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Fertigation techniques for efficient water and nutrient use in agriculture
Irrigated agriculture constitutes about 20% of the total cultivated land in the world, has much higher crop productivity compared to rainfed agriculture and contributes significantly to meeting the challenge of feeding the world. However, water resources are very limited, especially in the arid a...
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Instant insights: alternatives to antibiotics in pig production
This collection features four peer-reviewed reviews on alternatives to antibiotics in pig production.
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Agroforestry for hardwood timber production
Managing hardwood trees for high-quality sawlogs within the agroforestry practices of alley cropping, silvopasture, forested riparian buffers and upland (windbreaks) buffers means intensively managing relatively wide-spaced trees and a ground cover as a companion crop on the same unit of land. Th...
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Improving water productivity in rainfed agriculture: challenges and opportunities for small-scale farmers in dry lands
There is growing global recognition of the need to improve agricultural water management if we are to achieve sustainable food production systems which ensure future food security whilst maintaining ecosystem services, strengthening capacity for adaptation to climate change and averting degradati...
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Advances in the use of thermography in crop phenotyping
Thermography is a powerful crop phenotyping tool because it enables contactless temperature measurement of the plant or crop canopy. The plant canopy temperature (CT) reflects transpiration and this can be related to yield, as shown in numerous studies on wheat. There are various CT sensing metho...
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Caseins and casein micelles
Caseins play a central role in the dairy sector, as it is their controlled coagulation that allows the conversion of milk into cheese, yoghurt and caseinates, but also the creation of high-quality co-products from whey. Understanding caseins, their association into casein micelles and the propert...
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Analysing sensory and processing quality of cocoa
Flavour is a critical facet of cocoa quality, impacting to a large extent the value and end use of traded cocoa beans. This chapter provides a road map towards bridging the knowledge gap that currently exists between industry and cocoa producers by defining approaches for analysing sensory and pr...
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Microbiological safety of vegetable produce: the impact of pre- and post-harvest practices
Over the last decade, fresh fruits and vegetables have been linked to at least a dozen major outbreaks of foodborne illness in North America and Europe. It is becoming clear that sanitation alone will not alleviate the problem of human pathogens in produce, and a systems approach is needed to des...
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Managing irrigation for soil health in arid and semi-arid regions
Irrigated arid and semi-arid regions of the world account for more than 40% of the global crop production. Managing soil health while simultaneously increasing water use efficiency in these areas is challenging, but critical to future global food security. This chapter describes production practi...
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Developing effective phytosanitary measures to prevent the introduction of invasive insect pests
This chapter aims to provide a definition of phytosanitary measures, why they are needed, how standards for phytosanitary measures developed through international cooperation and how they relate to international agreements. It aims to explain how policy decision making and the management of invas...
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Advances in guava breeding
This chapter discusses advances in breeding of guava. It reviews the floral biology of the fruit and highlights the major problems facing the guava industry worldwide. It goes on to discuss the various methods for improving guava production such as heritability, the introduction of new cultivars,...
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Developments in rapid detection/high throughput screening techniques for identifying pathogens in food
For reasons of food safety and quality assurance, rapid identification of pathogens causing spoilage and infections in food matrices is essential. Conventional approaches include enrichment of microbial pathogens in a range of non-selective and pathogen-specific selective media, followed by bioch...
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Mango cultivation in greenhouses
Mangoes are grown throughout South East Asia and in around one hundred countries all over the tropical and subtropical belt. In Japan, as well as in Spain and Portugal, they are cultivated in greenhouses and specific techniques are used to maximise the production and quality and to ensure efficie...
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Advances in identifying stripe rust resistance genes in cereals
Stripe rust is one of the most serious wheat diseases of the world, usually resulting in massive loss of grain production. The most effective and environmentally friendly way to control the spread of stripe rust is to plant wheat varieties that carry stripe rust resistance genes. The identificati...
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Pesticides and agriculture
Pesticides have played a critical but sometimes controversial role in the development of agriculture. This book provides an authoritative account of the development of the modern pesticides industry in the context of broader developments in global agriculture.
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Viruses affecting potatoes
The impact of viruses on potato production can be devastating in many areas worldwide. Breeding for agronomic and resistance traits, knowledge of virus species and their epidemiology, together with the development of accurate diagnostic methods have been essential for the development of crop mana...
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Advances in fruit genetics
Sustainability of fruit production worldwide is heavily dependent on advances in fruit genetics. Changing environments, innovative production systems, increased pest and pathogen pressure and fluctuating consumer preferences are forcing fruit producers to adjust at a higher pace than ever before....
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Advances in genetic modification of tea
Due to its botanical characteristics, genetic improvement of tea is slow. Its high gestation period, the difficulty of producing homozygous lines, and the non-availability of mutant genotypes and a mapping population are all hindrances to development. This chapter describes and evaluates the pote...
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Understanding the contribution of milk constituents to the texture of dairy products: liquid milk products
This chapter discusses understanding the contribution of milk constituents to the texture of dairy products, specifically focusing on liquid milk products. It starts by examining the viscosity of milk, reviewing flow behaviour models and the effect of milk composition and temperature on milk visc...
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Advances in understanding reproductive development in fruit-bearing plants
In recent years, a physiological understanding of the reproductive development process in fruit trees has accumulated through numerous molecular and genetic studies. Although the physiological traits of perennial or woody fruit trees often hinder studies of the mechanisms driving their reproducti...
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Understanding and exploiting the genetics of plant root traits
This chapter illustrates how genomics and other -omics approaches coupled with new-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms have been deployed to dissect the genetic make-up of RSA traits and better understand their functions, particularly under environmentally constrained conditions that commonly o...
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Aquaponics: challenges and opportunities for commercial application
Aquaculture is the production, under controlled conditions, of freshwater or saltwater aquatic organisms for human consumption and non-food use. Worldwide aquaculture has increased remarkably in the last decades and now accounts for approximately half of the total production of aquatic animals. T...
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Fescue aphid (metopolophium festucae)
The Fescue aphid or Grass aphid, Metopolophium festucae, is a pest of forage grasses, wheat, and other small grains in its native range in the United Kingdom and parts of Europe. It is an adventive pest in the Pacific Northwest, USA, several countries in South America, and in New Zealand. Infesta...
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Assessing the sustainability of organic egg production
Organic food production has increased in popularity in the last few decades, although it still remains a small portion of global food production. As questions arise about the sustainability of conventional egg production systems with regard to environmental protection and animal welfare, there ha...
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Probiotics, prebiotics and other feed additives to improve gut function and immunity in poultry
Poultry producers have been cautious in the application of probiotics, due to mixed experiences of their effectiveness and lack of knowledge regarding the scientific basis for their modes of action. Prebiotics have been more readily accepted because they can be added without any significant chang...
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Bacteriophages to control plant diseases
Crop yield loss due to bacterial plant pathogens need to be reduced to increase global food production demand. Currently available disease management strategies involving copper-based bactericides and antibiotics are losing efficacy due to development of resistance in bacteria. There is long fami...
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Neuropsychology of consumer food choice
The neuropsychology of food consumption is a vast subject. This chapter concentrates on how value is established at the neurophysiological level and how it is related to behaviour. This is especially pertinent to the analysis of consumer choice, which refers here to being faced with two or more o...
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Advances in marker-assisted breeding of sugarcane
Sugarcane breeding has until very recently been based solely on phenotype, and marker-assisted breeding of sugarcane remains in its infancy compared with that of row crops such as maize and soybean. A major reason for this is the complex genetics of sugarcane. This chapter reviews the uses of DNA...
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Advances in using proximal ground penetrating radar sensors to assess soil health
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) can be used for a variety of agricultural applications. This chapter summarizes the GPR background needed to apply this technique to agriculture, including a review of basic principles, data acquisition, and data processing methods. Recent advances in each of these ...
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Tracking the development of fungicide resistance
This chapter focuses on tracking the development of fungicide resistance. It starts by first providing an overview of the key objectives and requirements in tracking fungicide resistance. The chapter then moves on to review phenotyping tracking of fungicide resistance, which is followed by a disc...
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Value chain approaches to mechanization in cassava cultivation and harvesting in africa
Cassava is a basic staple food in sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. However, despite the use of improved varieties in some areas, yield levels have remained low due to inefficient production systems. Cassava production in SSA is mainly through manual labour, which is time consuming and ineffic...
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Precision weed management systems
Weed populations in arable fields are often spatially and temporally heterogeneous, and high-density weed patches require intensive weed management. In areas with no or few weeds, input for weed control can be reduced. This chapter describes manual and geographic information system–based weed map...
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Phytoplasma diseases of banana plants
Phytoplasmas are obligatory bacteria associated with diseases in over 1,000 plant species, which live in phloem tissues and are transmitted between plants by sap-sucking insects. Phytoplasmas have been recorded from banana plants in different parts of the world, but they are still considered a pa...
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Effects of climate change on agricultural soils
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have increased considerably. In 2017, the atmospheric concentrations of CO2, N2O and CH4 had risen to 406 ppm, 330 ppb and 1859 ppb, respectively. Such high increases in GHGs have led to destructive and irreversible impacts on soil processes. The impacts range from ...
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Advances in understanding iron cycling in soils, uptake/use by plants and ways of optimising iron-use efficiency in crop production
About 1.6 billion people worldwide suffer from anaemia caused by iron (Fe) deficiency. In plants, Fe is involved in photosynthesis, respiration and activation of enzymes. Low iron availability exists in calcareous and aerobic soil because most Fe is present in the fixed or oxidized form. The crit...
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Food losses during production of agricultural commodities
Preharvest quantitative and qualitative losses during the production of agricultural commodities are very significant, though less discussed than postharvest food losses and waste. This chapter explores the various causes of preharvest losses, estimates of their impact and measures to reduce them...
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Ensuring the genetic diversity of tomatoes
This book chapter describes key issues regarding genetic diversity of tomatoes, including taxonomy and mating system. Figures on global ex situ conservation of tomato germplasm are provided and the world’s largest collection in the public domain, held by AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center, is des...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of soybeans volume 2
The second volume in this two-volume collection focusses on ways of improving the management of pests and diseases of soybean. It also reviews research on improving the nutritional value and shelf-life of soybeans as well as its uses in animal feed and biodiesel.
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Intercropping and crop rotations in cassava cultivation: a production systems approach
Cassava does not have a specific and determined maturity period and it can therefore be harvested over a range of ages, depending on cropping system and socio-economic conditions. This chapter reviews current knowledge on mixed cropping systems (both intercropping and crop rotations) in which cas...
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Benefits of conservation agriculture to farmers and society
Conservation Agriculture (CA) describes farming systems where the soil is not tilled, crop residues remain on the soil surface, and crop rotation is practised. CA emulates as closely as possible natural vegetation systems. This chapter presents the benefits of CA to farmers and society. The first...
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Understanding and monitoring diseases of vegetables
In-depth background knowledge on detecting and identifying plant diseases is essential for helping to raise healthy crops. This chapter provides an overview of historical developments in understanding and monitoring plant diseases, including the invention of light and electronic microscopes, Koch...
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Understanding and optimising the chemical properties of growing media for soilless cultivation
Chemical properties exert a considerable influence on the behavior of growing media, particularly in regulating the composition of the nutrient solution. This effect depends on the nature of components: mineral growing media are chemically inert and weakly affect the nutrient solution only in the...
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Life cycle assessment of mango systems
Mango production systems have seldom been studied using the methodology of life cycle assessment (LCA). Important challenges are associated with the application of LCA to the environmental evaluation of fruit systems in general and mango in particular. This chapter describes the core principles o...
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Advances in seed science and technology for more sustainable crop production
This collection reviews the wealth of recent research on advances in seed science and technology, including key developments in seed phenotyping and seed treatments, and their role in contributing to a more sustainable agriculture.
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The effect of incubation temperature on embryonic development in poultry
The aim of this chapter is to examine the specific effects of exogenous and endogenous heat on embryonic growth during different stages of incubation, with an emphasis on controlled incubation temperature studies. The chapter explores the challenges inherent in establishing a temperature recommen...
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Helping smallholders to improve poultry production
Small-scale family poultry farming is practised by a large proportion of smallholder families in the rural and peri-urban areas of most of the world’s developing countries. By enabling improvements in disease control, breeding and genetics, and management and nutrition through smallholder poultry...
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Life cycle assessment (lca) of palm oil in practice: the example of malaysia
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool for evaluating the environmental impact of a product or process throughout its entire life cycle. This chapter reviews the application of LCA methodology to assess the environmental impact of the production of crude palm oil (CPO), including the impact of lan...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of maize volume 2
Volume 2 covers methods for improving maize cultivation, from seed selection to nutrition, irrigation and techniques such as intercropping. It also reviews research on key pests and diseases and methods for their control in making cultivation more efficient and sustainable.
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