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The impact of climate change on forest systems in the northern united states: projections and implications for forest management
The northern United States is both the most heavily forested and the most densely populated quadrant of the nation. Forests in the region cover 69.6 million hectares, or 42 percent of the land area. In this chapter we characterize mid- and long-term projected climate change impacts for trees and ...
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Mitigating the impact of environmental, social and economic issues on sugarcane cultivation to achieve sustainability
Mitigating the impact of sugarcane cultivation on the environment and ensuring both economic and social sustainability is key to successful and enduring sugar industries. This chapter focuses on the impact of agrochemical use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and how these may be mitigated. Pe...
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Temperate alley cropping systems
The implementation of modern agricultural practices has largely excluded trees from the rural landscape, causing negative environmental impacts. Alley cropping, an agroforestry practice where agricultural crops are grown simultaneously with long-term tree crops, helps mitigate negative environmen...
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Social benefits of conservation agriculture systems
Despite the small number of specific articles and reports on the subject, social benefits of CA cover several areas such as farmers’ organisation, soil governance and water conservation, social capital and community development, food security and nutritional aspects that are reviewed in this chap...
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Modelling soil organic matter dynamics as a soil health indicator
The presence of soil organic matter (SOM) is seen as essential for soil health. Modelling SOM in soils helps researchers and farmers understand and predict the effects of different cultivation practices on changes in SOM. This chapter reviews key issues in SOM modelling and the development of inc...
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Controlling aflatoxins in maize in africa: strategies, challenges and opportunities for improvement
Maize is subject to pre- and post-harvest contamination with aflatoxins, which are acutely toxic, immunosuppressive, mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic compounds. This chapter describes in detail the current strategies employed for aflatoxin control and the challenges associated with them, i...
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Assessing the sustainability impacts of rice cultivation
In an increasingly crowded, volatile and fragile world, rice represents a crucial driver of global food security. This chapter explores the environmental and broader sustainability challenges posed by rice production. After considering trends in rice production and consumption and its strategic i...
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Genetic variation in immunity and disease resistance in dairy cows and other livestock
For most diseases of economic importance in livestock, resistance can be considered to be a complex or quantitative trait with limited evidence of negative correlations with resistance to other diseases. Attention to such traits allows the selection of healthier and more productive animals. This ...
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Management of vegetable conservation agriculture systems
This chapter discusses the principles and practices of no-tillage systems for vegetables (NTV), focusing primarily on tomato, onion and parsley cassava cultivation. It presents research regarding a long-term experiment of NTV for onion with winter crops and the effects on chemical, physical and b...
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Advances in irrigation management in greenhouse cultivation
The advantages of greenhouse include the ability to secure better conditions than outdoor environment for crop growth and development, increased off-season production and autonomy from external weather conditions. This chapter provides an up-to-date critical overview of scientific advances in irr...
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A functional approach to bunch formation in banana
Sustainable management of bananas requires knowledge of development, especially the pivotal processes of bunch formation. This chapter presents a functional analysis of the formation of the inflorescence up to flowering (bunch emergence), emphasising interaction of the plant with the environment....
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Advances in understanding soybean physiology and growth
Soybean is one of the world’s most widely grown and economically significant crops, having an extensive range of end uses. Understanding soybean growth and physiology is paramount to maximising its productivity and optimising its yield. This chapter highlights recent advances in understanding soy...
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Achieving sustainable production of pig meat volume 2
Pig production faces many hurdles in meeting increasing global demand sustainably. This volume discusses advances in breeding to improve both productivity and quality. It also reviews key developments in improving animal nutrition.
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Agriculture, land use and the path to net zero
This book provides a comprehensive review of the contribution of land use for farming to global greenhouse gas emissions and how agricultural land use can be optimised to achieve net zero.
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Advances in breeding techniques for durable septoria tritici blotch (stb) resistance in cereals
Septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici, is one of the most important foliar diseases of winter cereal crops. Recent advances are helping to understand the genetic basis and architecture of resistance to STB. To date, at least 22 genes for qualitati...
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Optimizing plant growth, yield and fruit quality with plant bioregulators
Plant bioregulators (PBRs) are used extensively in the tree fruit production industry. They influence many processes in a plant including shoot growth, branch angle, bud break, flower bud formation and fruit abscission, ripening, shape and finish, and as such can be used to optimize not only plan...
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Diseases affecting wheat and barley: rusts
Farmers using conventional fungicides for disease control face a number of challenges such as increased regulatory measures and the spread of fungicide resistance. This chapter sums up the wealth of research addressing this challenge, that has targeted understanding rust pathogens better, the dep...
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Advances in understanding forest ecosystem services: conserving biodiversity
Forest biodiversity is fundamental to ecosystem functioning, facilitating processes such as nutrient cycling, pollination and seed dispersal. A healthy forest provides a range of economic, societal and cultural values and services beyond timber production, including recreation, carbon sequestrati...
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Advances in breeding of hazelnuts
Hazelnut (Corylus spp.) is a member of the Betulaceae family, and is widely distributed in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Cultivated varieties differ from each other in such characteristics as nut size, shape, kernel ratio, shell thickness, etc. Key target characteristics for breed...
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The anaerobic rumen fungi
Ruminants are characterized by the ability of microbes in the rumen to convert cellulosic feed into volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and proteins that meet the nutritional needs of the animal. Major advances in analytical techniques and genomics have transformed our understanding of rumen microbiology...
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Key issues and challenges in disease surveillance in dairy cattle
This chapter provides an overview on the different aspects concerning disease surveillance programs. The chapter also describes a specific and conceptual framework related to disease surveillance of production diseases within the individual herd, including both animals and farmers. Regarding farm...
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Waste management in egg production
Waste management is an essential component of an egg production system, affecting the environmental impact of production, food safety, worker safety, and animal health and safety. Manure, animal mortalities , and egg washing and processing wastewater are the major types of waste generated in an e...
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Gcp21: a global cassava partnership for the 21st century
Since 1998, cassava has outperformed all the world’s major crops in relative production increase. It is also recognized as being resilient to climate change. Its global average yield, however, is only 13 Mt/ha, compared to a potential of at least 65 Mt/ha, partly due to the impact of pests and di...
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Advances in fingerprint and rapid methods for improved traceability in agri-food supply chains
Agri-food supply and value chain markets have become increasingly complex due to the changes in consumers demands, the development of complex food standards associated with food safety and quality, advances in technology (e.g. big data, machine learning), and changes in the food industry structur...
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Developing hulled wheat-based cereal products with enhanced nutritional properties: emmer, einkorn and spelt
Hulled wheats (emmer, einkorn, and spelt) have low yields but are suitable for organic and low-input agriculture under marginal or high-stress conditions. However, data on the composition of hulled wheats, often also called ‘ancient wheats’ is still scarce, especially on bioactive components such...
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Nutrition management of grazing dairy cows in temperate environments
Temperate grass-legume mixes (i.e. pasture) are nutritionally well-balanced and can sustain moderate levels of milk production in dairy cattle. However, pasture is perishable, and if not consumed by cow, it is wasted and the feed quality of the re-growth declines. Moreover, increased use of suppl...
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Soilless culture systems and growing media in horticulture: an overview
Soilless culture plant production presents a sector with unlimited potential for the horticulture industry. Soilless culture systems are environmentally friendly, resource-efficient, and support sustainable intensification in agriculture. Soilless culture system (SCS) crops in climate-controlled ...
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Nutritional strategies and management practices to improve poultry meat quality
The concept of meat quality is of primary relevance for both producers, due to the implications for fresh retail and value-added meat products, and consumers, which are increasingly aware of the nutritional quality of food. Beside the genetic background, many environmental factors are able to inf...
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Use of alternative feed ingredients and additives to minimize the environmental impact of poultry production
This chapter discusses the potential use of more sustainable alternative feed ingredients in poultry feed. It introduces the range of alternative protein-contributing ingredients, including crop sources such as legumes, peas and beans, as well as by-products from food and oilseed processing such ...
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The nutritional and physiological functions of egg yolk components
Eggs are of particular interest in nutrition because they contain all the nutrients necessary for human health, except for dietary fibre and vitamin C. The aim of this chapter is to discuss current trends in the study of nutritional and physiological functions of egg yolk. In particular, we will ...
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Advances in understanding fungal contamination in cereals
Cereals are food security crops because of their high nutritive values for energy (carbohydrate-based energy) and other nutrients (proteins) and their long-term storability. They constitute the main food staples in many parts of the world and are primary animal feed ingredients. Cereal production...
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Organic pig farming: key characteristics, opportunities, advantages and challenges
Organic pig production strives to provide housing and management conditions that guarantee a high level of animal health and welfare, sustainability, a closed soil–plant–animal cycle and produce high-quality products. This chapter discusses how housing of organic pigs affects welfare and the envi...
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Modelling the impact of climate change on agriculture in west africa
Agriculture involves approximately 60% of the population and contributes significantly to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the majority of West African countries. Agricultural productivity in the sub-region is projected to be adversely impacted by climate change. The sustainability of West Afr...
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Advances in breeding of cucumber and watermelon
The breeding of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) has changed over the last few hundred years, from open-pollinated populations, to inbred lines, to gynoecious hybrids. Speed breeding, marker-assisted selection and more efficient field testing have also led to advances with this crop. Production of inbr...
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Organic seed production, certification and availability
Through evolution, plants produce seeds with variation in speed of germination and, for instance, dormancy to spread the risk of germinating in the wrong season. Although domestication and breeding has created crops with more rapid germinating seeds, compared with their wild relatives, for many c...
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The sigatoka leaf disease complex in banana
There are three major leaf diseases, now called Pseudocercospora leaf spot diseases of banana, which form the sigatoka leaf spot complex: Sigatoka disease (yellow Sigatoka) caused by Pseudocercospora musae, black leaf streak disease (black Sigatoka) caused by P. fijiensis and Eumusae leaf spot di...
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Improving cultivation of groundnuts
Genetic and management options are available to realize an optimal pod yield and quality of groundnut production that meets the needs of the processors and consumers, as well as ensuring food safety standards. This chapter discusses various options for groundnut cultivation, from the choice of th...
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Integrated pest management in sustainable palm oil production
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is central to sustainable palm oil production. This chapter explores the rapid expansion of oil palm and its impact on the environment, the range of pest species found in plantations, and the impact of replanting on pest numbers. The chapter introduces the concept...
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Viral metagenomics and sugarcane pathogens
Plant viral metagenomics has recently proved effective for studying the collection of plant viruses. The advent of metagenomics-based approaches has led to the discovery and characterization of new plant viruses. This chapter describes the plant virus metagenomics methods developed during the las...
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Advances in technologies for monitoring pig welfare
The pig sector undergoes a major transformation characterized by intensification, geographic concentration, vertical integration and increasing scales of production. This creates new challenges for animal welfare. Sensor technology offers multiple advantages for monitoring key indicators of welfa...
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Instant insights: antibiotics in poultry production
This collection features four peer-reviewed literature reviews on antibiotics in poultry production.
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Advances in monitoring of native and invasive insect pests of crops
Early detection of insect pests is critical to successful integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. This collection reviews the wealth of research on improving monitoring techniques for the detection of both native and alien insect pests.
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Fiber-associated wheat lignans and colorectal cancer prevention
Wheat, as a staple food, has been largely consumed worldwide. In addition to nutritional values, whole grain including fiber-enriched wheat bran has been reported to provide many nutraceuticals such as wheat lignans. This chapter reviews recent epidemiological and animal data on wheat lignans and...
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Natural capital accounting and biodiversity in the italian winemaking industry
Biodiversity is a key resource for our planet’s natural systems. This chapter analyses the Italian context by exploring the relationship between biodiversity and the winemaking sector. This chapter first introduces the Italian winemaking sector. It then discusses how biodiversity is defined in th...
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Advances in digital soil mapping to assess baseline levels and carbon sequestration at the landscape scale
Mapping soil carbon, both organic and inorganic carbon, is gaining a lot of attention and interest, as it can be a substantial source and sink for climate change mitigation, food security and ecosystem services. Digital soil mapping and modeling spatiotemporal variations or changes are helpful to...
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The use of dietary fibre to optimize microbial gut function in pigs, with particular consideration of dietary cereal grains and legumes
This chapter examines interactions of dietary fibre components of pig diets with GIT microbiota, emphasizing cereals and legumes fed to pigs. Carbohydrate composition of these feedstuffs are described, and their relationship to metabolic activity of the porcine intestinal microbiota and interacti...
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Advances in understanding the environmental effects of phosphorus fertilization
Agriculture has dramatically increased the efficiency of grain and protein production for the world’s growing population for a given unit of land area. In most cases, this increase has been achieved through crop and animal breeding, increased use of fertilizers, while using less land area. With i...
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Assessing the potential economic impact of invasive plant pests
Economic impact assessments are performed as part of a pest risk analysis to determine whether the introduction of a plant pest will result in unacceptable economic consequences. This often triggers phytosanitary measures to reduce the economic risk to an acceptable level. Appropriate techniques ...
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