequent carcass characteristics of beef cattle are primarily tied to mature body weight and fat thickness. Subsequent research suggests that marbling can occur at different stages of growth when sufficient nutrition is provided and that the r...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of rice volume 1
This collection reviews advances in breeding techniques as well as improving traits such as flood or drought resistance. It also discusses advances in understanding the nutritional role of rice and ways this can be enhanced to feed a growing population.
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Welfare of gilts and pregnant sows
Mismatches between the evolutionary biology of the sow and current commercial production systems give rise to welfare challenges of stereotyped behaviour development in confined systems and aggression in group housing systems. This chapter describes the welfare issues associated with individual c...
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Advances in automating meat processing operations
Meat processing presents a particular challenge to robotics, as it deals with deformable biological products that lack uniformity: no two fish, sides of beef or chicken carcasses are exactly alike. Meat processing plants have many adept human practitioners, skilled with knives, and has proven ext...
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Management of water resources for grasslands
Grasslands support essential food and fibre production, biodiversity, and water function and other ecosystem services. Planted or native grasslands are typically located on drier, steeper or less fertile areas of any region. This chapter discusses water requirements of temperate pastures, monit...
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Advances in understanding turfgrass physiology
Turfgrasses are frequently grown in environments with less than optimal conditions, which ultimately negatively impacts plant growth and development. Between a changing environment and a desire to reduce inputs, turfgrasses will be exposed to even more stressful conditions. Understanding a plant'...
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Creating a regulatory framework for cultured meat products: singapore
The Singapore Food Agency’s regulatory framework for cultured meat and the principal considerations behind Singapore’s food safety system is presented as a case study in this chapter. A review of the regulatory framework is covered in detail, including considerations for safety assessment of cult...
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Conservation agriculture: climate change mitigation and adaptation benefits
This chapter discusses how Conservation Agriculture can be used to tackle the challenges posed by climate change to agricultural ecosystems. It focuses on the fundamentals of climate change mitigation and benefits of adapting to climate change. The chapter also includes a case study on the LIFE+ ...
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Identifying and managing plant health risks for key african crops: yams and cocoyams
A large proportion of the world’s yams, which are mostly indigenous to Africa, and the exotic taro and cocoyam are grown in West and Central Africa by resource-poor farmers. Surveys demonstrate recycling and build-up of pathogens and nematodes from one generation to the next because of their vege...
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Community-based management of tropical forests: lessons learned and implications for sustainable forest management
Community-based forest management (CBFM), also known as community forestry, social forestry, joint forest management or participatory forestry, has emerged in response to the concern that centralized forest ownership in most developing countries has failed to promote sustainable forest management...
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Improving supply chains to prevent food losses and waste: an overview
Wasting food is unsustainable from environmental, economic, social and ethical points of view. Curbing food losses and waste (FLW) amount would improve food chain sustainability and contribute to food security. For that, reducing FLW is one of the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG...
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Breeding cassava for higher yield
Cassava is a root crop that adapts well to a wide range of environments. A key factor for grower decisions regarding when to plant cassava is whether a profit can be expected from the crop; increasingly, only cassava growers with high productivity can survive in the volatile price environment. Th...
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Genetic and phenotypic improvements in temperate dairy systems: an overview
In the past 50 years, the dairy industry has benefitted from major advances in management, nutrition practices, reproductive technologies, and genetic selection. The refinement of selection indices over time has been shown to be an effective way to make progress on a variety of economically impor...
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Improving the cultivation of pigeonpea
Production of pigeonpea is constrained by agronomic management techniques such as improper methods of sowing, incorrect sowing time, inadequate seed rate, insufficient weeding, imbalance of fertilization, inadequate intercultural operations, insufficient irrigation and inadequate use of fertilize...
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Cocoa diseases: witches' broom
Witches' broom, caused by the hemibiotrophic basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa, is one of the most important cocoa diseases. The pathogen co-evolved with cocoa in the Amazon River basin and is currently restricted to South and Central America. Other cocoa-producing regions of the world are ...
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Collection and evaluation of banana and plantain landraces in africa
This chapter provides a review of the processes involved in the collection and evaluation of banana and plantain landraces, the challenges and opportunities encountered and suggestions for the way forward.
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Advances in understanding pain and stress in cows
This chapter provides definitions of pain and stress, particularly focusing on the issue that 'stress' as a stand-alone generic term may not be helpful in terms of advancing our understanding of the impact of animal management on animal welfare. For cattle, as for other animals managed by humans,...
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Advances in understanding oil palm reproductive development
As for many other crops, yield components of oil palm rely partly on the optimal implementation of its reproductive development. As a result, studies focusing on the mechanisms underlying sex ratio determination, inflorescence development or fruit maturation have rapidly multiplied, significantly...
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Monitoring plant genetic resources for food and agriculture
This chapter reviews the methodologies developed to assess the extent of diversity of PGRFA at species, variety, and genetic level and examines the efforts made at global level in monitoring them at different scales. Efforts have been made to halt the loss of biodiversity (including genetic diver...
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Food safety management on farms producing beef
The production of safe, high-quality beef requires both good farming practices and additional measures targeted against specific hazards to human or animal health. This chapter provides an overview of good farming practices for beef cattle farms, with particular discussion of biosecurity, animal ...
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Developments in crop insect pest detection techniques
Early detection of crop insect pests is indispensable to farmers and managers. Researchers are increasing exploration of technology that improves capability to sense insect presence and maximize the timeliness, accuracy, and interpretability of the sensed data for targeted management. Traditional...
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Integrated management of diseases and insect pests of tree fruit
In the light of increasing restrictions on pesticides, this collection reviews advances in understanding key diseases and insect pests of tree fruit. It shows how this understanding can be used to improve integrated disease and pest management techniques.
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Disease identification and management on the pig farm
Endemic diseases constitute a major threat for a profitable and sustainable pig production worldwide. This chapter reviews the diagnosis and monitoring of pig diseases, and control measures that can be implemented on the farm. The most important issues to establish a diagnosis are discussed. Moni...
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Instant insights: integrated weed management in cereal cultivation
This collection features five peer-reviewed literature reviews on integrated weed management in cereal cultivation.
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Diseases affecting cassava
Cassava diseases are major production constraints wherever the crop is grown. Although diseases will continue to pose a challenge to cassava producers in the immediate future, tremendous progress is being made in developing control tactics. These range from biotechnological approaches for enhanci...
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Developments in physical weed control
Physical weed control is the key method for reducing negative impacts of weeds in organic cropping systems, and remains important even on many conventional vegetable farms. Inter-row cultivation is generally effective, but controlling intra-row weeds remains a challenge. Well-timed use of torsion...
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Advances in nutrient management modelling and nutrient concentration prediction for soilless culture systems
In closed-loop soilless culture systems (SCS), ion concentration and ionic balance are important factors to be considered for stable management of nutrient solutions. For maintaining appropriate ion concentration and ion balance, various techniques of nutrient analysis and prediction are required...
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The use of agronomic practices in integrated pest management programmes in horticulture
IPM promotes the design of resilient systems that reduce both pest attacks and damage to cultivated plants. It is based on practices that foster plant tolerance and the control of pests by their natural enemies. The challenge is to combine those practices in a coherent system that should associat...
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Improving gut function in pigs to prevent pathogen colonization
Intestinal pathogens causing either clinical or sub-clinical infections increase pig morbidity and (or) mortality, resulting in economic losses and wider socio-economic impacts on pig production. An optimally functioning gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is fundamental to combatting intestinal pathoge...
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Genetics and genomics of skeletal traits in poultry species
Impaired skeletal function occurs in both meat-type and layer poultry, with different aetiologies. This chapter reviews the literature on quantitative genetics and genetic mapping of skeletal traits in both types of poultry. Both skeletal defects and bone quality traits in poultry are lowly to mo...
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Sustainable carrot production
This chapter reviews developments in carrot cultivation including optimizing root shape, using strip-till systems, improving fertilizer use (including the use of mycorrhizal fungi), and irrigation and harvesting techniques. The chapter also discusses advances in crop protection, including managem...
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Alternative hatching systems for broilers
In the conventional hatching system environmental conditions (such as temperature, level of dust, use of disinfectants) may be suboptimal and furthermore, chickens lack access to feed and water until placement in the rearing house, which may be suboptimal too. This has led to development of alter...
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The economics of groundwater development and governance
The last century has seen a dramatic increase in the demand for groundwater, first as a source of drinking water, and more recently for agricultural use in arid and semi-arid regions. This sudden surge in demand can be explained by several attractive properties of this resource: it is free, avail...
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Assessing the impact of alien bees on native ones
Because of their importance as pollinators of wild and cultivated plants, little concern has been paid to alien bees when entering a new ecosystem. Hence, approximately 80 alien bee species worldwide have spread outside their native ranges. Here, we explored the main impacts of alien bees on nati...
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Advances in understanding mango tree growth and canopy development
The mango tree canopy acts not only as a carbohydrate factory, through photosynthesis, and as a support for reproduction; it is also the place where vegetative growth occurs and the tree develops. The spatial and temporal proximity of vegetative and reproductive growth in the mango tree canopy le...
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Optimizing disease management in fruit cultivation
Sustainable management of plant diseases is a perennial challenge for pome fruit and stone fruit producers in humid regions throughout the world. Delayed orchard profitability, decreased orchard longevity, reduction in fruit quality and unsalable fruit caused by fungal and bacterial diseases of t...
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Ensuring the safety of feed for beef cattle
The unique ruminant digestive system of beef cattle enables them to eat and digest a wide range of feed products, including by-product or alternative feeds not utilized in other livestock production systems. It is important to ensure that the various feed products provided to cattle will not pose...
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Tenure and management rights in tropical forests
Secure tenure rights are fundamental to the sustainable management of the world’s tropical forests. By determining the depth of rights and consequent decisions actors can make, tenure regimes allow present-day considerations of future values, thus incentivising investments in the sustainable use...
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Advances in techniques for identifying and tracking foreign bodies in agri-food supply chains
Foreign bodies in food can occur at any stage in the agri-food supply chain continuum, and they are recognised as the main single source of customer complaints. From a food safety perspective, these physical contaminants can cause adverse health effects, so food companies strive to have effective...
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Crop management practices for grain sorghum: an overview
Sorghum is a versatile crop, produced in more than 100 countries. However, the productivity of sorghum in developing countries is much lower than that in developed countries, due to their non-adoption of improved crop management practices. Improving the production potential of sorghum in developi...
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Ruminal protein breakdown and ammonia assimilation
Ruminal nitrogen (N) metabolism has long been associated with adequate degradation of fiber, feed intake, and productivity by ruminants. To reduce environmental impact, minimizing N waste per N intake oversimplifies the issue. Instead, animal product per unit of dietary N should be optimized, thu...
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Identifying and managing plant health risks for key african crops: maize
A range of insect pests and diseases compromise the quantity, quality and safety of maize, with a negative impact on the food security, income generation and health of African people. This chapter highlights work conducted by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) on key insec...
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Advances in organic greenhouse cultivation
Organic greenhouse horticulture has expanded considerably during the last decades to meet consumer demand. Organic greenhouse cultivation constitutes a sustainable alternative to mitigate producer challenges related to new pest infestation, weed infestation, extreme temperature events, drought, f...
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