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Improving plant propagation methods for fruit disease control
The movement of plant propagation material across countries and continents allows for the exchange of high-quality planting material providing producers with superior germplasm, and enhancing farm sustainability and profits. However, this practice has hidden dangers, including the potential of mo...
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Nutrition and soil management in banana cultivation
There is significant variation in banana production systems across the world, particularly at the level of soil management. However, research on plant nutrition and soil management in relation to bananas has been limited for a number of reasons: bananas are unusual in their physiology and managem...
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Key challenges in breeding durable disease-resistant cereals: north america
This chapter first describes the challenges of diverse climates, diseases, and market classes that face North American small-grain cereal breeders and producers. It discusses the challenges inherent in the complex systems of cereal breeding on the continent, and the changing resistance priorities...
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Advances in understanding vegetable physiology: root systems as the next frontier in improving sustainable vegetable production
Root systems are responsible for the uptake of water and nutrients needed to support crop growth and development, ameliorate the effects of other stressors and increase vegetable production. Roots are crucial for maintaining plant water status and meeting shoot transpirational demands as the leav...
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Developing more integrated approaches in models assessing the impact of climate change on agriculture
Climate change impacts on agriculture will interact with those arising from socio-economic changes in complex ways. Understanding the consequences for agriculture requires an integrated (or holistic) modelling framework. Four key challenges in regional integrated modelling of agricultural systems...
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Advances in pre-harvest management of avocado
This chapter reviews the pre-harvest management of avocados, fruit losses and their causes and control, with a special emphasis on fruit quality. It highlights key production techniques required for sustainable cultivation of the crop. It discusses existing information on the floral biology, the ...
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Cocoa sustainability initiatives: the impacts of cocoa sustainability initiatives in west africa
Sustainability initiatives, including associations, platforms and networks, voluntary sustainability standards, corporate and non-governmental and civil society initiatives, have all been developed as solutions to the multiple, long-running challenges facing cocoa growers and producers. Largely i...
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Advances in the use of robots in field crop cultivation
This chapter reviews the use of robots in field crop cultivation. The chapter begins by providing an overview of current requirements for robots involved in field cultivation, then goes on to describe enabling technologies for in-field robots. The chapter also provides several examples of in fiel...
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Advances in cultivation of coconut
The coconut palm, source of staple human nourishment in the coastal tropics, produced the first vegetable oil traded in a significant volume between the tropical and temperate worlds, beginning in the mid 19th century. New processing methods have led to coconut oil and water becoming much more va...
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The need for conservation agriculture
The chapter describes the root causes of the degrading nature of the dominant conventional tillage agriculture. It argues that the paradigm of conventional tillage agriculture is ecologically unsustainable and not fit for purpose, at any level of development, to meet present and future societal n...
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Diseases affecting pigs: an overview of common bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens of pigs
Recent events such as the 2009 pandemic influenza outbreak, the continuous spread of African swine fever virus in Eastern Europe and the introduction of several new pathogens into the United States and their spread to Canada, Mexico, Central and South America have emphasized the ability of pig di...
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Optimizing forest management for soil carbon sequestration
This chapter summarizes the effects of different forest management practices on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and discusses whether and how they can be optimized under climate change. Afforestation and reforestation of C depleted arable soils typically increase SOC stocks, but on C-rich soils...
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Developing improved varieties of pigeonpea
Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] is a high protein pulse crop which grows well under biotic and abiotic stress situations. It could play a significant role in meeting the challenges of food security in the tropics and sub-tropics, under the looming threat of drought, warm climate, and risin...
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Making banana breeding more effective
There is a need for more diverse bananas with far more diverse genetic backgrounds which meet specific objectives such as fresh fruit, cooking bananas or varieties dedicated to processing. This chapter shows how diversification objectives can be achieved by taking into account sexual reproductive...
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Advances in bulk storage of cereals and grains
This chapter reviews key research and best practice on the design and construction of silos, horizontal building structures and on-the-ground piles as methods of bulk grain storage. The chapter also discusses the range of preventative strategies for preserving grain quality (such as sealing and a...
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Maintaining sheep flock health: an overview
Improving the efficiency of livestock production is a fundamental challenge facing humanity, and maintaining the health of livestock is key to ensuring this. Systems for farming small ruminants such as sheep must meet the global need for food security while being economically, environmentally and...
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The role of drought-induced proteins in regulating drought tolerance in cereals
Cereals provide a majority of caloric intake of the human population on earth. Projected population growth will require future increases in global grain production in the coming decades. However, many studies have demonstrated that increasing global warming trends will lead to hotter and drier cl...
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Identifying and exploiting photosynthetic genes in improving drought resistance in cereals
This chapter reviews the photosynthetic response of plants to drought stress. It first describes the indicators for photosynthetic traits, then goes on to discuss the different factors that can affect photosynthetic efficiency. The chapter also considers how drought stress can affect photosynthet...
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Improving wheat cultivation in asia
It has been estimated that wheat production in South Asia needs to grow at the rate of 2-2.5% annually until the middle of 21st century to feed its population. This chapter reviews some of the key issues which must be addressed in order to improve wheat cultivation in Asia. We begin by considerin...
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Advances in dairy cattle breeding to incorporate feed conversion efficiency in national genetic evaluations
Genomic selection is often cited as being particularly effective for difficult to measure and/or expensive traits since recording can be specifically organised in nucleus herds and the benefits of that recording can be distributed to others through genomic breeding values on genotyped animals tha...
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Gender dimensions of agricultural ethics
Agriculture is one of the oldest and most transformative of human activities, performed in social contexts. Due to the complexity of social structures, the lived experiences of farmers are deeply influenced by gendered conventions. The world is dependent on women’s work but there is a legacy of t...
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Minimising the development of antimicrobial resistance on dairy farms: appropriate use of antibiotics for the treatment of mastitis
Mastitis is the most prevalent bacterial disease among dairy cows, and the majority of antimicrobials given to dairy cows are for the prevention or treatment of this disease. Thus, a thorough understanding of mastitis is necessary when considering the appropriate use of antibiotics. After reviewi...
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Developing and implementing plans to conserve insect biodiversity in agricultural landscapes
Insects are abundant and mobile biotic organisms that perform essential functions beneficial to humans. While insects are a vital component to agricultural landscapes, the agricultural systems that require their inputs create stressors to populations through farming practices affecting habitat re...
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Advances in pest and disease management in greenhouse cultivation
Greenhouse crops are continuously under pressure of infestations by a wide range of pests and diseases. This chapter describes the myriad practices that can contribute to managing pests and diseases, and how to integrate these practices in an ecologically based integrated pest management (IPM) ap...
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Integrated pest management (ipm) in vegetables: examples of successful deployment
Vegetable producers around the world are confronted with the daunting task of managing ever-evolving pests and pathogens with a limited number of effective chemical management tools. This chapter examines examples of successful deployment of integrated pest management (IPM) in vegetable cultivati...
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Advances in understanding plant root hairs in relation to nutrient acquisition and crop root function
Root hairs are found on most terrestrial flowering plant species. They form from epidermal cells at a predetermined distance behind the growing root tip in three main patterns. Their presence, pattern, length, density and function are genetically controlled and numerous genes are expressed solely...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of sorghum volume 2
Volume 2 in this sequence summarises key research on the wide range of uses of sorghum as food, animal feed and for biofuel. It also assesses the challenges of growing sorghum in different parts of the world and how these are being addressed.
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Lime breeding: a way forward
Limes are a genetically diversified group of citrus including acid limes, sweet limes, Australian limes, other limes, lime hybrids and Rangpur lime, however, only Mexican lime and Tahiti lime are currently being widely cultivated. This chapter describes the origin and domestication of important l...
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Optimizing the health of broilers
This chapter will present the critical infectious disease challenges faced in the top five broiler-producing countries. The current and future strategies to control these diseases will be discussed. These strategies include biosecurity, vaccination, surveillance, diagnostics, environmental manage...
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Progress in understanding fungal diseases affecting sugarcane: rusts
Rust fungi (Uredinales or Pucciniales) are a globally distributed order of obligate parasitic fungi occurring on vascular plants. The typical symptom is a ‘rust-coloured’ (often orange or yellow) pustule on a plant leaf. Economically, rust fungi cause enormous crop losses, including in sugarcane....
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Economically important insect pests of maize
Maize yields in most sub-Saharan African countries remain low, at 0.5 to 1.0 ton/ha. While some of this yield disparity can be attributed to the use of open-pollinated varieties (OPVs), much of the yield reduction is a result of numerous economically damaging insect pests. This chapter describes ...
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Developments in feed technology to improve poultry nutrition
Systematic evaluation of each stage of the feed manufacturing has the potential to identify opportunities for improvement in manufacturing efficiency and reduced nutrient variation in finished feed, ultimately resulting in lower cost sustainable poultry production. This chapter examines the role ...
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Optimizing post-harvest practices in coffee cultivation
The objective of this chapter is to describe how coffee is processed, from picking coffee cherries to green coffee ready to be exported or roasted, and how to optimize each step in the processing chain.
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Managing the poultry hatcher environment
This chapter will discuss these two aspects of the hatching phase. First, the hatcher phase will be described from an embryonic point of view, focusing on the developmental and physiological changes during the final days of the incubation process. Second, the hatcher phase will be described from ...
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Assessing alternative fiber sources from by-products
Feeding plant-based by-products to dairy cattle has become so commonplace for some of the ingredients that they are no longer thought of as secondary products from food processing. These feed ingredients allow for more economical approaches for meeting the nutritional needs of dairy cattle and co...
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Crop and cropping systems management practices and benefits in conservation agriculture systems
Conservation Agriculture (CA) offers a pragmatic option for improving soil health, crop productivity and resilience, generating biomass, increasing factor productivity and total output, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Most crops, including cereal, legume, oilseed, fibre and vegetable crops...
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Safe dissemination of germplasm resources of banana
The relentless increase in human populations and the increasing consumption of bananas as a dessert fruit and as staple food source in many tropical countries, coupled with increasing production pressures due to climate change, have increased the demand for the evaluation and exploitation of new ...
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Decision support systems (dss) for better fertiliser management
This chapter reviews some of the approaches used by DSS to determine fertiliser application decisions. The chapter highlights direct methods and indirect techniques: simulation models, yield forecasts using data-driven approaches and yield forecasts based on water supply. The chapter includes two...
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Diseases affecting coffee: an overview
Among the various diseases of coffee, leaf rust, black rot, anthracnose, root diseases and nursery diseases are of particular importance, causing considerable damage every year in most coffee regions. Control measures are based on integrated disease management (IDM) techniques which include growi...
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Advances in insect pest management in postharvest storage of cereals: detection and monitoring
Sampling grain for stored grain insects is expensive in time and resources. Stored-product insects which damage the grain are small, cryptic and often difficult to find. Many of the sampling methods are unreliable and prone to false negatives. There are two broad types of estimates of population ...
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Sheep nutrition: formulated diets
The primary feeds for sheep are renewable and contain high concentrations of components that are not suitable for human consumption, making sheep farming sustainable. In some economies, maize, barley, sorghum, wheat, soya beans, rapeseed and their by-products are inexpensive enough to be fed stra...
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Developments in genomic predictions in dairy cattle breeding: a historical overview of methods, technologies, and applications
Selection and breeding decisions have traditionally been made based on phenotypic measurements and pedigree information of selection candidates or close relatives. However, the recent availability of genomic information on a large number of markers has transformed modern dairy cattle breeding aro...
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Muscle fibre types and beef quality
The quality of bovine meat is related to the composition of the source muscles. Bovine skeletal muscle is mainly composed of three types of muscle fibres that are found in varying proportions in different muscles. The proportion of these different fibre types varies with biological and environmen...
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Achieving sustainable cultivation of tomatoes
This book reviews key developments in tomato breeding, including developing improved varieties with desirable traits such as drought or pest resistance. It also discusses ways of improving cultivation techniques as well as pests, diseases and their control.
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Sustainable management of african dry forests
Dry forests constitute the bulk of the African tropical forests. They support a wealth of human, animal and plant life. They are important to climate change mitigation and adaptation, and support virtually all sectors of economies. This chapter discusses the characteristics and distribution of dr...
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Advances in understanding flowering and pollination in apple trees
Fruit production of apples is a two-year process, beginning with the transition of a bud from vegetative to a floral state during the summer. The bud differentiates, overwinters and emerges as a flower the following spring. Flowers are then pollinated, fertilized and the fruit grows first by cell...
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Achieving sustainable production of eggs volume 2
Welfare and sustainability are now major issues in egg production. This book reviews nutrition and other aspects of husbandry affecting laying hens as well as the environmental impact of egg production and how it can be made more sustainable.
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Advances in genetic modification of cassava
Until recently, hybridization was used to breed new varieties of the common tropical and subtropical crop cassava, but changes in global climate, food security and industrialization have accelerated the breeding of new cassava varieties with increased nutrition, high stress resistance and starch ...
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